We can use present participle (-ing) and past participle (-ed) clauses with an adverbial meaning. (See also Unit 59.) They often give information about the timing, causes, and results of the events described: ) Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry. (=When she opened her eyes ...) Faced with a bill for £10,000, Ivan has taken an extra job. (= Because he is faced ...) Looked after carefully, the plant can live through the winter. (= If itis looked after...) Having finished the book, | had a holiday. (perfect; = When / Because | had finished ...) The fruit was expensive, being imported. (simple passive; =... because it was imported) Having been hunted close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area. (perfect passive; = Although it had been hunted close to extinction ...) The implied subject of a participle clause (that is, a subject known but not directly mentioned) is usually the same as the subject of the main clause: © Arriving at the party, we saw Ruth standing alone. (= When we arrived ... we saw ...) However, sometimes the implied subject is not referred to in the main clause: ©. Having wanted to drive a train all his life, this was an opportunity not to be missed. In careful speech and writing we avoid different subjects for the participle and main clause: ©) Turning round quickly, the door hit me in the face. (first implied subject = ''; second subject = ‘the door’) would be better as: ‘When | tured round quickly, the door hit me in the face, In formal English, the participle clause sometimes has its own subject, which is often a pronoun or includes one: The collection of vases is priceless, some being over 2000 years old. Her voice breaking with emotion, Vasiliki spoke about her father’s illness. We use the present participle (-ing) clause to talk about something happening at the same time as an. event in the main clause, or to give information about the facts given in the main clause. When we use not in a participle clause it usually comes before the participle. However, it can follow the participle, depending on meaning: Not understanding the rules, | found the cricket match boring. (= because I didn’t understand the rules) Hoping not to be recognised, | chose a seat in a dark corner. (= | hoped that | wouldn't be recognised) We use a clause beginning with having + past participle rather than a present participle if the action in the main clause is the consequence of the event in the participle clause: Having broken her leg the last time she went, Giorgia decided not to go on the school skiing trip this year. (or After breaking her leg ...; not Breaking her leg ...) We can use either a present participle (-ing) clause or a having + past participle clause with a similar meaning when the action in the participle clause is complete before the action in the main clause begins. Compare: © Taking off his shoes, Ram walked into the house. (Having taken off ... has a similar meaning) and Running across the field, | fell and hurt my ankle. (= While I was running ...; ‘Having run would suggest that | fell after | had run across the field)Exercises 58 e« 1 When she saw the dog coming towards her, she quickly crossed the road... Seeing the dog coming. towards her, she quickly crossed. the road. ‘As she was dressed all in black, she was almost invisible in the starless night. As| don’t have a credit card, | found it difficult to book an airline ticket online. Antonio spent a lot of time filling in job application forms because he was unemployed, Because | was walking quickly, | soon caught up with her. The house was built of wood, so it was clearly a fire risk. I was eager to catch the bus in good time because | had been told off the day before for arriving late. 8 She didn't know where the theatre was, so she asked for directions at the hotel reception. 9. Asshe was a nurse, she knew what to do after the accident. 10 He had spent his childhood in Oslo, so he knew the city well. the sentences beginning with one of the clause forms from sections A and D opposite. Nownun GB I the implied subject of the two clauses is the same write S and if tis different write D. Rewrite the D sentences to make them more acceptable. @ 1. Waiting for the bus, a car went through a puddle and splashed water all over me. 2 Known mainly as a writer of novels, Rashid has now written a successful biography. 3. Keeping a careful eye on the spider, Suzanne hurried out of the bathroom. 4 Looking down from the hill, the town spread out before us towards the coast. 5. Feeling rather sick, the boat ploughed through the huge waves. 6 Found only in the Andes, the plant is used by local people to treat skin diseases. ]B write not in the more appropriate place in each sentence. © 1 wishing to boast, she said nothing about her success. 2 pretending to notice that people were staring at me, | carried on looking on the floor for my lost contact lens. 2 determined to be beaten, she put all her energy into the serve. 4 feeling well, she went home early. 5 bothering, to put on his coat, he left the house. 6 trying to cry, she waved to Harun as the train pulled out. EBD doin these sentences using having + past participle or the -ing form of the first verb. Which sentences can have either form? @@ 1 I moved house recently. aI decided to cancel the order. 2 1 looked over my shoulder. b felt | needed to change my life. 3 I walked through the tunnel. © I could see Ida running after me. 4 I waited six weeks for the washing machine to be d_+don't yet have internet access delivered. e | was able to understand most of 5 I suffered from depression myself as a teenager. what she said, 6 | parked the car about a kilometre from the stadium. f _| banged my head on the low roof. 7 Ireached my mid-thirties. g | could understand how Nathan was 8 I learned some Swahili asa child. feeling. h_ I walked the rest of the way. 14¢_..Haing moved. house recently, | don't yet have. intemet. access 17