Cell Organelles - Notes Cell Theory Cells Are The Basic Unit of Life. The Cell Theory States That
Cell Organelles - Notes Cell Theory Cells Are The Basic Unit of Life. The Cell Theory States That
Cell Organelles - Notes Cell Theory Cells Are The Basic Unit of Life. The Cell Theory States That
CELL THEORY
2) All cells carry out life activities (require energy, grow, have a
limited size).
3) New cells arise only from other living cells by the process of
cell division.
Function - the cell membrane separates the cell from its external
environment, and is selectively permeable (controls what gets in
and out). It protects the cell and provides stability.
2. CYTOPLASM
3. NUCLEUS
Function - The nucleus is the "control center" of the cell, for cell
metabolism and reproduction.
2. RIBOSOMES
4. LYSOSOMES
5. MITOCHONDRIA
6. VACUOLES
Both cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles which extend from
the surface of many animal cells. the structure is identical in
both, except that flagella are longer and whiplike and cilia are
shorter. There are usually only a few flagella on a cell, while
cilia may cover the entire surface of a cell. The function of cilia
and flagella include locomotion for one-celled organisms and to
move substances over cell surfaces in multi-celled organisms.
1. CELL WALL
2. PLASTIDS
3. CENTRAL VACUOLE
Nucleus
Known as the cell’s “command center,” the nucleus is a large organelle that stores the
cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The nucleus controls all of the cell’s activities, such as growth and
metabolism, using the DNA’s genetic information. Within the nucleus is a smaller structure called the
nucleolus, which houses the RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA helps convey the DNA’s orders to the rest of
the cell and serves as a template for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell. Composed of two subunits, they can be found floating
freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum. Using the templates and
instructions provided by two different types of RNA, ribosomes synthesize a variety of proteins that are
essential to the survival of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous organelle that shares part of its membrane with that
of the nucleus. Some portions of the ER, known as the rough ER, are studded with ribosomes and are
involved with protein manufacture. The rest of the organelle is referred to as the smooth ER and serves
to produce vital lipids (fats).
Golgi apparatus
.
If the proteins from the rough ER require further modification, they are transported to the Golgi
apparatus (or Golgi complex). Like the ER, the Golgi apparatus is composed of folded membranes. It
searches the protein’s amino acid sequences for specialized “codes” and modifies them accordingly.
These processed proteins are then stored in the Golgi or packed in vesicles to be shipped elsewhere in
the cell.
Chloroplasts
In plants and some algae, organelles known as chloroplasts serve as the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts contain a pigment known as chlorophyll, which captures the sun’s energy to transform
water and carbon dioxide into glucose for food. Chloroplasts allow autotrophic organisms to meet their
energy needs without consuming other organisms.
Mitochondria
The “powerhouses” of the cell, mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells.
As the site of cellular respiration, mitochondria serve to transform molecules such as glucose into an
energy molecule known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP fuels cellular processes by breaking its
high-energy chemical bonds. Mitochondria are most plentiful in cells that require significant amounts of
energy to function, such as liver and muscle cells.