B. Math. (Hons.
) First year
First Midsemestral examination
10th September 2018
Analysis I
Instructor : B. Sury
Each question carries 12 marks.
Q 1.
(a) Determine the infimum and supremum of the set {sin(nπ/3) : n ∈ Z} and
find a sequence from this set that converge to the infimum.
(b) If S, T are bounded subsets of real numbers, prove that the supremum of
the set {s + t : s ∈ S, t ∈ T } equals sup(S) + sup(T ).
Q 2.
(a) Let a, b > 0. Find the limit of the sequence (an + bn )1/n as n → ∞.
(b) Prove that the sequence {sin(n)}n has an (infinite) subsequence {sin(nk )}k
which is completely contained in ]1/2, 1].
.
x3 +1
Q 3. Consider the sequence defined recursively by x1 = 1, xn+1 = n4 for all
n ≥ 1.
(i) Prove that {xn } is a decreasing, positive sequence bounded below.
(ii) Deduce that there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that |xn+1 − xn | < c/2 for n > 1.
(iii) Deduce that {xn } is a Cauchy sequence.
(iv) State what the above process yields in terms of roots of the polynomial
x3 − 4x + 1.
OR
For a positive integer n, consider the arithmetic and geometric means of the
n + 1 numbers 1 + 1/n (repeated n times) and 1 to deduce that the sequence
an = (1 + 1/n)n is monotonically increasing. Similarly, for n > 1, looking at the
arithmetic and geometric means of the n+1 numbers 1−1/n (repeated n times)
and 1, deduce that bn = (1 − 1/n)−n is monotonically decreasing. Finally, find a
relation between bn+1 and an to deduce that both sequences {an } {bn } converge
and, converge to the same limit.
OR
If {an } is a sequence of positive, real numbers such that the sequence an+1 /an
1/n
converges, prove that the sequence an also converges, and converges to the
same limit. Give an example to show that the converse may not be true.
1
P∞ 1
P∞ 1
Q 4. Prove that the series n=2 n log(n) diverges and that n=2 n log(n)1.1
converges.
Hint: You may prove and use the following result of Cauchy:
If an > 0 and {an } is decreasing, then
n n n−1
1X k X X
2 a2k ≤ ar ≤ 2k a2k + a2n .
2 r=1
k=0 k=0
OR
n
Consider the series n≥1 an where an = 2(−1) n .
P
Determine lim inf |an |1/n , lim sup|an |1/n , lim inf |an+1 /an |, lim sup|an+1 /an |. What
does root test give? What does ratio test give?
OR
Using root/ratio/Raabe tests or otherwise, determine the convergence or oth-
erwise
P of each of the following series (don’t find the sum!):
1
(a) n≥1 2n ;
(n)
(b) n≥1 a3n where an = 1·3···(2n−1)
P
2·4···(2n) .
Q 5.
(a) Define the interior S 0 and closure S̄ of a set S ⊂ RR.
(b) If Sn (n ≥ 1) are subsets of R, then prove that ( n Sn )0 ⊆ n Sn0 . Give an
R
example to show that the inclusion could be proper.
(c) For any subset S of R, prove that S 0 = (S¯c )c where Ac denotes the comple-
ment of A.
OR
(a) Write down a set of open intervals In (n ≥ 1) which cover (0, 1) such that
finitely many of the In ’s do not cover (0, 1). S
(b) Suppose S is a set of real numbers such that whenever S ⊂ n≥1 Un with
Sn
Un ’s open, there is a positive integer n such that S ⊂ m=1 Um . Prove that S
must be closed.
Hint: Show that S c is open.
