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Number System Research

This document discusses number systems and operations between different number bases. It defines types of numbers like real, rational, irrational, integers, whole and natural numbers. It also explains digits in number systems and provides steps to convert between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. Shortcut methods are given for direct conversions between binary, octal and hexadecimal.

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Joanah-lyn Pilla
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71 views10 pages

Number System Research

This document discusses number systems and operations between different number bases. It defines types of numbers like real, rational, irrational, integers, whole and natural numbers. It also explains digits in number systems and provides steps to convert between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. Shortcut methods are given for direct conversions between binary, octal and hexadecimal.

Uploaded by

Joanah-lyn Pilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BATAAN HEROES MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Roman Super Highway Balanga City Bataan


Business and Technology Department
Developing the “TOTAL PERSON” for Social Transformation

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by:
Joanah-Lyn M. Pilla

Submitted to:
Mr. Dennis Giovanni Caronan

March 2020
Number system concepts

1. Complex numbers :

Every number in number system taken as a complex number

2. Imaginary Number :

A number does not exist in the number line is called imaginary number. For
example square root of negative numbers are imaginary numbers. It is
denoted by ” i ” or ” j “
i.e √-1 = i
i2 = – 1
So there is no real number i that satisfies the above equation. The quantity
” i” is called the unit imaginary number.

3. Real numbers :
All numbers that can be represented on the number line are called real
numbers.
The real numbers is the set of numbers containing all of the rational numbers
and all of the irrational numbers. The real numbers are “all the numbers” on
the number line.
Real Numbers are denoted by “R”.

3. Rational numbers :
A rational number is defined as number of the fo rm x/y where x and y are
integers and Y # 0.
i.e Any number which can be expressed as in the form of p/q where “p” and
“q” are the integers and q # 0
The set of rational numbers encloses the set of integers and fractions.
The rational numbers that are not integral will have decimal values. These
values can be of two types
Terminating decimal fractions (finite decimal factors) : For example 1/5 = 0.5 ,
13/5 = 2.6.
Non Terminating decimal fractions : The non terminating decimal fractions
having two types.
•
• Non terminating periodic fractions
• Non terminating non periodic fractions

Non terminating periodic fractions : These are non terminating decimal


fractions of the type a. b 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 …..b m b 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 …..b m .
19/6 = 3.16666666…..
18/7 = 2.57142857142857…….
21/9= 2.3333…….
Non terminating non periodic fractions : These are non terminating and
there is no periodic decimal places for that number . i.e a.
b 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 …..b m c 1 c 2 ………
for example 6.789542587436512……….
So from above terminating and non terminating periodic fraction numbers
belongs to rational numbers.

3. Irrational numbers :
An Irrational numbers are non terminating and non periodic fractions.
i.e irrational numberis a number that cannot be written as a ratio x/y form
(or fraction). In decimal form, is never ends or repeats.
Examples for irrational numbers are √2 = 1.414213……, π
= 3.14159265……., √3, √5 etc.

4. Integers ( numbers having no decimals )


All numbers that do not having the decimal places in them are called
integers.
All whole numbers including Negative number + Positive number
Z = {∞…..-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5….∞}
i.e the integer it may positive or negative or zero.
The set of integers generally written Z for short.
Any integers are added, subtracted, or multiplied the result is always is an
integer.
When any integers multiplied , each of the multiplied integer is called a factor
or divisor of the resulting product.

5. Whole numbers :
The set of whole numbers means narrator numbers and “0”
Whole numbers = W = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,…………..∞}

6. Natural Numbers:
The counting numbers start with 1 and their end is not defined. Generally it
is denoted by “N”
i.e N ={1,2,3,4 ………………………….∞}

Digits in number system


A writing method for expressing numbers is called a "numeral system". In the most
common numeral system, we write numbers with combinations of 10 symbols
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. These symbols are called digits, and numbers that are expressed
using 10 digits are called "decimal" or "base-10" numbers. The other most common
numeral systems are binary, hexadecimal and octal. The binary numeral system, or
base-2 number system, represents numeric values using two symbols: 0 and 1. More
specifically, the usual base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Because
of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the
binary system is used internally by almost all modern computers.
Operations and conversion in number system
There are many methods or techniques which can be used to convert numbers from one
base to another. We'll demonstrate here the following −

• Decimal to Other Base System


• Other Base System to Decimal
• Other Base System to Non-Decimal
• Shortcut method − Binary to Octal
• Shortcut method − Octal to Binary
• Shortcut method − Binary to Hexadecimal
• Shortcut method − Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal to Other Base System
Steps
• Step 1 − Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
• Step 2 − Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant
digit) of new base number.
• Step 3 − Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
• Step 4 − Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new
base number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes
zero in Step 3.
The last remainder thus obtained will be the Most Significant Digit (MSD) of the new
base number.
Example −
Decimal Number: 2910
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
Step 2 14 / 2 7 0

Step 3 7/2 3 1

Step 4 3/2 1 1

Step 5 1/2 0 1

As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order
so that the first remainder becomes the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the last
remainder becomes the Most Significant Digit (MSD).
Decimal Number − 2910 = Binary Number − 111012.
Other Base System to Decimal System
Steps
• Step 1 − Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on
the position of the digit and the base of the number system).
• Step 2 − Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the
corresponding columns.
• Step 3 − Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value
in decimal.
Example
Binary Number − 111012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Decimal Number


Number

Step 1 111012 ((1 × 24) + (1 × 23) + (1 ×


22) + (0 × 21) + (1 ×
20))10
Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

Step 3 111012 2910

Binary Number − 111012 = Decimal Number − 2910


Other Base System to Non-Decimal System
Steps
• Step 1 − Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10).
• Step 2 − Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number.
Example
Octal Number − 258
Calculating Binary Equivalent −
Step 1 − Convert to Decimal
Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 258 ((2 × 81) + (5 × 80))10

Step 2 258 (16 + 5 )10

Step 3 258 2110

Octal Number − 258 = Decimal Number − 2110


Step 2 − Convert Decimal to Binary
Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 21 / 2 10 1

Step 2 10 / 2 5 0
Step 3 5/2 2 1

Step 4 2/2 1 0

Step 5 1/2 0 1

Decimal Number − 2110 = Binary Number − 101012


Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012
Shortcut method - Binary to Octal
Steps
• Step 1 − Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right).
• Step 2 − Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.
Example
Binary Number − 101012
Calculating Octal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Octal Number

Step 1 101012 010 101

Step 2 101012 28 58

Step 3 101012 258

Binary Number − 101012 = Octal Number − 258


Shortcut method - Octal to Binary
Steps
• Step 1 − Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits may
be treated as decimal for this conversion).
• Step 2 − Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single
binary number.
Example
Octal Number − 258
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Binary Number

Step 1 258 210 510

Step 2 258 0102 1012

Step 3 258 0101012

Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012


Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal
Steps
• Step 1 − Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from the right).
• Step 2 − Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal symbol.
Example
Binary Number − 101012
Calculating hexadecimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Hexadecimal


Number Number

Step 1 101012 0001 0101

Step 2 101012 110 510


Step 3 101012 1516

Binary Number − 101012 = Hexadecimal Number − 1516


Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary
Steps
• Step 1 − Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number (the
hexadecimal digits may be treated as decimal for this conversion).
• Step 2 − Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4 digits each) into a single
binary number.
Example
Hexadecimal Number − 1516
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Hexadecimal Binary


Number Number

Step 1 1516 110 510

Step 2 1516 00012 01012

Step 3 1516 000101012

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