Vol. 11(1), pp.

15-25, January-June 2020

DOI: 10.5897/JYFR2019.0187
Article Number: 5CE639762968
ISSN: 2141-2413
Copyright ©2020
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Journal of Yeast and Fungal Research
http://www.academicjournals.org/JYFR

Full Length Research Paper

Selection of appropriate substrate for production of

oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Yohannes Besufekad*, Abraham Mekonnen, Bikila Girma, Robel Daniel, Getahun Tassema,
Jale Melkamu, Malesu Asefa, Tsehaynesh Fikiru and Lalise Denboba
College of Natural and Computational Science, Department of Biotechnology, Wolkite University, Ethiopia.
Received 12 March, 2019; Accepted 8 April, 2019.

Mushroom production is an economically viable biotechnology process for conversion of various agro-
industrial wastes into food. Mushroom, a fruiting body of macrofungi has been valued throughout the
world as either food or medicine for more than three thousand years ago. The mushroom grows on a
vast number of substrate and environment. Substrate compromises different agro-industrial residues
that possess varied property for supporting the growth of mushroom. Though, the most appropriate
composition of the substrate should be selected to obtain a better result. Hence, the study was
conducted to select appropriate substrate for production of oyster mushroom and to identify the
suitable combination from a selected substrate to get a high yield of oyster mushroom. The effects of
different selected agro industrial residues on growth and bioconversion efficiency of oyster mushroom
was determined. For this study, Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) were grown on different
substrates namely cotton seed, enset waste, sawdust, and teff straw with different composition. The
spawn was produced using three grains to know the performance of oyster mushroom. The main step
used for oyster mushroom production includes preparation of culture media, spawn production,
preparation of the substrate, fruiting, and harvesting. The highest bioconversion efficiency and yield
were obtained from the combination of sawdust and teff straw. While the lowest yield and
bioconversion efficacy was obtained from combination teff straw and enset waste.

Key words: Mushroom, oyster, spawn, substrate, waste.

INTRODUCTION

Mushroom production could be a possible option to severe in low and middle-income countries. Therefore,
alleviate poverty and improve the lifestyle of vulnerable finding ways of improving food production in increasing
people (Imtiaj and Rahman, 2008). The production is population is paramount important. More than 2,000
important for food shortage (Beetz and Kustudia, 2004; species composed of 31 genera are identified to be
Tibuhwa, 2013), especially for low-income countries like edible over the world (Moore, 2005). Twelve species are
Ethiopia. Food insecurity remains one of the world's commonly grown for food and/or medicinal purposes,
biggest challenges; particularly, the problem is very across tropical and temperate zones. P. spp, commonly

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 International License
16 J. Yeast Fungal Res.

known as oyster mushrooms, are edible fungi cultivated lignin contents. Therefore, there is a limited study
worldwide especially in South East Asia, India, Europe conducted on utilization efficiency of agricultural waste by
and Africa. China produces 64% edible mushrooms in the the mushroom. Hence, this study was conducted to
world and 85% of all oyster mushrooms all over the world evaluate the growth, the economic feasibility of small
(P. spp.) is also produced in China (Chang, 1999). The scale production and yield (bioconversion efficiency) of
three most commonly cultivated mushrooms are Agaricus oyster mushroom using locally available agro-industrial
bisporus (button mushroom), P. ostreatus (oyster by-products.
mushroom) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). Oyster mushroom production is a useful method of
Oyster mushrooms are the second largest commercially environmental waste management and waste disposal.
produced mushroom in the world (Sánchez, 2010; The cultivation of oyster-mushroom adds value to the
Mohamed et al., 2011) next to A. bisporus. Shorter economy, environmental restoration and food security
growth time is required to oyster mushrooms in (provision) worldwide. Mushroom production is one of the
comparison to other edible mushrooms. It converts a high strategies that can be used for poverty intervention and
percentage of the substrates to fruiting bodies and hence also for combating malnutrition. Therefore, this study
increases profitability and low-cost cultivation technology provided to identify the best and appropriate composition
(Baysal et al., 2003). of a substrate for production of oyster mushroom.
Mushrooms are highly valued for their rich characteristic Providing food for rapidly growing world population and
flavor, potent nutritional properties and possess various waste management belongs to major problems found in
types of dietary supplements. Mushrooms are low in the world. The cultivation of oyster mushroom on agro-
calorific value but rank very high for their vitamins, industrial residues is a prime factor for the conversion of
minerals and protein contents (Beetz and Greer, 1999). low-value inedible wastes into a higher value commodity
The consumption of oyster mushrooms has an advantage which can serve as food. Among bioconversion
of preventing as well as reducing diseases such as processes, mushroom cultivation is an appropriate
diabetes, heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, technology for the management of agricultural and agro-
gastric cancer, hepatitis B, liver illness, kidney problems, industrial residues. The oyster mushrooms have gained
hypertension, microbial infection, chronic fatigue popularity, because of their simplicity and low-cost
syndrome and impaired immune response (Ooi, 2000). cultivation technology. The cultivation of mushroom in a
Oyster mushrooms are known to contain therapeutic natural environment is limited by season and space.
ingredients such as dietary fibers and phenolic Hence, it necessitates the cultivation of mushroom in the
compounds various bioactive compounds. Mushroom controlled environment through maintaining appropriate
production is an appropriate technology for the growing condition as it is in the natural environment. One
management of agricultural and agro-industrial residues. method of cultivation needed for selecting appropriate
Oyster mushrooms are saprophytes that decompose growing substrate composition. Hence, this study
agricultural plant by-product as they have the ability to conducted to evaluate different types of a substrate for
use cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin materials as a production of oyster mushroom.
source of their nourishment. Mushroom cultivation
provides an environmentally friendly and economical way
of converting agricultural and forest wastes into nutritious MATERIALS AND METHODS
food (Ragunathan et al., 1996). On the surface of the
Study area
earth, around 200 billion tons per year of organic matter
is produced through the photosynthetic process (Zhang, This study was conducted in Wolkite University, Department of
2008). However, the majority of this organic matter is not Biotechnology laboratory. Wolkite is located in Southern Nation,
directly edible by humans and animals in many cases, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) regional zone and the
becomes a contaminated source of an environment. administrative center of the Gurage Zone. It found at 175 km distant
from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Though, mushroom cultivation is a useful method to
produce alternative food sources using different
environmental wastes. Oyster mushroom is known for its Study material
ability to degrade lignocelluloses residues from
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was collected from small
agricultural fields and forests and convert them into enterprise working on spawn production in Addis Ababa. A pure
protein-rich biomass (Rowel et al., 2000). Species of culture of oyster mushroom was maintained on potato dextrose
oyster-mushroom show good adaptability to a wide range agar and malt extract agar plates. Agro-industrial waste namely
of temperature, making it possible to grow this mushroom cottonseed, enset waste, bagasse, teff straw, and sawdust was
almost all year round without controlled climatic conditions collected from Gurage zone. In this study, we took five (5) different
agro-industrial wastes as a substrate to know the combination
(Chadha, 2001; Baysal et al., 2003). Many agricultural appropriate for oyster mushroom production. The material used in
and industrial by-products are important in mushroom this study includes the hood, plastic bag, autoclave, Petri dish, jar,
production including teff straw, coffee pulp, wood chips, aluminum foil, sprayer, bunsen burner, hot plate, incubator, metric
and cotton waste has high cellulose, hemicellulose and ruler, measuring cylinder, electronics balance, glove, and cotton.
 Besufekad et al. 17

Y Y1 Y2

Figure 1. Preparation of culture media (Y. Chemical, Y1. Prepared media, Y2. Mycelia grow on prepared media).

X2 X X1
W W W
Figure 2. Spawn produced using three grains (X. Sorghum, X1. Bagasse, X2. Barley); Scale bar: 20.8 mm.
11 11 11
11 11 11
Experimental design and procedure sorghum, and bagasse for comparison of the performance of oyster
mushroom. Those two grains and bagasse washed and soaked in
The experiment was laid down in CRD (completely randomized water overnight. The water was changed often to prevent
design) with four different substrate compositions in three different fermentation. Once the grains have been prepared, they were
repeats. Then, collected data analyzed by SAS statistical analysis boiled till it becomes soft but remain firm, then the water was
software. drained and spread on a cheesecloth. Calcium carbonate (2%) was
mixed with the grains. These grains were filled in half litter-size-
empty bottles to three-fourths their capacity. These grains were
Preparation of culture media sterilized in an autoclave for 15 minutes at 121°C temperature and
15 Pa (Pascal). Inoculation was carefully done in total aseptic
Pure cultures of oyster mushroom maintained on media prepared conditions using pure culture or previously prepared grain spawn.
from potato dextrose agar (PDA), Malt extract agar (MEA), peptone After the inoculation, the bottles were incubated at 25°C
and agar. 78 g of PDA, 60 g of malt extract agar, 30 g of Agar and temperature until mycelia fully cover the grains (Figure 2).
10 g of peptone was added to into 2 dm3 of distilled water into a
flask (Figure 1). Then it was placed on Bunsen burner to mix. The
prepared media was placed on a hot plate to dissolve agar and Substrate preparation and inoculation
then autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. Fifteen milliliters (15 ml) of the
medium dispensed into 9 cm diameter petri dishes. These were The following substrates including sawdust, teff straw, and
inoculated with the oyster mushroom cultures by using a spatula cottonseed waste, bagasse, enset waste were used for the study
and incubated at 25°C. after soaked separately in water for moisture absorption. For the
best results, substrates were mixed with wheat bran (10%) and
gypsum (3%) supplement at a similar concentration (Figure 3).
Spawn production Mixed substrates were placed in heat resistant polypropylene
bags and sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 mins and
Mushroom spawn is a medium that serves as the inoculum of the allowed to cool at room temperature. After sterilization, each of
mushroom growth medium. Spawn was prepared by using barley, experimental polypropylene bags was inoculated at the center of
18 J. Yeast Fungal Res.

A B C D

Figure 3. Different substrate used for Oyster mushroom cultivation (A. sawdust, B. enset waste, C. teff straw and D. cotton seed).

T T1 T2 T3

Figure 4. Fruiting bodies on combination of different substrate (T. sawdust+teff straw, T1. cotton seed+teff straw, T2.
sawdust+enset waste, T3. Teff staw+enset waste); Scale bar: 6 mm .

the substrate with of pure culture of P. ostreatus under aseptic stage. The mushroom harvesting periods vary between different
condition and bags tiled with wrap. They kept in dark room at 25 to mushroom strains and usually range from 6 to 12 weeks and they
30°C and 90% relative humidity for 21 days. can be harvested on a number of flushes. The determining factor in
the number of flushes to be harvested and production time is
substrate formulation together with the environmental conditions
Fruiting during cultivation. However, a period between the flushing of
mushrooms named the resting stage, whereby the mushroom
When the mycelium has fully colonized the substrate, it can be able mycelia have to accumulate nutrients.
to produce fruiting bodies in response to a sudden change to the During this stage, contamination must be prevented to allow
external physical environment, which first promoted the formation of rapid mycelia growth. Harvesting of mushrooms can be carried out
initial fruiting bodies that later develop into fruiting bodies. The at different maturation stages depending on the mushroom species,
environmental changes that may trigger fruiting include changes in market value and consumer preferences (Figure 5). Harvesting was
temperature, gas exchange, relative humidity, light and water carefully carried out before gills open in order to avoid a decreased
availability within the compost. These induction factors also have an market value and quality of mushroom.
impact on the quality of the mushroom.
For P. Spp., decreasing the temperature from the spawn run
temperature (25 to 27°C) to between 12°C and 18°C is the most Product evaluation
common induction method used to stimulate fruiting. The primordial
formed at the top of the bags and developed within 3 to 4 days and The bags were regularly disinfected using alcohol and hypochlorite
was ready to be collected (Figure 4). Under proper fruiting to avoid contamination of substrates by unwanted microorganisms.
conditions, the additional flushes have occurred without any new When mycelia had fully covered the substrates bags, the bags were
inductions, but the flushes can be controlled by heating the moved to another room for fructification. Bags were opened and
blocks/bags followed by reducing the temperature. regularly watered for fructification. After 27 days of inoculation and
weights of the harvested mushroom was taken and recorded. The
cap and stipe of the mushrooms were measured in cm using a
Harvesting metric ruler. Weight fruiting bodies of the mushroom were harvested
in three different flushes.
The procedure for oyster mushroom harvesting involves grasping
each mushroom stalk individually and twisting the mushroom until it
is pulled out of the substrate. As the mushrooms begin fruiting, it is Data collection
important to keep the humidity high (85 to 90% is recommended).
As before, allow air to flush through the growing area prior to The data was collected from the result obtained. The growth and
spraying (oyster mushrooms require a consistent source of fresh development of mushroom were monitored daily. The time (number
air). Temperatures can now be higher than for the initial pinning of days) required from inoculation to completion of mycelium
 Besufekad et al. 19

I J K

Figure 5. harvesting oyster mushroom produced on combination of selected substrate (I. harvested fresh oyster
mushroom, J. Dry oyster mushroom, and K. packed oyster mushroom).

running, time elapsed between opening the plastic bags to pinhead mushrooms harvested (g), DW= dry weight substrate (g). Yield
formation and time required from opening the plastic bags to first- performance and bio conversion efficiency of oyster mushroom on
round harvesting were recorded. Growth parameters including stipe four kinds of substrates were calculated.
length (cm), cap diameter (cm), and ring diameter (cm) were In this study, the collected data is analyzed by statistical analysis
recorded after each harvest. Yield parameters, such as a number of system (SAS) version 9.2 software program using the Proc GLM
fruiting bodies per bunch, number of flushes and total fresh weight procedure for completely randomized design (CRD) design (SAS
(g) of mushroom were also recorded at harvest time. Matured Institute, 2008).
fruiting bodies were harvested by severing the base just above the
surface of the substrate with a sharp blade. Two rounds of
mushroom harvests were made across all substrate types in the
RESULT
course of the experiment. To evaluate the growth performance of
mushroom on different substrates, yield and biological efficiency
were calculated. Production of spawn

After inoculation of spawn in prepared grains, the grains

Data analysis were fully covered by mycelia within 14 to 17 days. The
Analysis of variance
mycelia coverage for sugarcane bagasse, sorghum and
barley it takes 14, 16, 17 days, respectively as shown on
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using statistical Figure 6.
analysis system (SAS) version 9.2 software program using the Proc
GLM procedure for completely randomized design (CRD) design
(SAS Institute, 2008). The significant differences among substrate Analysis of variance for substrate
was presented by mean ± standard deviation (SD) at a level of
p<0.05. The model used for CRD design was:
The analysis of variances for the studied growth
parameters including stipe length (cm), cap diameter
(cm), and ring diameter (cm) presented in Table 1. Also
the yield parameters, such as a number of fruiting bodies
where, yij= the jth observation of ith treatment, µ=the overall mean, per bunch, number of flushes and total fresh weight (g)
Ʈi= ith effect (µi- µ) and Eij= the effect of jth observation of ith and Dry weight (DW) of mushroom are indicated on
treatment, j=1…r, I=1…t. Table 1.
The analysis of variance is highly significant for fresh
Estimation of Bio-conversion efficiency (BE) weight, cape diameter and dry weight of mushroom at
p<0.001 significance level. On the other hands, ring
Weights of all fruiting bodies harvested from polypropylene bags diameter and stipe length showed no significance level of
were recorded as total yield of mushroom based on (Chang et al., (p<5%). The parameters that showed high significance
1993). indicate that the source of variation for the cultivation of
mushroom is varying among the type of substrate used in
the experiment. The non-significance value of ring
diameter and stipe length data indicated that the model
used to evaluate this parameter is limited to show the
where, BE = bio-conversion efficiency, FW = fresh weight of difference by using different substrates.
20 J. Yeast Fungal Res.

A B C

Figure 6. Spawn production using three grains (A. sorghum, B. sugarcane bagasse and C. barley).

Table 1. Analysis of variances (ANOVA) with four treatments and three repeats.

Mean square
Sources of variation Degree of freedom
FW CD RD SL NF DW
ns ns
Substrate 3 15603.35*** 68.37*** 0.52 13.24 1059.85* 1079.68***
Error 8 1150.96 2.44 0.94 6.03 142.75 119.52
CV 15.17 14.11 23.26 35.86 38.69 28.09
2
R 0.83 0.91 0.17 0.45 0.73 0.77
Where: *, **, ***significant at 5%, 1% and 0.1%, respectively; ns=non-significant at 5 % probability level, FW=fresh weight,
CD= cape diameter, RD= ring diameter, SL= stipe length, NF=number of flush, and DW=dry weight, CV=coefficient of
variation, R2= coefficient of determination.

Table 2. Mean and standard deviation comparison of studied parameter on different substrate.

Mean ± S.D
Substrate
FW (g) CD (cm) RD (cm) SL (cm) NF (n) DW (g)
Cotton + teff straw 279.02±20.95 17.88±0.42 3.78±0.18 6.45±2.01 20.44±5.01 43.51±17.89
Sawdust+teff straw 291.90±41.06 10.95±2.44 4.64±0.19 9.88±4.27 58.89±23.11 62.55±8.80
Sawdust+enset waste 172.54±26.05 7.82±1.26 4.40±1.64 5.95±1.28 24.50±1.8 31.89±8.68
Teffstraw+enset waste 151.08±42.42 7.69±1.42 3.86±0.99 5.1±0.33 19.66±2.90 17.68±2.22
SD=standard deviation, FW=fresh weight, CD=cape diameter, RD= ring diameter, SL=stipe length, DW=dry weight, g=gram,
cm=centimeter, n=number for counting flush at each harvest.

Mean performance of substrate highest cap diameter. The least stipe and ring diameter of
the cultivated oyster mushroom was recorded in the
The mean value of the growth and yield parameter are combination of teff straw + enset waste. Oyster
presented in Table 2. Oyster mushroom cultivated on a mushroom that grows on combination of cotton seed +
mixture of sawdust + teff straw recorded the highest fruit teff straw and sawdust + teff straw has ring diameter 3.78
body weight followed by a mixture of cottonseed + teff and 4.64 cm, respectively.
straw; teff straw + enset waste and sawdust + enset
waste. A maximum value of fresh weight is attained when
we have used sawdust + teff straw and cottonseed + teff The response of substrate on yield parameter
straw with a yield of 279.02 and 291.90 g, respectively.
The least yield obtained from the combination of teff The yield parameters have been determined mainly from
straw+ enset waste with a yield of 151.08 g. growth parameter hence become the main criteria for the
Mushrooms growing on sawdust + teff straw had the selection of substrate.
 Besufekad et al. 21

Figure 7. Response of different combination of substrate for production of Oyster mushroom.

The fresh yield of mushroom has declined as teff straw is substrates mixtures having 45:45 and 90:10 WW main
substituted with enset waste as shown in Figure 7. In materials and additive wheat bran for three consecutive
addition, a number of flush and dry weight has contributed flushes are shown in Figure 8.
to the yield performance of the substrate. Based on the The mixtures of sawdust and teff straw reached their
result the highest fresh weight harvested when teff straw bioconversion efficiency of 73%, followed by 52% of teff
and sawdust used for a substrate. straw + cottonseed, and 30% of sawdust + enset waste
mixture. The lowest bioconversion efficiency is obtained
26.6% of teff straw + enset waste mixture (Figure 9).
Oyster mushroom grow on the combination of
substrate
Periods of oyster mushroom fruiting bodies
The growth of oyster mushroom on the combination of maturation
sawdust and teff straw is higher than the remaining three
combinations of a substrate in these studies. Highest The bags took 3 to 5 days from primordial formation to
fresh weight of oyster mushroom was obtained from the maturation of mushroom fruiting body. After 3 days,
combination of sawdust and teff straw. While the lowest mushrooms became ready for picking. Duration for the
of fresh weight recorded from the combination of teff maturation of fruiting bodies after primordial formation
straw and enset waste. Four different combinations of showed variations among different substrates and
substrates are used for the production of oyster replicates (Figure 10).
mushroom. This combination of substrate used for growth
of oyster mushroom includes sawdust + teff straw, cotton
seed + teff straw, sawdust + enset waste and teff straw + DISCUSSION
enset waste as shown on Figure 8.
Various grains such as sorghum, barley and bagasse are
used for the production of spawn. Amongst these
Bioconversion efficiency of oyster mushroom different grains used during the current investigation,
oyster mushroom mycelia invasion took the minimum
Mushroom bioconversion efficiency on different number of days (14) for spawn running on sugarcane
22 J. Yeast Fungal Res.

ST CT
Sawdust+teff straw T Cotton seed+teff straw

SE TE
Sawdust+enset waste Teff straw+enset waste
Figure 8. Oyster mushroom growing on different selected substrate (ST. Sawdust+teff straw, CT.
cotton seed+teff straw,SE. sawdust+enset waste and TE. teff straw+enset waste).

bagasse followed by sorghum (16 days), barley (17 fresh yield of mushroom (790 g/kg) harvested from a
days). Similarity, Tsegaye and Tefera (2017) reported the combination of cotton waste + coffee pulp which is closer
production of spawn on sugarcane bagasse took the to the current study. Adjapong et al. (2015) reported
shortest time (14 days) compared to other grains about 32.99 g of fruiting bodies of mushroom harvested
sorghum and millet that took (16 to 17 days). The result per crop on maize husk.
further supported by (Rana et al., 2007) on oyster Mushroom cultivation requires carbon, nitrogen and
mushroom showed significantly rapid growth on different inorganic compounds as their nutritional sources, and
grains as compared to the rest of other mushroom main nutrients are carbon sources such as cellulose and
species. Thus, sugarcane bagasse may be an lignin. Oyster mushrooms require less nitrogen and more
appropriate source of carbon and energy for mycelia carbon source. Thus, most organic matters containing
colonization and spawn production. The growth of Oyster cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be used as the
mushroom (P. ostreatus) mycelia was relatively faster on mushroom substrate. The ability of oyster mushroom to
a combination of sawdust + teff straw wastes as grow successfully on the combination of sawdust and teff
compared to the remaining three combinations. straw associated with the essential chemical composition
The highest mycelium colonization, primordial initiation, of selected substrates is important for the growth of
fruiting bodies formation, and fresh weight were obtained mushroom. Variations observed in the number of fruiting
from sawdust + teff straw with a yield of 730 g/kg. bodies produced may be associated with the physical
Previously, Tsegaye and Tefera (2017) reported highest nature of the substrates as well as the nature of the
 Besufekad et al. 23

Figure 9. Bioconversion efficiency of oyster mushroom.

E F G H

Figure 10. Progressive development of oyster mushroom on combination of different substrate (E. primordial
formation, F. fruiting bodies, G. growth of fruiting bodies, H. matured oyster mushroom for harvest).

mushroom species. The number of fruit bodies recorded indicates the source of variation for the cultivation of
is related to their mycelia colonization. mushroom is vary among the type of substrate used in
In this study, data were collected on yield parameters the experiment.
and growth parameters. Yield parameter includes fresh The highest mean value of growth and yield
weight (FW), number of flush and dry weight (DW). While parameters are obtained from the combination of
the growth parameters are: cap diameter, stipe and ring sawdust and teff straw. While the combination of teff
diameter. The maximum value of fresh weight is obtained straw and enset waste gives the lowest mean value of
when we have used sawdust + teff straw and cotton seed growth and yield parameters. In this study, four
+ teff straw with a yield of 291.02 g and 279.90 g, substrates such as teff straw, enset waste, sawdust, and
respectively. While the least yield of fresh weight cottonseed are used. The supplements used to enhance
obtained from a combination of teff straw and enset the growth of oyster mushroom are wheat bran and
waste with the yield of 151.08 g. The growth parameters gypsum. Alcohol and bleach are chemicals used to
such as ring diameter and stipe length showed the non- control unwanted microorganism during oyster mushroom
significance level at probability less than 5% (p<5%). production. Continuous spraying of water is required
Parameters that showed non-significance do not indicate during mycelia growth because it requires high humidity.
the source of variation for production of oyster mushroom. The bioconversion efficiency is calculated as fresh
On the other hand, analysis of variance is highly weight over the dry weight of substrate multiplied by one
significant for FW, CD and DW of oyster mushroom at hundred. Highest bioconversion efficiency was obtained
p<0.1%. The parameters that showed high significance from the combination of sawdust and teff straw. This
24 J. Yeast Fungal Res.

indicates a high yield of oyster mushroom. study and giving us the strength to conquer every
The mixtures of sawdust and teff straw reached their obstacle that we and also allowing as to complete our
bioconversion efficiency of 73%, followed by 52% of teff study. This research would have not been possible
straw + cottonseed, and 30% of sawdust + enset waste without the guidance and help of several individuals who
mixture. Previously, the biological efficiency of maize in one way or another contributed and extended their
husk substrate was 39% (Adjapong et al., 2015). The valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of
lowest bioconversion efficiency is obtained 26.6% of teff this study.
straw + enset waste mixture.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Conclusion
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
Oyster mushroom production is the most important as a
nutritional supplement and cash crop for the landless
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