Yildiz Technical University

Department of Marine Engineering

[Thermodynamic Analyses of Various Types of Heat Exchangers]

Authors:
130A3058 Cem A. Dansık
120A3034 Ayberk Ardıç
120A3046 Fuat T. Ergin

Instructor:
Dr. Oktay Yılmaz
Abstract
In this experiment we are going see; how a pump works, pump characterictics, difference between
parallel and serial use. We are going to use the numbers we get from the experiment like amper, flow,
temperature, pressure and with those numbers we will calculate the power, efficiency, head and so
forth. Using these calculations we will be able to use pumps more efficiently, where and why we need
serial or parallel pumps. This is espically very important for us because as a ship crew we are going to
see lots of pumps.

Keywords: Volume flow rates, pumps, net head, efficiency

Cem A. Dansık
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, [email protected],
Ayberk Ardıç
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, [email protected],
Fuat T. Ergin
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, [email protected],

Team Member Roles and Responsibilities

Member Responsibilities
Cem A. Dansık The necessary calculations, the experiment report
Ayberk Ardıç The necessary calculations, the experiment report
Fuat T. Ergin The necessary calculations, the experiment report

1. Introduction
Pumps have very important uses both in daily and industry. When we want a liquid moving we use
pumps. For example in our daily lives; cars have pumps in cooling and fuel systems, in our homes
daily used water like bath water is pumped via pumps, in industry; long pipelines pumping oil, in ships
for cooling, oil ,fuel and ballast systems have pumps, power plants have pumps to. So we can see there
are lots of uses for pumps. Basically we can say if we want a liquid moving we need a pump.

Pump is a device that moves liquid fluids by mechanical action. This mechanical action can be
achieved with different ways like; electiricity, wind, engines and manuel but we mostly use electricity
to power pumps. Pumps have difference between them, they come in different pumping capacitys,
flow rates, pressures etc. They can have different mechanical systems too like screw, gear and piston
pumps. But in most basic terms we can categorize pumps in 2 general category; positive displacement

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and centrifugal. These two have different uses and if we want to use pump for a system we have to
look at the system and decide which want we have to use. Pumps also can contain more then 1
impeller. When there is 1 we can say that is a 1 staged pump, if there is 2 than we can 2 staged and so
on.Positive displacement pumps are good for constant flow rate machines. These machines in the first
stage trap a fixed amount of fluid and in the second stage it discharges the liquid. The volume is
constant through each cycle of operation. These should not operate against a closed valve beacuse they
don’t have shutoffs like centrifugal pumps. Positive displacement pumps come in different types like
gear pumps, screw pumps, lobe pumps etc.

We can also use pumps in multiple numbers too. We can use them in serial or parallel configuration.
Fluid systems have different need. In one system we need high pressure in another system we may
need high flowrate. For high flow rate where we don’t need high pressure we just have to pump a
liquid as fast as possible we use pumps in parallel configuration. First we calculate cumulative
flowrate, for this flowrate we choose appropriate pipes. In the end we have head pressure. According
to these numbers we choose the pumps. In serial use system needs more pressure. 1 pump pumps
liquid to another. When we do that liquid has more pressure in the inlet side of the second pump and
when the second pump pumps the liquid it gets more pressurized. For this one calculations are similar.
According to the Fig 1 and Fig 2 below we choose the pumps.

Fig. 1. Parallel and series pumps’ setup

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 Fig. 2. Characteristic curves of parallel series pumps

2. The Method of Experiment

At first we have a vacuum gauge for a single pump setup. There are two pressure gauges, one
for the inlet and one for the outlet. For the setup we are using we will use the outlet pressure
gauge. Most importantly we have a gauge we read the volume flow rate. There is also a
ampere meter in the setup. There are two pumps in the setup.

2.1. Experiment Procedure

1. Connect the experimental set-up to a grounding plug.
2. Do not operate the pumps when the tank has not enough water. Otherwise mechanical seals
will be damaged.
3. Before starting the pumps, perform necessary changes on valve positions (open or closed)
according to the experimetal procedure.
4. The main power switch of the system is turned on.
5. Mains water comes from the source to the pumps.
6. According to the type of the setup mains water either goes through one pump only or two in
series or parallel combines.
7. Once the setup is started we save the necessary values on the gauges. Such as volume flow
rate, vacuum, pressure and current.
8. By decreasing the volume flow rate, we save the next values as well.

You can see the experimental setup we are using in this experiment in Fig 3 and Fig 4 below.

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 Fig. 3. The setup we use in the experiment

Fig. 4. The sketch of the setup we use in the experiment

2.2. Calculation and Result

Read values of temperatures and mass flow rates and power results after calculations are shown in Table
1, Table 2 and Table 3. The necessary pump performance curves and line graphs are shown in Fig 5 to
Fig 11.

Table 1. Read values and calculations of single pump operations

Whydraulic W
Q H1 H2 V I (A) cos(ϕ) H=H2-H1 electricity ηpump-motor
No.
(m3/h) (mmHg) (mWc) (volt) (mWc) (W) (W)
1 8.0 -55 4.3 220 3.65 0.85 5.05 110.1 682.5 16.1 %
2 7.2 -44 7.5 220 3.54 0.85 8.1 159 662 24 %
3 6.2 -40 11.7 220 3.38 0.85 12.24 206.8 632 32.7 %
4 4.9 -27 14.3 220 3.18 0.85 14.67 195.9 595 33 %
5 2.7 -12 19.0 220 3.05 0.85 19.16 141 570 24.7 %
6 0 0 22.3 220 2.34 0.85 22.3 0 437.5 0%

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 Table 2. Read values and calculations of parallel pump operations

Q H1 H2 H=H2-H1
No. (m3/h) (mmHg) (mWc) (mWc)
1 11.2 -105 8 9.43
2 10.3 -97 9.1 10.42
3 8.6 -78 11.4 12.46
4 7.0 -24 14.0 14.33
5 4.3 -19 16.1 16.36
6 0 0 18.2 18.2

Table 3. Read values and calculations of series pump operations

Q H1 H2 H=H2-H1
No. (m3/h) (mmHg) (mWc) (mWc)
1 10.8 -104 7.5 8.91
2 9.4 -82 18.1 19.21
3 7.5 -43 27.0 27.58
4 5.6 -21 34.3 34.58
5 3.7 -10 39.1 39.23
6 0 0 45.7 45.7

Fig. 5. The net head and volume flow rate curve for a single pump operations

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 Fig. 6. The efficiency and volume flow rate curve for a single pump operations

Fig. 7. The hydraulic power and volume flow rate curve for a single pump operations

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Fig. 8. The electricity power and volume flow rate curve for a single pump operations

Fig. 9. The net head and volume flow rate curve for a series pump operations

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Fig. 10. The net head and volume flow rate curve for a parallel pump operations

Fig. 11. The net head and volume flow rate curve for all pump operations

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3. Conclusions
The purpose of the pumps is to transfer the power caused by the pressure differences to the liquid and
transmit the liquid from one place to another. The pump we used in the related experiment is a
centrifugal pump. It works with the centrifugal force logic. It is preferred in low viscosity liquids.
In the experiment, we observed how the head, flow, efficiency and power changed by connecting the
pumps in series and parallel. When the pumps were connected in series, the head increased.
Approximately doubles in equivalent pumps. When the pumps are connected in parallel, the flow rate
increases. It will be sufficient to turn down the outlet valve in order to increase the pressure of the
liquid we are delivering.
The compatibility of the pump with the system can be checked with the data we have obtained. With
these data it can be learned whether cavitation will occur or not.

References
Çengel, A. Yunus, Bloes, A. Michael (1989). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach.
Çengel, A. Yunus (1997). Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach.