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Instruction Format

The document discusses different instruction formats used in CPUs including three-address, two-address, one-address, and zero-address formats. It provides examples of how to write a program to evaluate X = (A + B) * (C + D) using each of the instruction formats.

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Mohit Singh
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103 views4 pages

Instruction Format

The document discusses different instruction formats used in CPUs including three-address, two-address, one-address, and zero-address formats. It provides examples of how to write a program to evaluate X = (A + B) * (C + D) using each of the instruction formats.

Uploaded by

Mohit Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instruction Format

INSTRUCTION FORMAT
Instruction Fields
OP-code field - specifies the operation to be performed
Address field - designates memory address(s) or a processor register(s)
Mode field - specifies the way the operand or the
effective address is determined
The number of address fields in the instruction format
depends on the internal organization of CPU

- The three most common CPU organizations:


Single accumulator organization:
ADD X /* AC  AC + M[X] */
General register organization:
ADD R1, R2, R3 /* R1  R2 + R3 */
ADD R1, R2 /* R1  R1 + R2 */
MOV R1, R2 /* R1  R2 */
ADD R1, X /* R1  R1 + M[X] */
Stack organization:
PUSH X /* TOS  M[X] */
ADD
cpe 252: Computer Organization 1
THREE, and TWO-ADDRESS INSTRUCTIONS
Three-Address Instructions:

Program to evaluate X = (A + B) * (C + D) :
ADD R1, A, B /* R1  M[A] + M[B] */
ADD R2, C, D /* R2  M[C] + M[D] */
MUL X, R1, R2 /* M[X]  R1 * R2 */

- Results in short programs


- Instruction becomes long (many bits)

Two-Address Instructions:
Program to evaluate X = (A + B) * (C + D) :

MOV R1, A /* R1  M[A] */


ADD R1, B /* R1  R1 + M[B] */
MOV R2, C /* R2  M[C] */
ADD R2, D /* R2  R2 + M[D] */
MUL R1, R2 /* R1  R1 * R2 */
MOV X, R1 /* M[X]  R1 */
cpe 252: Computer Organization 2
ONE, and ZERO-ADDRESS INSTRUCTIONS
One-Address Instructions:
- Use an implied AC register for all data manipulation
- Program to evaluate X = (A + B) * (C + D) :
LOAD A /* AC  M[A] */
ADD B /* AC  AC + M[B] */
STORE T /* M[T]  AC */
LOAD C /* AC  M[C] */
ADD D /* AC  AC + M[D] */
MUL T /* AC  AC * M[T] */
STORE X /* M[X]  AC */
Zero-Address Instructions:
- Can be found in a stack-organized computer
- Program to evaluate X = (A + B) * (C + D) :
PUSH A /* TOS  A */
PUSH B /* TOS  B */
ADD /* TOS  (A + B) */
PUSH C /* TOS  C */
PUSH D /* TOS  D */
ADD /* TOS  (C + D) */
MUL /* TOS  (C + D) * (A + B) */
POP X /* M[X]  TOS */
cpe 252: Computer Organization 3
Question:

Write a program to evaluate the arithmetic statement by using


Three, Two ,One and Zero address instruction.

a. A-B+(C+D)/E+F/G+(J*K)
b. (A*B+C)+D/E+F*G+I*J

cpe 252: Computer Organization 4

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