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    Lesson 3 SoA

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    Janecca
    This document discusses shear stress and strain. It defines shear stress as stress acting parallel to the applied load rather than perpendicular, as with normal stress. Shear stress is calculated as force divided by the area parallel to the load. Shear strain is the deformation parallel to the load divided by the length perpendicular to the load. The relationship between shear stress and strain is defined by the modulus of rigidity. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating average shear stress in different materials and geometries, such as a punch cutting a hole in a metal sheet. Exercises at the end provide additional practice problems involving shear stress and strain calculations.

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    Lesson 3 SoA

    Uploaded by

    Janecca
    50 views5 pages
    This document discusses shear stress and strain. It defines shear stress as stress acting parallel to the applied load rather than perpendicular, as with normal stress. Shear stress is calculated as force divided by the area parallel to the load. Shear strain is the deformation parallel to the load divided by the length perpendicular to the load. The relationship between shear stress and strain is defined by the modulus of rigidity. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating average shear stress in different materials and geometries, such as a punch cutting a hole in a metal sheet. Exercises at the end provide additional practice problems involving shear stress and strain calculations.

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    This document discusses shear stress and strain. It defines shear stress as stress acting parallel to the applied load rather than perpendicular, as with normal stress. Shear stress is calculated as force divided by the area parallel to the load. Shear strain is the deformation parallel to the load divided by the length perpendicular to the load. The relationship between shear stress and strain is defined by the modulus of rigidity. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating average shear stress in different materials and geometries, such as a punch cutting a hole in a metal sheet. Exercises at the end provide additional practice problems involving shear stress and strain calculations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views5 pages

    Lesson 3 SoA

    Uploaded by

    Janecca
    This document discusses shear stress and strain. It defines shear stress as stress acting parallel to the applied load rather than perpendicular, as with normal stress. Shear stress is calculated as force divided by the area parallel to the load. Shear strain is the deformation parallel to the load divided by the length perpendicular to the load. The relationship between shear stress and strain is defined by the modulus of rigidity. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating average shear stress in different materials and geometries, such as a punch cutting a hole in a metal sheet. Exercises at the end provide additional practice problems involving shear stress and strain calculations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    LESSSON 3: SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

    3.1 Shear Stress and Strain

    The stress in the previous examples is called “normal stress”


    because the stress acts on an area that is normal, or
    perpendicular, to the direction of the applied load. Imagine a tall
    stack of coins glued together on their faces. If you pull on the ends
    of the stack, the glue will experience a stress that is normal
    (perpendicular) to the face of each coin. If the glue is thick and
    tacky, maybe it will tend to stretch, and you can see the coins
    gradually pull apart along the direction of the applied load. If the
    load is 100 lb. and the face area of each coin is 1 𝑖𝑛.2 , then the
    normal stress is 100 psi.

    Next, imagine taking two coins that are glued together on their
    faces, and try to slide them apart. Now the stress is acting parallel
    to the glue instead of perpendicular to it. This stress is called shear
    stress, symbolized by the lower case Greek letter tau, τ. The units
    are the same as for normal stress because shear stress is also force
    divided by area. If the load is 25 lb. and the face area of each coin
    is 1 𝑖𝑛.2 ,, then the shear stress is 25 psi.

    Sheet metal joints are often manufactured this way,


    with adhesive bonding two lapped sheets to form a lap
    joint. The load is parallel to the area under stress (the
    adhesive in the shear plane between the two lapped
    panels). Joints can be designed to put the adhesive in
    either tension or in shear; typically, the shear strength
    of an adhesive is not the same as the strength in tension.

    For example, cyanoacrylate adhesive (“superglue”) is stronger in tension than in shear. An adhesive
    lap joint will fail when the shear strength of the adhesive is exceeded.

    If the sheet metal is held together with rivets


    instead of glue, then each rivet is loaded in
    shear across its cross-section. The shear plane
    passes through the rivet where the two sheets
    meet. In a bolted joint, use a bolt with a
    smooth shank instead of a bolt that is
    threaded along its entire length. This way, the shear plane can pass through the smooth shank, which
    has a larger cross – sectional area than the root of a thread, and therefore can handle a higher applied
    load. We will see that the thread root also acts as a stress concentration site – yet another reason for
    keeping threads out of shear planes.

    One way to produce holes in sheet metal is by punching them out with a punch and die set. The punch
    shears the sheet metal, so we can use shear stress calculations to figure out the stress in the sheet
    metal, 𝜏 = 𝑃/𝐴. Here, P is the force of the punch and A is the sheared area (the perimeter of the shape
    that is punched times the thickness of the sheet metal t).

    1
    LESSSON 3: SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

    Procedure for Analysis:

    The equation 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑃/𝐴 is used to determine the average shear stress in the material. Application
    requires the following steps.
    1. Internal Loading
     Section the member at the point where the average shear stress is to be determined.
     Draw the necessary free-body diagram, and calculate the internal shear force V acting
    at the section that is necessary to hold the part in equilibrium.
    2. Average Shear Stress
     Determine the sectioned area A, and determine the average shear stress 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑃/𝐴
     It is suggested that be shown on a small volume element of material located at a point
    on the section where it is determined. To do this, first draw on the face of the element,
    coincident with the sectioned area A. This stress acts in the same direction as V. The
    shear stresses acting on the three adjacent planes can then be drawn in their
    appropriate directions following the scheme shown below.

    2.1.1 Example #1
    A 3 mm thick aluminum sheet is cut with a 4 cm diameter round punch. If the punch exerts a force
    of 6 kN, what is the shear stress in the sheet? Report the answer in MPa.

    2
    LESSSON 3: SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

    The punch will create a round slug, where the cut edge is around the circumference of the slug.
    Think of the cut edge as the wall of a cylinder with a height of 3 mm and a diameter of 4 cm. The
    area equals the circumference of the circle times the thickness of the sheet metal:
    𝐴 =𝜋∙𝑑∙𝑡
    Shear stress, 𝜏:
    1000 𝑁
    𝑃 𝑃 6𝑘𝑁 ∙ ( )
    𝜏= = 1𝑘𝑁
    𝐴 𝜋 ∙ 𝑑 ∙ 𝑡 𝜋 ∙ (4 𝑐𝑚 ∙ 1000 𝑚𝑚 ) ∙ 3𝑚𝑚
    100 𝑐𝑚

    𝝉 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

    2.1.2 Example #1
    If the wood joint illustrated below has a width of 150 mm, determine the average shear stress
    developed along shear planes a–a and b–b. For each plane, represent the state of stress on an
    element of the material.

    Solution:
    Internal Loadings. Referring to the free-body diagram of the member (b)
    +→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0;
    6 kN − F − F = 0
    F = 3 kN
    Now consider the equilibrium of segments cut across shear planes a–a and b–b, shown in the
    figures (a) and (b).

    +→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑉𝑎 − 3 𝑘𝑁 = 0 𝑉𝑎 = 3 𝑘𝑁
    +→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑉𝑏 − 3 𝑘𝑁 = 0 𝑉𝑏 = 3 𝑘𝑁

    Average shear stress.


    𝑉𝑎 3 𝑘𝑁
    𝜏𝑎 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
    𝐴𝑎 (0.1 𝑚)(0.15𝑚)
    𝑉𝑏 3 𝑘𝑁
    𝜏𝑏 = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
    𝐴𝑏 (0.125 𝑚)(0.15𝑚)

    3
    LESSSON 3: SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

    2.5 Key Equations

    Shear stress is the load divided by the area parallel to the load:

    𝑷
    𝝉=
    𝑨

    Shear strain is the deformation parallel to the load divided by initial length perpendicular to the load:

    𝜹𝒔
    𝜸=
    𝑳

    The ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear strain γ is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or
    modulus of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa.
    𝝉
    𝑮=
    𝜸

    The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is:

    𝑷𝑳 𝝉𝑳
    𝜹𝒔 = =
    𝑨𝒔 𝑮 𝑮

    2.6 Exercises

    2.6.1 The inclined member in Fig. 1–24a is subjected to a compressive force of 600 lb.
    Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact
    defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane
    defined by DB.

    4
    LESSSON 3: SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

    2.6.2 The bar AB is supported by a frictionless inclined surface at A and a 7/8 – in. –
    diameter pin at B that is in double shear. Determine the shear stress in the pin
    when the vertical 2000-lb force is applied. Neglect the weight of the bar.

    2.6.3 The uniform 2-Mg bar is supported by a smooth wall at A and by a pin at B that is
    in double shear. Determine the diameter of the smallest pin that can be used if its
    working shear stress is 60 MPa.

    2.6.4 What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm


    thick? The shear strength of the plate is 350 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 .

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