CL 305: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Shell Momentum Balance - 5

AMIT KUMAR
10 February 2021
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS: Average Velocity

Average velocity is given by

R 2π R R RR Z R
0 κR z
v rdrdθ 2π κR vz rdr 2
hvz i = R 2π R R = = vz rdr
rdrdθ πR2 (1 − κ2 ) R2 (1 − κ2 ) κR
0 κR

R R
(P0 − PL ) R2  r 2 (1 − κ2 )  R 
Z Z 
vz rdr = 1− − ln rdr
κR κR 4µL R ln(1/κ) r
" R R
(P0 − PL ) R2 r2 r4

= −
4µL 2 κR 4R2 κR
( R )#
R
(1 − κ2 ) r2
Z
− ln R − r ln r dr
ln(1/κ) 2 κR κR
1
FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS: Average Velocity

R
(P0 − PL ) R2 R2 R2
Z 
vz rdr = (1 − κ2 ) − (1 − κ4 )
κR 4µL 2 4
( R )#
(1 − κ2 ) R2 ln R r2 ln r r2

− (1 − κ2 ) − −
ln(1/κ) 2 2 4 κR

(P0 − PL ) R4 (1 − κ2 ) (1 − κ4 )

1
n
= 2− − 2 ln R(1 − κ2 )
16µL 1 − κ2 ln(1/κ)
 oi
− 2 ln R − 2κ2 ln (κR) − 1 + κ2

(P0 − PL ) R4 (1 − κ2 ) (1 − κ4 )
 
1

= 2− − 2κ2 ln κ + 1 − κ2
16µL 1 − κ2 ln(1/κ)

(P0 − PL ) R4 (1 − κ2 ) (1 − κ4 ) (1 − κ2 )
 
= 2− 2
+ 2κ2 −
16µL 1−κ ln(1/κ)

2
FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS: Average Velocity

So,
R
(P0 − PL ) R4 (1 − κ2 ) (1 − κ4 ) (1 − κ2 )
Z  
vz rdr = −
κR 16µL 1 − κ2 ln(1/κ)

Z R
2
⇒ hvz i = vz rdr
R (1 − κ2 )
2
κR

(P0 − PL ) R2 (1 − κ4 ) (1 − κ2 )
 
⇒ hvz i = −
8µL 1 − κ2 ln(1/κ)

3
FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS: Flow Rates

Volume Flow Rate, Q:

Z 2π Z R
Q= vz rdrdθ = hvz iA = hvz iπR2 (1 − κ2 )
0 κR

π (P0 − PL ) R4 (1 − κ2 )2
 
Q= (1 − κ4 ) −
8µL ln(1/κ)

Mass Flow Rate, w:

Z 2π Z R
w= ρvz rdrdθ = ρQ
0 κR

π (P0 − PL ) R4 ρ (1 − κ2 )2
 
4
w= (1 − κ ) −
8µL ln(1/κ)

4
FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS: Force on Surfaces

The force exerted by the liquid on the surface of the inner cylinder:
(1 − κ2 ) R
 
(κR)
Fz,i = (−τrz |r=κR )×2π(κR)L = −π (P0 − PL ) κR2 −
R 2 ln(1/κ) (κR)
(1 − κ2 ) (1 − κ2 )
   
Fz,i = π (P0 − PL ) κR2 − κ = πR2 (P0 − PL ) − κ2
2κ ln(1/κ) 2 ln(1/κ)

The force exerted by the liquid on the surface of the outer cylinder:
(1 − κ2 )
 
2
Fz,o = (τrz |r=R ) × 2πRL = πR (P0 − PL ) 1 −
2 ln(1/κ)

Total force exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces:

Fz = Fz,i + Fz,o = πR2 (1 − κ2 ) (P0 − PL )

Note: Valid up to Re ≈ 2000 where Re is defined as

2R(1 − κ)hvz iρ
Re =
µ
5
EXAMPLE-4: ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• Two immiscible liquids are flowing in a horizontal thin slit of

length L, width W , height 2b (gap between the parallel plates)
• Flow is due to a horizontal pressure gradient

• Flow is steady, laminar, fully developed.

• The fluids have constant density and viscosity
• L and W are much larger than 2b

6
EXAMPLE-4: ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• Two immiscible liquids are flowing in a horizontal thin slit of length

L, width W , height 2b (gap between the parallel plates)
• Flow is due to a horizontal pressure gradient

• Flow is steady, laminar, fully developed.

• The fluids have constant density and viscosity
• L and W are much larger than 2b

We postulate:

• vz = vz (x)
• vx = 0, vy = 0
• p = p(z)

7
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• The governing differential equation for the shear stress in each liquid
can be obtained by performing shell momentum balance in each
liquid separately.
• For performing the balance of z momentum, a thin shell of liquid (of
length L, width W and thickness ∆x) can be considered in each
liquid.
• As the balance of z momentum is performed and z axis is in the
horizontal direction, force due to gravity will not appear in the
momentum balance.
• Shell momentum balance results in the following equation for the
shear stress in each liquid:
dτxz p0 − pL
=
dx L

8
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

dτxz p0 − pL
=
dx L

• Integration of this equation for the two fluids (namely I and II) gives
 
I p0 − pL
τxz = x + C1I ...(4.A)
L
 
II p0 − pL
τxz = x + C1II ...(4.B)
L
• We now use the boundary condition that the shear stress is
continuous through the liquid-liquid interface. So,

I II
τxz ( at x = 0) = τxz ( at x = 0) ⇒ C1I = C1II

In the steps that follow, we will represent both C1I and C1II by C1 .

9
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• Using Newton’s law of viscosity, we have

 
∂vz ∂vx ∂vz dvz
τxz = −µ + = −µ = −µ
∂x ∂z ∂x dx
• Therefore,

dvzI dv II
I
τxz = −µI II
τxz = −µII z
dx dx
• Substituting these expressions for the shear stresses in equations
(4.A) and (4.B) (see the previous slide), we get
I
 
I dvz p0 − pL
−µ = x + C1 ...(4.C)
dx L
II
 
II dvz p0 − pL
−µ = x + C1 ...(4.D)
dx L

10
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• Integrating equations (4.C) and (4.D) (see the previous slide), we

get  
p0 − pL C1
vzI = − x2 − I x + C2I ...(4.E)
2µI L µ
 
p0 − pL C1
vzII = − II
x2 − II x + C2II ...(4.F)
2µ L µ

• Next, we apply the boundary condition that at the interface (i.e., at

x = 0), the fluid velocities are equal. So,

vzI ( at x = 0) = vzII ( at x = 0) ⇒ C2I = C2II

Let us represent both C2I and C2II by C2 .

11
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• The remaining two boundary conditions are the no-slip conditions at

the solid walls (the plates) located at x = +b (the top plate) and at
x = −b (the bottom plate).
• As both plates are stationary, we have

At x = +b : vzII = 0 At x = −b : vzI = 0

• Using these boundary conditions in equations (4.E) and (4.F) (see

the previous slide), we get
 
p0 − pL C1
0=− b2 + b + C2
2µI L µI
 
p0 − pL C1
0=− b2 − b + C2
2µII L µII

12
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• Therefore,
   
1 1 (p0 − pL ) b 1 1
C1 II
+ I =− II
− I
µ µ 2L µ µ

µI − µII
 
(p0 − pL ) b
⇒ C1 = −
2L µI + µII

2µI
 
(p0 − pL ) b
C2 = +
2µI L µ + µII
I

• Thus, the shear stress (momentum-flux) distribution is

(p0 − pL ) b  x  1 µI − µII
  
τxz = −
L b 2 µI + µII

13
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• The velocity profiles in the two fluids are

(p0 − pL ) b2 2µI µI − µII

       
x x 2
vzI = + −
2µI L µI + µII µI + µII b b

(p0 − pL ) b2 2µII µI − µII

       
x x 2
vzII = + −
2µII L µ + µII
I µI + µII b b

14
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

• Location of Maximum Velocity, xmax : Setting τxz = 0, we get

b µI − µII
 
xmax =
2 µI + µII

• Average Velocities:
0
(p0 − pL ) b2 7µI + µII
Z  
1
hvzI i = vzI dx =
b −b 12µI L µI + µII

b
(p0 − pL ) b2 µI + 7µII
Z  
1
hvzII i = vzII dx =
b 0 12µII L µI + µII

15
ADJACENT FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS: Profiles

Image taken from Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot

16