IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO.

2, MARCH/APRIL 2014 1225

LCL Filter Design and Performance Analysis for

Grid-Interconnected Systems
Aleksandr Reznik, Marcelo Godoy Simões, Senior Member, IEEE, Ahmed Al-Durra, Member, IEEE, and
S. M. Muyeen, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—The use of power converters is very important in

maximizing the power transfer from renewable energy sources
such as wind, solar, or even a hydrogen-based fuel cell to the
utility grid. An LCL filter is often used to interconnect an inverter
to the utility grid in order to filter the harmonics produced by
the inverter. Although there is an extensive amount of literature
available describing LCL filters, there has been a gap in providing
a systematic design methodology. Furthermore, there has been Fig. 1. LCL filter per-phase model.
a lack of a state-space mathematical modeling approach that
considers practical cases of delta- and wye-connected capacitors Commonly, a high-order LCL filter has been used in place
showing their effects on possible grounding alternatives. This of the conventional L filter for smoothing the output currents
paper describes a design methodology of an LCL filter for
grid-interconnected inverters along with a comprehensive study
from a VSI [1], [2]. The LCL filter achieves a higher atten-
of how to mitigate harmonics. The procedures and techniques uation along with cost savings, given the overall weight and
described in this paper may be used in small-scale renewable size reduction of the components. LCL filters have been used
energy conversion systems and may be also retrofitted for medium- in grid-connected inverters and pulsewidth-modulated (PWM)
and large-scale grid-connected systems. active rectifiers [1]–[3] because they minimize the amount
Index Terms—Filter, harmonics, inverter, power quality, of current distortion injected into the utility grid [4]. Good
pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) inverters. performance can be obtained in the range of power levels
up to hundreds of kilowatts, with the use of small values of
I. I NTRODUCTION inductors and capacitors [3]. The higher harmonic attenuation
of the LCL filter allows the use of lower switching frequencies

V OLTAGE-SOURCE inverters (VSIs) are used for energy

conversion from a dc source to an ac output, both in a
stand-alone mode or when connected to the utility grid. A filter
to meet harmonic constraints as defined by standards such as
IEEE-519 and IEEE-1547 [5], [6]. However, it has been ob-
served that there is very little information available describing
is required between a VSI and the grid, imposing a current-like the systematic design of LCL filters. In order to design an
performance for feedback control and reducing harmonics of effective LCL filter, it is necessary to have an appropriate
the output current. A simple series inductor can be used, but mathematical model of the filter. In this paper, the output
the harmonic attenuation is not very pronounced. In addition, a filter modeling, filter-designing procedures, and considera-
high voltage drop is produced, and the inductor required in the tions of the passive damping requirements will be thoroughly
design is very bulky [1]. discussed.
The objective of this paper is to conduct a comprehen-
sive analysis and modeling of the three-phase LCL filter for
Manuscript received January 16, 2013; revised April 30, 2013; accepted
June 17, 2013. Date of publication July 30, 2013; date of current version March nongalvanic isolated inverters, suitable for wind energy or
17, 2014. Paper 2012-SECSC-739.R1, presented at the 2012 IEEE Symposium photovoltaic applications. Two configurations of three-phase
on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, Denver, CO, USA, full-bridge dc/ac inverter are compared: first, a set of wye-
July 16–18, and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON
I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Sustainable Energy Conversion Systems connected filter capacitors with damping and, second, a delta-
Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. This work was sup- connected filter output connection.
ported in part by a grant from The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates, and the Center of Advanced Control of Energy and Power
Systems at the Colorado School of Mines and in part by the U.S. National II. S YSTEM M ODELING
Science Foundation under Award 0931748, Cyber-Physical System Cyber-
Enabled Efficient Energy Management of Structures. A. Per-Phase Equivalent Modeling of an LCL Filter
A. Reznik and M. G. Simões are with the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering and Computer Science, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 The following per-phase equivalent model has been fully
USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]).
A. Al-Durra and S. M. Muyeen are with the Electrical Engineering De- described in an earlier paper written by the authors [7]. The
partment, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (e-mail: LCL filter model is shown in Fig. 1, where L1 is the inverter-
[email protected]; [email protected]). side inductor, L2 is the grid-side inductor, Cf is a capacitor
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. with a series Rf damping resistor, R1 and R2 are inductors
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2013.2274612 resistances, and voltages vi and vg are the input and output

0093-9994 © 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1226 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2014

Fig. 2. General schematic for grid-interconnected dc power source.

(inverter voltage and output system voltage). A functional block

diagram for the grid-connected inverter using this LCL filter is
shown in Fig. 2.
Currents ii ,ic , and ig are the inverter output current, the
capacitor current, and the grid current, respectively. The dis-
cussion begins with a brief summary of the two possible con-
figurations for the LCL filter.

Fig. 3. LCL filter with delta-connected capacitors.

B. Wye-Connected Capacitors
The LCL filter state-space model with wye-connected capac- Equation (4) indicates that line–line voltages sum to zero,
itors is derived from the per-phase model shown in Fig. 2, i.e., whereas the load-side equations are given by (6) and (7) with
⎧ dvc the final formulation in (8). Thus,
ii −ig
⎪
⎨ dt = Cf diiAB VAB ViAB iiAB R1
=− −
dt = L1 (vi − vc − Rf (ii − ig ) − R1 ii )
dii 1 + (6)
(1)
⎪
⎩ dig 1
dt L1 L1 L1
dt = L2 (vc +Rf (ii −ig )−vg −R2 ig ) . digAB R2 1 1
= − igAB + VAB − VgAB (7)
dt L2 L2 L2
The equations show no cross-coupling terms, as indicated by ⎧ dvc
the matrix expression ⎪ = 3C1 f ii − 3C1 f ig
⎨ dt
⎡ dii ⎤ ⎡ R1 +Rf ⎤⎡ ⎤ dii 1
− L1
Rf
− L11 dt = L1 (vi −vc −Rf (ii −ig )−R1 ii ) (8)
dt L1 ii ⎪
⎩ dig
⎣ dig ⎦ = ⎢ 1 ⎥⎣i ⎦
1
dt = L2 (vc +Rf (ii −ig )−vg −R2 ig )
Rf
dt ⎣ L2 − L2
R2 +Rd
L2 ⎦ g
dvc 1
− 1
0 vc
dt Cf Cf where vc = [VAB VBC VCA ]T , ii = [iiAB iiBC iiCA ]T , vi =
⎡ 1 ⎤
L1 0  [ViAB ViBC ViCA ]T , and ig = [igAB igBC igCA ]T .
⎣ ⎦ vi The model used as a continuous state-space plant is given by
+ 0 −L 1 (2)
2 vg the matrices A, B, u, and X below, where
0 0
⎡ ⎤
ẋ = Ax + Bu. (3) 03×3 1
3Cf I3×3 − 3C1 f I3×3
⎢ ⎥
A = ⎣ − L1 I3×3 − R1L+Rf I3×3 Rf
L1 I3×3
⎦
1 1
1
L2 I3×3 03×3 − L2 I3×3 9×9,
R

C. Delta-Connected Capacitors ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
O3×3  Vc
Vi
An LCL filter with delta-connected capacitors can be ana- B = ⎣ L11 I3×3 ⎦ u= X = ⎣ Ii ⎦ .
lyzed in the abc stationary frame with the circuit in Fig. 3. The Vg 9×1,
− L1 I3×3 9×3,
2
Ig 9×1
voltages and currents can be formulated as given by equations

vAB + vBC + vCA = 0 (4)

D. LCL Frequency Response
dVAB 1 1
= iiAB − igAB (5) An important transfer function is HLCL = ig /vi , where the
dt 3Cf 3Cf
grid voltage is assumed to be an ideal voltage source capable of
where iiAB = iiA − iiB , and igAB = igA − igB . dumping all the harmonic frequencies. If one sets vg = 0, i.e.,
REZNIK et al.: LCL FILTER DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR GRID-INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS 1227

Fig. 4. Bode diagram for damped and undamped cases.

conditions for current-controlled inverters, the transfer function

of the LCL filter (neglecting damping) is

1
HLCL (s) = (9)
L1 C f L2 s3 + (L1 + L2 )s

and with some simple algebraic manipulations, the transfer

function with damping resistance becomes

Cf R f s + 1
HdLCL (s) = .
L1 Cf L2 s3 + Cf (L1 + L2 )Rf s2 +(L1 + L2 )s
(10)

The Bode plots of the LCL filter without and with damping Fig. 5. LCL filter design algorithm.
are shown in Fig. 4. The insertion of a series resistance with
the capacitor eliminates the gain spike, smoothing the overall The base impedance and the base capacitance are defined by
response and rolling-off to −180◦ for high frequency, instead (11) and (12). Thus, the filter values will be referred to in a
of −270◦ . It is possible to observe in this Bode diagram that the percentage of the base values, i.e.,
closed loop bandwidth must be within 1000 Hz when the phase
shift is around −90◦ . En2
Zb = (11)
Pn
1
III. F ILTER D ESIGN P ROCEDURE Cb = . (12)
ωg Z b
A. Systematic Filter Design
For the design of the filter capacitance, it is considered that
Several characteristics must be considered in designing an the maximum power factor variation seen by the grid is 5%,
LCL filter, such as current ripple, filter size, and switching indicating that the base impedance of the system is adjusted
ripple attenuation. The reactive power requirements may cause as follows: Cf = 0.05Cb . A design factor higher than 5% can
a resonance of the capacitor interacting with the grid. There- be used, when it is necessary to compensate the inductive
fore, passive or active damping must be added by including a reactance of the filter. The maximum current ripple at the output
resistor in series with the capacitor. In this paper, the passive of dc/ac inverter is given by [8]
damping solution has been adopted, but active solutions can be
2VDC
also applied [1]. ΔILmax = (1 − m)mTsw (13)
The algorithm for designing the LCL filter is indicated 3L1
in Fig. 5. In the example below, the filter design steps are where m is the inverter modulation factor (for a typical SPWM
described in detail. inverter).
The following parameters are needed for the filter design: It can be observed that the maximum peak-to-peak current
VLL , line-to-line RMS voltage (inverter output); Vph , phase ripple happens at m = 0.5, then
voltage (inverter output); Pn , rated active power; VDC , dc-link
voltage; fg , grid frequency; fsw , switching frequency; and fres , VDC
ΔILmax = (14)
resonance frequency. 6fsw L1
1228 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2014

where L1 is the inverter-side inductor. A 10% ripple of the rated TABLE I

T ESTED S YSTEM PARAMETERS
current for the design parameters is given by

ΔILmax = 0.1Imax (15)

where
√
Pn 2
Imax = (16)
3Vph
VDC
L1 = . (17)
6fsw ΔILmax
TABLE II
The LCL filter should reduce the expected current ripple to I NDUCTORS PARAMETERS
20%, resulting in a ripple value of 2% of the output current [2],
[5]. In order to calculate the ripple reduction, the LCL filter
equivalent circuit is initially analyzed considering the inverter
as a current source for each harmonic frequency in accordance
with Fig. 1.
Equations (18) and (19) relate the harmonic current gener-
ated by the inverter with the one injected in the grid, i.e.,
rated active power; VDC = 400 V, dc-link voltage; ωg = 2π60,
ig (h) 1 grid angular frequency; ωsw = 15 kHz, switching frequency;
= = ka (18)
ii (h) |1 + r [1 − L1 Cb ωsw
2 x] |
x = 0.05, maximum power factor variation seen by the grid;
or and ka = 0.2 (20%), attenuation factor. Therefore, the base
 impedance and the base capacitance are Zs = 8.64Ω and Cs =
1
ka2 +1 307 μF, respectively (parameters are shown in Table I).
L2 = 2
(19) 1) Using 10% allowed ripple, (15) gives an inductance L1 =
Cf wsw
2.23 mH.
where ka is the desired attenuation. Cf = 0.01 ÷ 0.05 Cb . 2) The maximum capacitor value is 16.63 μF in order to be
The constant r is the ratio between the inductance at the within the limit of 5% of the base value of CB . After
inverter side and the one at the grid side. Thus, rounding to the closest commercial value, Cf = 15 μF
for the wye configuration or 5 μF for the delta connection.
L2 = rL1 . (20)
3) One can set the desired attenuation ka = 20%, and then,
Plotting the results for several values of r helps in evaluat- using (19), L2 is found to be 0.045 mH.
ing the transfer function of the filter at a particular resonant 4) Putting all calculated parameters of L1 , Cf , and L2
frequency, depending on the nominal grid impedance [4]. A into (21) gives fres = 6450 kHz, which meets condition
resistor in series (Rf ) with the capacitor attenuates part of from (22).
the ripple on the switching frequency in order to avoid the 5) Equation (23) gives the damping resistance Rf = 0.55Ω
resonance. The value of this resistor should be one third of the for wye configuration or 1.65 Ω for delta connection.
impedance of the filter capacitor at the resonant frequency [9], 6) The construction of the inductors was defined using the
and the resistor in series with the filter capacitance is given by software available on the website of Magnetics [10] and
(23). Thus, presented in Table II
 7) The inductor parameters were validated during the ex-
L1 + L2 perimental setup by taking note of the inductors values
ωres = (21)
L1 L2 C f when measuring voltage and current with an oscilloscope
and multipled in a spreadsheet in order to compute L =
10fg < fres < 0.5fsw . (22) (Δt/Δi)/V .
The resonant frequency range must be considered to satisfy
(22), i.e., V. S IMULATION R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS
1 A. System Modeling
Rf = . (23)
3ωres Cf
Two models for LCL filter evaluation have been analyzed
using MATLAB and Simulink Power System ToolBox sim-
ulation environment, as shown in Figs. 6 and 7; the same
IV. LCL F ILTER D ESIGN E XAMPLE
simulation structure has been implemented in the hardware.
This section shows a step-by-step procedure used to de- The sampling time and simulation step size is 0.5 μs, whereas
sign a wye√ capacitor configuration. The specifications are the sampling time for the control system is 100 μs. Such a
En = 120 3V , line-to-line RMS voltage; Ps = Pn = 5 kW, choice of multisampling is done in order to allow the hardware
REZNIK et al.: LCL FILTER DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR GRID-INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS 1229

Fig. 6. Grid-connected inverter.

Fig. 7. Stand-alone inverter.

implementation using a hardware-in-the-loop dSPACE 1104 of magnetic cores from Magnetics (www.mag-inc.com) and
system [11]. Both voltage and current control systems for stand- software [12] were used in the assembly of the inductors.
alone and grid-connected modes are developed using Park and The Inductor Design software assisted in selecting the op-
Clarke transformations with proportional–integral control in the timum core for inductor applications. This software uses an
dq frame. algorithm intended to specify the smallest design package
size for the given input parameters (current, inductance value,
frequency).
VI. E XPERIMENTAL DATA AND P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS
The LCL filter was then verified by experimental results.
The proposed LCL filter has been validated using a grid- Figs. 10–12 show important system variables, which were
connected three-phase 5-kW inverter prototype with the ability captured with an Agilent MSO-X 3104A oscilloscope. The
to operate in a stand-alone mode. The LCL filter shown in first set of experimental results obtained is shown in Figs. 10
Figs. 8 and 9, which is based on parameter values listed in and 11, during which the proposed installation is supplying
Tables I–III, has been designed and built. The control algorithm 100% nominal load power in open-loop voltage control mode.
was executed in a dSPACE 1104 real-time platform. Two types A sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) strategy is used in the inverter,
1230 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2014

Fig. 10. Inverter output voltage.

Fig. 8. Implemented LCL filter.

Fig. 11. Output voltage (after the LCL filter).

Fig. 9. Cf , Rf delta circuit.

TABLE III
ACTUAL F ILTER PARAMETERS

and the dc-link voltage is kept at 400 V. The output inverter

phase voltage output is shown in Fig. 10 (before the filter);
the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 44%. As shown in Fig. 12. Capacitor current.
Fig. 11, the voltage output from the LCL filter is smooth, and
harmonic analysis shows the effectiveness of the designed filter. in stand-alone mode for a load with different power factors; in
The attenuation has been specified for maximum 2% THD. In all cases, the filter output voltage has THD less than 2%.
practice, the actual value of voltage and current THD is even The LCL filter has been also tested in a grid-connected
less than 2%. Fig. 12 shows the current flowing in the filter mode, in order to show the performance under a current control
capacitor, which dissipated in the damping resistor. loop. The phase voltage, line current, and power factor (PF =
Fig. 13 shows the measurements captured by a power quality 0.99) are shown in Fig. 14(a) and (b). In this case, the inverter
analyzer, i.e., Fluke 43 B. Fig. 13(a) represents the single-phase provides 3 kW (1.05 kW for a per-phase measurement) to
measurements of voltage, current, and power. In this situation, the grid. The THD of injected current is 3.6%, as shown in
the inverter provides 1.2-kW power to the load under nominal Fig. 14(a). It can be observed that the THD of injected current
voltage and frequency conditions. The THD in this case, as is higher in grid-connected mode, but still less than the required
shown in Fig. 13(b), is 0.3%. Various tests have been conducted specification of 5%.
REZNIK et al.: LCL FILTER DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR GRID-INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS 1231

A theoretical design procedure has been fully compared by ex-

perimental results. The design approach is also applicable with
front-end inverters used in small- and medium-scale distributed
dc power sources, such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, and
wind turbine systems (with rectifiers) and can retrofit existing
medium and large power systems as well.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. R. Ammerman of the
Colorado School of Mines for his comments and review.

Fig. 13. THD analysis and experimental data for stand-alone mode. R EFERENCES
[1] F. Bouchafaa, D. Beriber, and M. S. Boucherit, “Modeling and control
of a grid connected PV generation system,” in Proc. 18th MED Conf.
Control Autom., 2010, pp. 315–320.
[2] M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, and S. Hansen, “Design and control of an LCL-
filter-based three-phase active rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41,
no. 5, pp. 1281–1291, Sep./Oct. 2005.
[3] V. Blasko and V. Kaura, “A novel control to actively damp resonance in
input LC filter of a three-phase voltage source converter,” IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 542–550, Mar./Apr. 1997.
[4] Y. Tang, S. Member, P. C. Loh, P. Wang, and F. H. Choo, “General-
ized design of high performance shunt active power filter with output
LCL filter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1443–1452,
Mar. 2012.
[5] 519-1992 IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std 519-1992, 1993.
[6] 1547.1 IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment
Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems,
Fig. 14. THD analysis and experimental data for grid-connected mode IEEE Std 1547.1-2005, 2005.
(PF = 0.99). [7] A. Reznik, M. G. Simões, A. Al-durra, and S. M. Muyeen, “LCL filter
design and performance analysis for small wind turbine systems,” in Proc.
IEEE PEMWA, 2012, pp. 1–7.
[8] V. H. Prasad, “Average current mode control of a voltage source inverter
connected to the grid: Application to different filter cells,” M.S. thesis,
Dept. Elect. Eng., Virginia Polytech. Inst. State Univ., Blacksburg, VA,
USA, 1997.
[9] S. V. Araújo, A. Engler, B. Sahan, V. U. Kassel, F. Luiz, and M. Antunes,
“LCL filter design for grid-connected NPC inverters in offshore wind
turbines,” in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Power Electron., 2007, pp. 1133–1138.
[10] Inductor Design | Magnetics, Feb. 2, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://
www.mag-inc.com/design/software/inductor-design
[11] C. da Silveira Postiglione and M. G. Simoes, “dSPACE based implemen-
tation of a grid connected smart inverter system,” in Proc. IEEE 12th
Workshop COMPEL, 2010, pp. 1–5.
[12] Inductor Design Calculator, Dec. 15, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://
www2.mag-inc.com/calculators/Inductor-Design-Calculator

Fig. 15. THD analysis and experimental data for grid-connected mode
(PF = 0.94 lag).

The phase voltage, line current, and power with PF =

0.94 lag injected to the grid are shown in Fig. 15(a) and (b).
In this case, the inverter provides 3 kW (1.06-kW per-phase
measurement) and 1.2 kvar (390-var per-phase measurement)
to the grid. The THD of injected current is 3.3%.

Aleksandr Reznik received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.

VII. C ONCLUSION degrees in engineering with specialization in power
systems from Tashkent State Technical University,
This paper has proposed a systematic LCL filter design Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in 2008 and 2010, respec-
methodology for grid-interconnected inverter systems. The tively. His M.Sc. research work focused on power
systems dynamic stability analysis, specifically on
LCL filter reduces the switching frequency ripple and helps in the Uzbekistan power grid. He also received the
coupling with a current-like performance to the utility grid. This M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the
paper describes a comprehensive and detailed design procedure Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, in
2013. His second M.Sc. research work focused on
for the LCL filter. It was found that the proposed design meets smart inverter development and grid.
industry standards and allows a THD within a prescribed range. He is currently with the Colorado School of Mines.
1232 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2014

Marcelo Godoy Simões (S’89–M’95–SM’98) re- S. M. Muyeen (S’03–M’08–SM’12) received the

ceived the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University B.Sc. degree from Rajshahi University of Engineer-
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, in 1985 and 1990, ing and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, in 2000
respectively, the Ph.D. degree from The University and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Kitami In-
of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, in 1995, and the stitute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, in 2005 and
D.Sc. degree (Livre-Docência) from the University 2008, respectively, all in electrical and electronic
of São Paulo in 1998. engineering. His Ph.D. research work focused on
He is currently an Associate Professor with the wind farm stabilization from the viewpoint of low-
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, where voltage ride through and frequency fluctuation.
he has been establishing research and education After completing his Ph.D. program, he was a
activities in the development of intelligent control Postdoctoral Research Fellow under the versatile
for high-power electronics applications in renewable and distributed energy banner of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science from 2008 to 2010
systems. He is the author of Power Electronics for Renewable and Dis- with Kitami Institute of Technology. He is currently an Assistant Professor in
tributed Energy Systems: A Sourcebook of Topologies, Control and Integration the Electrical Engineering Department, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi,
(Springer-Verlag, 2013). United Arab Emirates. He has authored/coauthored over 100 international
Dr. Simões is currently the Chair of the IEEE Industrial Electronics papers and four books. His research interests are power system stability and
Society Smart Grid Committee. He has been involved in activities related to control, electrical machines, flexible ac transmission systems, energy storage
the control and management of smart grid applications since 2002 with his systems, renewable energy, and high-voltage direct current systems.
National Science Foundation CAREER Award “Intelligent Based Performance Dr. Muyeen is a member of The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan.
Enhancement Control of Micropower Energy Systems.”

Ahmed Al-Durra (S’07–M’10) received the B.S.,

M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and com-
puter engineering from The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA, in 2005, 2007, and 2010,
respectively. His M.Sc. degree work investigated the
application of several nonlinear control techniques
on automotive traction polymer electrolyte mem-
brane fuel cell systems. He conducted Ph.D. research
in the Center for Automotive Research, The Ohio
State University. His Ph.D. work was on the appli-
cations of modern estimation and control theories to
automotive propulsion systems.
He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Depart-
ment and the Downstream Research Coordinator of The Petroleum Institute
(PI) Research Center with PI, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. His research
interests are applications of estimation and control theory in power system
stability and control, energy storage systems, and renewable energy.
Dr. Ahmed is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.