ExectRuiry )Electete Current >The amount of Charge, flowing throu a particular onea tn unil time ov iL ts the vale of flow of electric Charge - ie T= - charge t untt ime 9) Eleclvic Creu >A continuous and closed path of an electvic current is called an electric — civuit . - Tn an electric cirmit, (et 1 Ampere current is flowtng thal states 1 coulom 4 chavge ‘plowing tn 1 second « + Small quaniities of current , 4mA = 10° A Aud - 10°A Nomequcac DA conent of 0.50 i dawn by a filament of an clectvic bulb jor 10 minutes. - Find the amount 9 ectric charge that flows through the ruil. + Toterttas Differences 2 The potential difference between lwo pots in an olectric circuit is defined a» the amount 6 work done roving a unit chawge from one — point to the othex_—_potnt. Fotential difference = Work _ done = Ww Quantity o Charge 8 moved Voltmeter ts tnstrument used to menoure pad. (tt ts always connected parallel)Womenicge 2) How much work done tm moving a charge a 2. coulombs from a point al = 18 volts, to 128 “volts { Electric Curvent a. Ammetex 1's an fratrument used to meapure electric current . b Th ts always connected in Sevie- % Direction of dleciric —curvent When dlectriaty was twvented long time back, but that time only electvan had nol been discovered at =thal_ time. - 80 eeotvic Current war considered to be a flow of +ve Charges and direction of flow of = leetvic © current «was taken © as diveclion Of flow 6 +ve charge, so in our circuit diagrams, we pul the arrows on the connecting wires potnting from —posittve terminal of the cell towards negative terminal of the itll. Symbols % comporenta iw dledlric — divcutt $ eer —— 2 Atatiry er combination oes ——] KF] F— ope) 2S 4 Pag hey w neh (ed oa 5 Am eet Zia | Wes crosng wind Jono ia 1 ree O- 2 (== mavens an | ee oe* OHM's §=ZAWE » Ohm's Caw gives a relattonship —belween current, and polentiat difference . > According to ohm’s Caw : At constant temperature , the current following through a — conductor ts divectly proportional to the potential acvoss tts ends. he. bee VO (OR) Ve VeRaL "Here R is vesistance constant . +The value of covutant depends on the nature length aren Of Crou- section and temperature 64 the conductor V = potential dtigerence T= Current R= Reststance T-¥ Q V-R r From — above, If pd. is doubled current gets doubled and vice- versa. for halved.& An electric tvon drows a Current of 34A from tine. What current will this electric ton M10 V Supply line 2 220V supply draw when connected in * OHm's Law: >The electric current flowing through the conductor ts diredlly proportional to the potential difference applied across it- That mens, T«V Units Current % Voltage Ruistance - <2 ohm « V«t Ve RT Curent - Arpure Voltage - Volt K ts proportionally constant te. Ruielance of the — duuiit Resistance (R) = Voltage CV) Current (1) Qov; lin drows an electric be the & * Bostatvity : ‘Rasietiity ts defined a the ruistence —ofjored by the matoriat per length for unit cross-section. . The ST vit of © vaistivity 'g Ohm moter.* "The Yatstance a any conducting substance is divectty proportfonal to Congth and teversely proportional to the anea of ross Section of the Substance . Tt hao been found from the experiment thal Rel —@ and Rx 1 —@ - Combining equation O and D Rw & Re Pxt <£ Oe Hone, P is the resistivity constant 0 © rnatental . Rearranging the Equalton, Raststivity,, P= RxA t R= raistance conductor A= area % cross sectfow of C= length of the londuclor- conductor Untt of raistivity P2R (a) x Alm) = 2 xn lim ™ Unit of vesistivity = 2m ee. ohm — meter ¥ Sates Combinattow oTf the druit ts in each waistor & the Same and only one to flow ts called Serie connection. Such a way that the current flowing through Path ts availanle jor ttAccording te Ohm's Cow V= IR Total, TR = TA+ TR, + TR; as Tis equal in whole cirult. TR=T (R,+ & + Re) R=R, + & + Ry % Tmportant points 0f soi connection, + a Current — lowing, through each reittanee 8 Same- 2. Total voltage ~ drop equal i the sum a each voltage drop. 3. Total vutstance will be always great than the Langa rutstance-x Merits (odvarlage) Uf seuies — Connection + 4. Th %s wed to control the current fn circuit. 2, Damage % electric appliances. can be prevented if connected in Seria. 3. Stops the Short rust = PS e5 x Demerts(Disecvantaga) 3 seria connections 1. Ac voltage gels divided in cevtes. ~ They Con not qive efficient output an they get dlivided voltage - 2. Tf fault occurs im one appliance, Current stops oe further fn seria Connection. « = * Trallel Connection, : => In a Cutt, move than one path are the current to flow and the voltage — drops each yalstory ane same, this ig voilable fox across two ends called parallel connection . — As here, current is divided . T=I,+1,+ 13 I-y R VeTR Mevy vay Ry R 3 RVev g Re + Bb Tas + ae + oh : eb | a Rk © Voltage drop —vematns same. © Current gets dlivided nto each ~— path. % Magnitude 0 equivalent veilstence ig always smaltex than the Smallest relstance. x Merits of Taraliel Connection: ‘Tf three bulls ave Connected in parallel, if one gets ured, other two continues to work. ‘In parallel connection, breakup does not occur. * tome appliances fuch ao- fan, bulb, light, TV, ete all work ow Parallel — connection, « * Home appliances such ao- jan, bulb, light, T-v., ote all work ow Pavallel — connection. « As equivalent current value is decreased move current can be obtained . 1. Find owt “Teta Equivalent Ruiistance tm below ceuit? MWA 202 30 3Q 402: Fin total effective veaishance of the Cinutt : 5a. 12 23.2 3. Find Req = ¢G. APD. o% 250 V ts applied across a ruistance 500 ohm an 0-5 12507 5 electvic frown. Calustate (i) curvent and (1) Heat energy, th joula tn to Seconds 2 l x Graph. beween Vand J: As current ts dtveutly proporttonal to tentia£ ditterene the h aed T “e, be linea Al 3 3 Potentiag alijgexence Cv) * Factors affecting the Resistance of a conductor + ® The electrical raistance of & conductor depends on the following factors + Length Is doubled —ralstance aloo gets doubled. i) Effet of Area of cross seclton 9 conductor : * The veststance a the conductor ts frversely —proportfonal. to the Grea Cross - gedion . be. R« >| U Area % crow section ft Alie. ) Thick wire 8 ued for making low raistance . id) Thin wire is used iv reaking ( geting high Yaistance- — The thickness 6 wire i repreented by fis diameter. i) Effect of lature af Madewal q the conductor : * Come rmatetal have Cow raislane whewees othow have high resistance . ~ For eg, lets take two wire % equal Length one 1s copper metal and other nidhvome alloy we will find, nichrome wilre's__ reatstance fs more than Copper wire. Wy) Effet of Tempevatune : ‘Tt ha been found that the ralstane o all puxe melale tnoreasea on Yaislng the — temporatue and decreases on Cowering the temperature - Wumerical > A coppor wire % length 2m and area 6f Cross Section. 4:7 x 10m? has a vaistance of 2x10? ohms- Caltlate the —reistivity 6 copper. Heating Effect of = Curent. ® When an elecivic Curvent Is paaseol through a high vuistane wire, like nfchrome wire the vesistane wire becomes very hot and Produces heal - — This ts called heating, —epeat of Curved Expression: When an electric Change and mova agai a polentia£ differen v, the amount of work done fs ger boysW= Qxv But , T- Q/t te Q-1t Putting, We TE x V also, v= I@ We Ttx TR We Tet > Here, assuming all the electrical energy comumed ts Converted. ‘nto heal energy, we Can write ‘Heat produced’ ‘n place ‘work done’ in above equation , Hs T*Rt]—> “Joules (aw of heating” > Hoe the wat produced in a wire is divectly proportional to.’ 3 Square Of Current W) Resistance Of wire ii) Time t, for which wurrent fs passed » + Apptiation of the Healing Effect of current’ : D The heating effec of wrent is uttlised in the working Uectrical Gppliances such as eledric ren, dechric kettle, teclric toaster dectric oven, Yoom healew, ele 3) Tre heating yjed of electric current ts utillied tr eledhric bulbs (electric Camps) for producing light. — Tungsten metal is Used making the filameni "9 gq Uectric ules became tt ha a very high vneeting. point (aan ve kept white - hot without melting.) « 3) The heatin ch ledlric curvent fg utilised in eleclric fo poteng. soesold wiring and Olechrical appliances. fuClodric owen ¥ We know that the vale 6{ dong work. fe Called power so dedtvic powe fs the electric work ~ done po unit time « ie. Two = Work dowe - W (T) “thwe taken +t (s) > We have already known, work done by current T in time T unde PD. of V is given dy: We Vxtxt So, P= Vx xt t [oR] P= VI “Ve Fotentiod difference in volts T= Current in cdenpere > Hee Also, furth. Powe can be —_danwved Ps Vxt Pevxt Wew, R= Now, R = Ww = T V=IR T-v PIR xT Rg Pe Vy? PovVxv R P-Te &So, Pe V x I All thee formulas P2T*xR Calculating —power- Pz ye R Felation between 1Kwh and Joule ¢ 41Kwh = ‘kilo watt fe 1 how = 1000 Joule fa 1 how Second, = 000 x 60 x 60 Joule. = 36, 00,000 Joule. . VKwh = 3.6 x WT. ales ile called 1 uit commertally Mamertcal DA vadio sed 60 wat runs fo 50 howw. How much eledirical energy is consumed 2 DTwo identical resistors each of rasttlance «12.0 are connected : )In tote Din parale inturn 10 a batlny of 6 V {Calculate ratio % power Gnsumed in Combination of ralstors in the two casa. C2072]1. What is the function of a galvanometer in a circuit? [1M,2019] Ans 1. The function of a galvanometer in a circuit is to detect the presence of electric current in a circuit Questions- 2, Out of 60 W and 40 W lamps, which one has a higher electrical resistance when in use? [1M,2008} Ans 2. 40 W lamp has a higher electrical resistance when in use. 3. Define the SI unit of potential difference. [1M,2017] Ans 3. The SI "Unit of potential difference” is Volt. It is "the difference of potential" that would carry "one ampere of current” against one ohm resistance. 4, What is meant by potential difference between two points? [1M,2011] Ans 4. Potential difference between any two points is defined as the @mountlof Workidone in moving a unit charge from one point to another. 5. Name the device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor. [1M,2016] Ans 5. Any source of electricity like battery, cell, power supply, ete. helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.6. Name the physical quantity which is the same in all the resistors when they are connected in series. [1M,2011] Ans 6. Ciirrent is the physical quantity. 7. State in brief the meaning of an electric current [1M,2011] Ans 7. Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of negative charges of the conductor. In other words, the continuous flow of electrons in an electric circuit is called an electric current. The conducting material consists of a large number of free electrons which move from one atom to the other at random 8. The resistance of a resistor is kept constant and the potential difference across its two ends is decreased to half of its former value. State the change that will occur in the current through it. [1M,2011] Ans 8. Current will be half of its former value. 9. What happens to the resistance of a conductor when its area of cross section is increased? [1M,2011] Ans 9.Resistance decreases. 10. Mention one reason why tungsten is exclusively used for making filaments of electric lamps. [1M,2014] Ans 10. Tungsten metal is selected for making filaments of lamp bulbs because tungsten can sustain high temperatures and it has high melting point, combined with the fact that it also has high resistivity11, Why are the coils of electric toasters made of an alloy rather than a pure metal? [2M,2008} Ans 11. Resistivity of an alloy is higher than its constituent metal and alloys do not oxidize as easily as constituent metal at high temperature. That is why the coils of electric toasters are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal. 12.A piece of wire of resistance 202 is drawn out so that its length is increased to twice its original length. Calculate the resistance of the wire in the new situation [2M,2009] Ans 12.R = 4 . Ifthe length is increased to twice the original length, keeping the area of cross-section same, then resistance will become double of its original value. So new resistance = 2 x 20 = 40 ohm. 13, While studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it, in order to determine the resistance of the resistor, a student took 5 readings for different values of current and plotted a graph between V and |. He got a straight line graph passing through the origin. What does the straight line signify? Write the method of determining resistance of the resistor using this graph. [2M,2019] Ans 13. Straight line signify that the potential difference applied across the resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it. To determine the resistance from the graph, read the current value, in amperes corresponding to a given voltmeter reading and take the ratio 4. Thus the resistance of conductor is determined in ohms. 14, What would you suggest to a student if while performing an experiment he finds that the pointer/ needle of the ammeter and voltmeter do not coincidewith the zero marks on the scales when circuit is open? No extra ammeter! voltmeter is available in the laboratory. [2M,2019} Ans 14. if the pointer is above the zero mark, the zero error is negative. The number of division it is above the zero mark are to be subtracted from reading. If the pointer is below zero mark, the zero error is positive. The number of division it is below the zero mark are to be added to reading. 15, How are voltmeter and ammeter connected in a circuit? [2M,2017] Ans 15. The voltmeter is connected in parallel with the circuit to be measured, We do not want the voltmeter to load the circuit. Consequently an ideal voltmeter will have infinite resistance. An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit to be measured 16 State the factors on which at a given temperature the resistance of a cylindrical conductor depends. State the SI unit of resistivity. [2M,2012] Ans 16. Factors on which the resistance of a cylindrical conductor depends: (i) Area of a cross-section of the conductor. (ii) Nature of the material. Sl unit of resistivity is ohm: metre. 17.On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend? [2M,2017] Ans 17. The resistance of a conductor depends on the following factors: (i) The temperature of the conductor (ii) The cross-sectional area of the conductor (ii) The length of the conductor (iv) Nature of the material of the conductor 18, Mention the conditions under which charges can move in a conductor. Name the device which is used to maintain this condition in an electric circuit. [2M,2012]Ans 18, Charges can move if there is a difference of electric pressure or potential difference along the conductor. Electric cell or a battery consisting of two or more cells. 19, Draw a schematic diagram of an electric circuit comprising of 3 cells and an electric bulb, ammeter, plug key in the ON mode and another with same components but with two bulbs in parallel and a voltmeter across the combination [2M,2012] Ans. Ans 19. HES io 20. Two resistor, with resistances 5 and 102 respectively are to be connected to a battery of emf 6 V so as to obtain: (a) How will you connect the resistances in each case? (i) Minimum current flowing (ii) Maximum current flowing (b) Calculate the strength of the total current in the circuit in the two cases. [3M,2009] Ans 20. (a) (i) To obtain the minimum current, the resistances should be connected in series. (ii) To obtain the maximum current, the resistances should be connected in parallel. (b) (i) Resistances in series:5ohm 40 ohm 1 6V Total resistance in the circuit R = 5 + 10 = 15 ohm Current in the circuit | = 0.4 A {ii) Resistances in parallel Total resistance in the circuit no BaF Current in the circuit | = 21.(a) Write Joule's law of heating. (b) Two lamps, one rated 100 W ; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected in parallel to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply voltage is 220 V. [3M,2018] Ans 21. (a) Joule’s law of heating H = FRt When electric current flows through resistance element, the flowing charges suffer resistance, the work done to overcome resistance is converted to heat energy. (b) P1 = 100 W, V1 = 220V P2 = 60 W, V2 = 220V 22. (a) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape of a wire depends. (b) Why are metals good conductors of electricity whereas glass is a bad conductor of electricity? Give reason. (c) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical heating devices? Give reason [3M,2018] Ans 22. (a) Resistance of conductor depends on following factor : (i) Resistance of conductor is directly proportional to length (|) of theconductor. Ral (ii) Resistance of conductor is inversely proportional to area of cross-section of conductor. Rad (ii) Resistance also depends on a material of conductor Ra pd (iv) Resistance and resistivity also depends on temperature. (b) Metals have more free electrons than glass to carry currents. That's why glass is bad conductor and metals are good conductors. (0) Alloys are used rather than pure metals in electrical heating devices, since they have low electrical conductivity and also low melting point. 23. Show how would you join three resistors, each of resistance 9 so that the equivalent resistance of the combination is (13.5 (ie [3M,2018] 99. 90. Air IN 9. Low Ans 23. (i) “ 1 9Q, 9Q “He ANH 92. AVN (i) ee24,What is electrical resistivity of a material? What is its unit? Describe an experiment to study the factors on which the resistance of a conducting [3M,2017] wire depends. Ans 24. If lis the length of the conductor, A its area of the cross section and R its total resistance then, Ret oR= PL A Where P is a constant of proportionality and is called the electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor. The SI unit of resistivity is Ohm meter. Now, plug the key. Note the current in the ammeter. Now replace the wire by a thicker nichrome wire, of the same length. A thicker wire has a larger cross-sectional area. Again note down the current through the circuit. Instead of taking a nichrome wire, connect a copper wire in the circuit. Again note down the current. 25.What is an electric fuse? Why is it used in electric circuits? Should it be placed on a neutral wire or a live wire? Justify your answer. BM) Ans 25. An electric fuse is a safety device which is used to limit the current in an. electric circuit. The use of a fuse safeguards the current and the appliance connected in the circuit from being damaged. The fuse wire is always connected in the live wire before the appliance so that as a current in the circuit exceeds rating of fuse it may melt and break the socket first before the socket reaches the appliance. Thus no current flows in the appliance. 26. Give reasons for the following (i) Why are copper and aluminium wires used as connecting wires?(ii) Why is tungsten used for filament of electric lamps? (ii) Why is lead-tin alloy used for fuse wires? [3M,2015] Ans 26. (i) These are good conductors of electricity. (ii) Very high meting point and high resistivity. (ii) Low metting point. 27.Which is the better way to connect lights and other appliances in domestic wiring and why? [3M,2017] Ans 27. (i) Parallel connection is a better way to connect lights and other appliances in domestic circuits. Itis because (a) When we connect a number of devices in parallel combination, each device gets the same potential as provided by the battery and it keeps on working even if other devices stop working. (b) Parallel connection is helpful when each device has different resistances and requires different current for its operation as in this, case the current divides itself through different devices unlike series connection. (ii) Electrician has made series connection of all the lamps in electric circuit of house because of which if one lamp gets fused, all the other lamps stop working. This is due to the fact that when devices are connected in series then if one device fails, the circuit gets broken and all the devices in that circuit stop working, 28. Derive the expression for the heat produced due to a current 'l' flowing fo a time interval 't through a resistor 'R’ having a potential difference 'V" across it ends. With which name is the relation known? How much heat, will an instrument of 12 W produce in one minute if it is connected to a battery of 12 V? [5M,2010]Ans 28. Let us take a resistor of resistance R. Let the current flowing through this resistor is equal to | and the potential difference across it is equal to V. Suppose in time t, Q amount of charge flows through the resistor. Work done in moving this charge, wW=va...(i) According to the definition of electric current, |= 2 Q=Ixt Putting this in equation (i), W=VxIxt This work done is dissipated as heat Hence, heat produced, H = W = VItH = VIt....(ii) According to Ohm's law, V = IR. Putting this in equation (i), H=IRxItH=PRt This relation is known as Joule's law of heating Numerical Power, P=12W Potential difference, V = 12 volt Time duration, t= 1 min = 60s P= H=Pxt=12Wx60s=720J The heat generated by the instrument is 720 J 29. Explain with the help of a labelled circuit diagram how you will find the resistance of a combination of three resistor, of resistance R1, R2 and R3 joined in parallel. Also mention how you will connect the ammeter and the voltmeter in the circuit when measuring the current in the circuit and the potential difference across one of the three resistors of the combination. [3M,2010] Ans 29. Parallel Combination: Connect the three given resistor R1, R2 and R3 in parallel between the point XY with a battery, a plug key and ammeter in series as shown in figure.HHH? —_@,— Connect voltmeter in parallel with these resistors between the terminals X and Y. Close the key and note the ammeter and voltmeter reading, Ammeter shows the total current drawn by the parallel combination of these resistors while voltmeter shows the voltage applied across the combination. Using Ohm's law, find the equivalent resistance of the combination, i.e. equivalent resistance, R = Voltmeter reading/Ammeter reading Thus, in parallel circuit, T=h+h+l, vivev yr kt RR Ry = eek gall R, Ry Ry To find the current flow through any one of the resistor, ammeter will be connected in series with that resistor and to measure the potential difference across that resistor, voltmeter must be connected in parallel with that resistor as shown 30. (a) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram prove that the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a group of resistances joined in parallel isequal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. (b) In an electric circuit two resistors of 12 each are joined in parallel to a 6 V battery. Find the current drawn from the battery. _[5M,2019] Ans 30. (a) - The potential difference across each of the resistor is same as the applied voltage, but the value of current across each resistor is different. Let I,, |. ls be the current flowing through R,, R, and R, respectively. Teh th thy) Let the effective resistance of this parallel combination be Rp, then using, Ohm's law @ As V is same for all resistor, therefore v v Vv “Re Ry eR |, R Hence, from equations (i), (ii) and (ii), we get i.e,, the reciprocal of effective resistance in parallel combination is equal to the sum of reciprocals of all the individual resistances.(b) 31. An electric lamp of resistance 20 and a conductor of resistance 4 are connected to a 6 V battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate [5M,2019] = K HH}-$—_> Ort 6V (a) the total resistance of the circuit, (b) the current through the circuit, (c) the potential difference across the (i) electric lamp and (ii) conductor, and (d) power of the lamp. [5M,2019]Ans 31, (a) Here conductor and lamp are in series R,=R, +R, R,,= 4+ 20 = 24 (b) |= VIRq |= 6/24 = 0.25A (c) (i) Potential difference across the electric lamp V=IR, VL = 0.25 x 20 VL=5V Potential difference across the conductor Vo = IRe Vo = 0.25 * 4 Voz tV (d) Power of the lamp = (F258 20 ~ 20 P=125W