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SVKM'S Nmims Mukesh Patel School Technology Management and Engineering Strength of Materials Lab

This document provides an introduction to material testing and classification. It discusses the classification of materials as metals and non-metals. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The key mechanical properties of metals including strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, tenacity, and brittleness are defined. The document also describes destructive and non-destructive testing and provides examples of common mechanical tests like tensile, impact, and hardness tests. Finally, it discusses the importance of mechanical tests in providing information about a material's properties under applied forces and loads.

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55 views5 pages

SVKM'S Nmims Mukesh Patel School Technology Management and Engineering Strength of Materials Lab

This document provides an introduction to material testing and classification. It discusses the classification of materials as metals and non-metals. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The key mechanical properties of metals including strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, tenacity, and brittleness are defined. The document also describes destructive and non-destructive testing and provides examples of common mechanical tests like tensile, impact, and hardness tests. Finally, it discusses the importance of mechanical tests in providing information about a material's properties under applied forces and loads.

Uploaded by

Bender Gaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name of the Student: Yogi Shah Roll No:H088

SVKM’s NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School Technology Management and Engineering
Department Of Mechatronics
Strength of Materials Lab
Subject: Strength of Materials

Experiment No. 1 Date:02-12-2020


INTRODUCTION OF MATERIAL TESTING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS.
The Engineering materials may be classified as follows:
1. Metals (e.g. Iron, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead etc.)
2. Non-Metals (e.g. Leather, Rubber, Asbestos, Plastics, Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Timber,
Concrete etc.)

METAL ARE SUBDIVIDED AS:


(I) Ferrous metals (Cast iron, wrought iron and steel) and alloys (e.g. Silicon steel, High
Speed Steel, spring steel, etc.)
(II) Non-Ferrous Metals (Copper, Aluminium, Zinc, Lead, etc.) and alloys (Brass, Bronze,
Duralumin, etc.)

The Iron group which includes all iron and steel are called Ferrous Metals while others are
specified as Non-ferrous.

Non-Metals: The commonly adopted non-metallic materials are Leather, Rubber, Asbestos, and
Plastics. Leather is used for belt drive and as a packing or as washers. It is very flexible and will
stand considerable, wear under suitable conditions.
Name of the Student: Yogi Shah Roll No:H088

Difference between Metals and Non-metals:

No. Property Metals Non-Metals


1 All solid metals have They exist in amorph-ice or
Structure
Crystalline structure. mesomorphic forms.
Excitation of
2 valency Electrons
by E.M.F. Easy Difficult.
(electromotive
force)
3. Generally, solids at Room Gases and solids at Ordinary
State
temperature (except mercury) temperature.
Possess metallic luster
Do not possess metallic
4
Luster luster (except Iodine and
Graphite)

5 Good Conductor of heat and


Conductivity Bad conductors of heat and
electricity.
electricity (except Graphite)
6 Malleability Malleable
Not malleable.
7 Ductility Ductile
Not ductile.
Hardness
8 Generally hard
Hardness varies.

9 Electrolysis Form cations Form anions.

10 Density High Density Low density

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS.


Mechanical properties of metals are discussed below:
1. Strength:
The strength of metal is its ability to withstand various forces to which it is subjected during
a test or in service. It is usually defined as tensile strength, compressive strength, proof stress,
shear strength etc.
Name of the Student: Yogi Shah Roll No:H088

2. Elasticity:
A material is said to be perfectly elastic if the whole strain produced by the load disappears
completely on the removal of the load. The modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus (E) is the
proportionality constant between stress and strain for elastic materials.
Values of modulus of elasticity for some important materials are given below:
Material Modulus of
Elasticity, E
(GN/m2)
Cast Iron 98
Wrought Iron 197
Mild Steel 210
Aluminium 72
Copper 120
Zinc 100
Tungsten 430
Molybdenum 350
Tin 42
Lead 18

3. Plasticity:

Plasticity is the property that enables the formation of a permanent deformation in a


material. It is the reverse of elasticity. A plastic material will remain exactly the shape it takes
under load, even after the load is removed.

4. Ductility:
It is the ability of the metal to withstand elongation or bending. Due to this property
wires are made by drawing out through a hole.

5. Malleability:

This is the property of virtue of which a material may be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
without rapture. This property generally increases with increase of temperature.
Name of the Student: Yogi Shah Roll No:H088

6. Tenacity or Toughness:

Tenacity or Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rapture. This is due to
the attraction which the molecules have for each other, giving them power to resist tearing apart.

7. Brittleness:
Lack of ductility is brittleness. When a body breaks easily when subjected to shock it is said
to be brittle.

8. Hardness:

Hardness is usually defined as resistance of a material to penetration. Hard materials resist


scratches or being worn out by friction with another body.

TESTING OF MATERIALS.
Introduction: - Materials are tested for one or more of the following purposes.
1. To assess numerically the fundamental mechanical properties like ductility, malleability,
toughness etc.
2. To check chemical composition.
3. To determine suitability of a material for a particular application.
4. To determine data i.e. force deformation (or stress) values to draw up sets of specifications
upon which the engineer can base his design.
5. To determine the surface or surface defects in raw materials or processed parts.

Classification of Tests.
Test on material to know the mechanical properties may be classified as-
1. Non-destructive Tests
2. Destructive Tests

Example- Tensile test, Impact test, torsion test etc.


Non-destructive test:
Non-destructive tests may be defined as those which in a specific context would not damage the
material being examined to an extent such that it is rendered useless for further for which it was
originally meant.
Name of the Student: Yogi Shah Roll No:H088

The various methods used for non-destructive testing are


as follows:
• X-ray radiography.
• Gama radiography.
• Magnetic particle inspection
• Ultrasonic testing
• Electrical methods
• Damping tests.
Destructive Tests (Mechanical Tests):
The components or specimen, after being destructively tested either breaks, or remains
no longer, useful for further use.
Examples of destructive or mechanical tests are tensile test, impact tests, torsion test, bend
test, fatigue test etc.
Importance of Mechanical Tests:
Structures, machines and products of various kinds are usually subjected to load and
deformation. Therefore, the properties of material under the action of load and deformation
so produced under various environments become an important engineering consideration.
The microscopic properties of materials under applied forces or loads are broadly classified
as “mechanical properties”.

The following important mechanical tests give valuable information about metals and alloys
as given below:
S.
Name of Test Information Supplied
No.
1. Tensile test Tensile strength, yield point, elastic limit, Young’s modulus, ductility,
toughness etc.
2. Impact test
Toughness of material under shock loading conditions.
3. Hardness test
Wear resistance, indentation resistance, scratch resistance or cutting
4. Fatigue test ability of a material.
Behaviour of a material under repeatedly applied stress and its
5. Creep test endurance limit.

Behaviour of a material under a steady load over a long period of time


and creep limit of material.

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