MODULE 3:

ELASTIC DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE BEAM

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you will be able to:

 Determine the Elastic Flexural Analysis in Working Strength

Design (WSD)
 Find the different conditions and limitations of the elastic
equation for flexural stress
 Calculate and investigate the design of the section and the
stresses of the beam.

Learning Lesson

3.1 Elastic Flexural Analysis in Working Strength Design (WSD)

Structural analysis for elastic flexural analysis, you can solve and determine the different
types of problems and approaches utilizing these process shown below:

ELASTIC FLEXURAL ANALYSIS

(WORKING STRENGTH)

Where:

P = Prestressing Force
H = Horizontal Component of P = P cos 𝜃
V = Vertical Component of P = P sin 𝜃 = H tan 𝜃
𝜃 = Angle of Inclination of the tendon centroid at the particular section
Since 𝜃 is normally quite small: cos 𝜃 ≅ 1.0, ∴ 𝐻 = 𝑃

1
 The magnitude of the prestress force P is not constant for the following reasons.

1. The jacking force (Pj) is immediately reduced to initial prestressing force, P i because
of elastic shortening of concrete upon transfer, slip of the tendon as the force is
transferred from jacks to beam ends, and loss due to friction between tendon and
concrete (post – tensioning) or between tendon and cable alignment devices
(pretensioning).

2. There is further reduction of force from Pi to the (effective prestress, P e), occurring
over a long period of time a a gradually decreasing rate, because of concrete creep
under the sustained prestress force, concrete shrinkage and relaxation of stress in
the steel.

3.2 ELASTIC EQUATIONS FOR FLEXURAL STRESS

1. DUE TO PRESTRESSING FORCE WHEN PI IS APPLIED WITH AN

ECCENTRICITY E BELOW THE CENTROID OF THE CROSS SECTION
AREA AC AND TOP AND BOTTOM FIBER DISTANCES C 1 AND C 2
RESPECTIVELY
𝑃 𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓𝑖 = − 𝐴 𝑖 + = Top Fiber Stress
𝑐 𝐼𝑐

𝑃 𝑒𝑐1 𝐴𝑐
= − 𝐴 𝑖 (1 − )
𝑐 𝐼𝑐

𝐼
Since 𝑟 = √𝐴𝑐 = radius of gyration of section
𝑐

𝐼𝑐
𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑐

Then

𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓1 = − (1 − )
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐴𝑐

𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓1 = − (1 − 2 )
𝐴𝑐 𝑟

2
Likewise

𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓2 = − (1 + 2 ) = 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑐 𝑟

 (-) compression; (+) tension

 Normally, as the eccentric prestress force is applied, the beam deflects
upward.

2. INITIAL PRESTRESSING + SELF WEIGHT

When W o = Self weight

Mo = Moment due to W o

Then:

3. EFFECTIVE PRESTRESSING AND SELF WEIGHT

4. Pe + SERVICE LOADS IN ADDITION TO SELF WEIGHT OF THE

BEAM, PLUS SERVICE LIVE LOAD

3
Where:

Mo = Moment due to prestressing

Md = Moment due to Dead Load
Ml = Moment due to Live Load
Ic = Moment of Inertia

KERN POINTS LOCATION

Upper Kern-Point

Similarly,

𝑟2
𝑘2 = Lower Kern-Point
𝑐1

 For Rectangular Beams:

4
 Ac = bd
𝑑
C2 = C1 = 2

𝑏𝑑 3
𝐼𝑐 =
12
Thus;

𝑑
𝑒𝑐2 𝑒𝑐2 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 ( 2 ) (𝑏𝑑)
= =
𝑟2 𝐼𝑐 𝑏𝑑 3
12
6𝑒
=
𝑑
Likewise:

𝑒𝑐1 6𝑒
=
𝑟2 𝑑
Then:

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 (𝑀𝑜 + 𝑀𝑑 + 𝑀𝑙 )𝑐1
𝑓1 = − (1 − ) −
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝐼𝑐

𝑑
𝑐1 6 6
= 23 = 2
=
𝐼𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑐 𝑑
12

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 (𝑀𝑜 + 𝑀𝑑 + 𝑀𝑙 )6
𝑓1 = − (1 − ) −
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 (𝑀𝑜 + 𝑀𝑑 + 𝑀𝑙 )6
𝑓2 = − (1 + ) +
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝐼𝑐
𝑟2 𝐴𝑐
𝑘1 = − = −
𝑐1 𝑑
2
𝑑
𝑘1 = −
6
𝑑
𝑘2 =
6

5
3.3 ELASTIC DESIGN OF PRESTRESS BEAMS (WSD)

In Elastic Design of Prestress Beam, Preliminary design procedure based on

the assumption that there is a little or no tension in the concrete.

Under working load, z = 0.65d (on the average)

Where: d = overall depth

b = overall width

t = f = effective prestressing force

M = Tz = T (0.65d)

Or

M = Fz = F (0.65d)
𝑀
 F = 0.65 𝑑 (effective prestressing force)

But F = Asfs T=C

𝑀
Asfs = 0.65 𝑑

 Average Unit Stress on Concrete,

𝐶
𝛿 c =𝐴
𝑐
𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
0.50 𝑓𝑐 = =
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐

Note: for preliminary design, the ave. stress is assumed to be ½ fc or 0.5 fc

 Approximate proportion of depth of beam and moment

d = k √𝑀 = depth of beam in centimeters

k = coefficient which ranges from 3.3 to 4.4 – from experience and

experiment

6
 M = Max. Bending Moment in KN-m

Mg = girder or beam moment

Mt = Total Moment

Ml = Mt - Mg
𝑀𝑔
When is small, use the following approximate relation:
𝑀𝑡

𝑴
F = 𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝒍 𝒅

Sample Problem: CE Board August 1974

Design a rectangular prestress concrete beam to carry a liveload of 30 KN/m

on a span of 9.15m, using a straight post tensioned wires using stress relived solid
wires 6mm in a diameter with a final effective stress of 0.60 f y after loss of stress due
to elastic shortening of concrete, shrinkage and creep. Assume the solid wires to be
placed 10 cm above the bottom of the beam to give ample protection or covering.
Determine the initial prestressing force that must be applied and its location
assuming 15% loss of stress. Allowable compressive stress of concrete is 0.45 f’c
and allowable tensile stress of concrete is 0.54 √𝑓′𝑐. Assume concrete wont crack in
tension. Ultimate stress of stress – relieved solid wires is fy = 1655 MPa, f’c = 20.7
MPa.

7
I. PRELIMINARY DESIGN

𝑊𝐿2 30 (9.15)2
1. MLL = = = 314 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 = 314 x 102 KN – cm
8 8

2. Trial Value of “d”

d = k √𝑀 ; using k = 3.3 – if possible to economize

d = 3.3 √314 = 58.48 𝑐𝑚 = 584.76 𝑐𝑚

say d = 60 cm

then
𝑀
3. F = 0.65 𝑑 M
314 𝑥 102 𝐾𝑁−𝑐𝑚
= = 805.13 KN
0.65 (60𝑐𝑚)

4. T = F = ASfy
85.13x103 = As(0.60)fy
8.05x103 = As(0.60)(1655 MPa)
As = 810.8 mm2 say 811 mm2

Using 6mmØ wire:

𝑝𝑖
Ab = (6mm) 2 = 28.27 mm2
4
As 811
No. of wires req’d = N = Ab = 28.27 = 28.69 say 29 wires
Actual As = 28.27 mm2 (29) = 819.83 mm2 > 811 mm2

& C=T
1/2 fc Ac = Asfs
fc = 0.45 fc’ = 0.45(20.7)
= 9.315 MPa
1/2 (9.315) Ac = 811(0.6)(1655)
Ac = 172909 mm2

Ac = bd = b (600 mm)

172909 = b (600)
b = 288.19 mm say 300mm

INCREASE SECTION BY
Adding 50 mm to b
& 150 mm to d
Why?

8
 This is to compensate for the self-weight of the beam

Then, try 350 mm x 750 mm

II. INVESTIGATE
1. DEAD LOAD

W DL = 2400(9.81)(0.35)(0.75) = 6180.30 N/m

WDL L2 6180.30(9.15)2
MDL = = = 64.68 KN-m
8 8

6MDL 6(64.68𝑥106 )
fDL = = = 1.971 MPa
bd2 (350)(750)2

2. LIVE LOAD

MLL = 314 x 106 N-mm

6MLL 6(314𝑥106 )
FLL = = = 9.570 MPa
bd2 (350)(750)2

3. DUE TO PRE-STRESS
P = Actual AS (fs)

fs = 0.60 (1655) = 993 MPa

P = 819.83 (993)

= 814091.19 N
750
e= - 100 = 275 mm
2

𝑃 6𝑒 814091.19 6(275)
f1 = [1 - ] = [1 – ] = -3.10 (1 - 2.2) MPa = + 3.72
bd d 350(750) 750
(TENSION)
𝑃 6𝑒 814091.19 6(275)
f2 = [1 + ] = [1 + ] = -3.10 (1 + 2.2) MPa = - 9.92
bd d 350(750) 750
(COMPRESSION)

STRESS DIAGRAMS:

9
 fC = 7.821 MPa
ft = 1.621 MPa

Allowable stresses:

fC = 0.45fc’ MPa = 0.45(20.7) = 9.315 MPa

ft = 0.54 √fc’ = 0.54√20.7 =2.46 MPa

since, actual fC < Allow. fC

actual ft < Allow. ft

∴ safe!

Sample Problem 2: CE Boards February 1973

A 500 mm by 760 mm concrete beam of 7.5m simple span is loaded with a

uniform load of 4,470 kg/m including its own weight. The center of gravity of the
prestressing tendon is located 220mm above the bottom of the beam and produces
an effective prestress of 16400 kg. Compute the fiber stress in the concrete at the
midspan section and show by diagrams the resulting stress distribution.

Solution:

W = 4470 kg/m = 43,850.70 N/m

𝑊𝑜 𝐿2
M= = 308.33 x 10^3 N-m
8

760𝑚𝑚
e= – 220mm = 160mm
2

𝑃𝑒 = 16,400 kg = 1608.84 KN

FOR RECTANGULAR BEAMS

6𝑀 6 ( 308.33 𝑥 103 ) (1000)

𝑓𝑡 = 𝑏𝑑2 = = 6.41 MPa
500𝑚𝑚 ( 760𝑚𝑚) 2

10
 𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 −1608.84 𝑥 103 𝑁 6 (160𝑚𝑚)
𝑓1 = − (1 − ) = (1 − )
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 500𝑚𝑚 ( 760𝑚𝑚) 760𝑚𝑚

𝑓1 = +1.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 −1608.84 𝑥 103 𝑁 6 (160𝑚𝑚)

𝑓2 = − (1 + ) = (1 + )
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 500𝑚𝑚 ( 760𝑚𝑚) 760𝑚𝑚

𝑓2 = −9.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Sample Problem 3: CE BOARD May 1982

A simply supported prestressed concrete beam, 9.0m long carries a uniform load of
58 KN/m including its own weight and two equal concentrated loads of 110 KN at its third
points as shown. The size of the beam is 460mm x 920mm. If an effective prestress of 1250
KN is produced on a tendon located 0.15m from the bottom of the beam, calculate the fiber
stress of the beam at the point of maximum moment. Draw the stress distribution diagrams
and the resultant stress diagram.

11
Solution:

1. Moment due to Uniform Load,

𝑊𝐿2 (58)(9)2
𝑀𝐷𝐿 = = = 587.25 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8

2. Stress due to Uniform Load,

6𝑀𝐷𝐿 (6) 587.25 𝑥 106

𝑓𝐷𝐿 = = = 9.05 MPa
𝑏𝑑2 460 (920)2

3. Moment due to Concentrated Loads at middle thirds

𝑃𝐿 (110) (9)
𝑀𝐿𝐿 = = = 330.0 KN-m
3 3

4. Stress due to Concentrated Loads

6𝑀𝐿𝐿 (6)330 𝑥 106

𝑓𝐿𝐿 = = = ± 5.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2 460 (920) 2

5. Stress due to effective Prestress

𝑃 6𝑒
𝑓1 = − 𝑏𝑑𝑒 (1 − ) Top fiber (tension)
𝑑

𝑃 6𝑒
𝑓2 = − 𝑏𝑑𝑒 (1 + )
𝑑

𝑑 920𝑚𝑚
e= – 150mm = – 150mm = 310 mm
2 2

𝑃𝑒 = 1250 KN
1250 𝑥 103 𝑁 6(310)
𝑓1 = − 460 (920) 𝑚𝑚2 (1 − ) = -2.95 MPa (1 – 2.02)
920

𝑓1 = −2.95 (−1.02) 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = +3.009 𝑀𝑃𝑎

1250 𝑥 103 𝑁 6(310)
𝑓2 = − 460 (920) 𝑚𝑚2 (1 + ) = -2.95 MPa (1 + 2.02)
920

𝑓2 = −8.909 𝑀𝑃𝑎

6. Stress Diagrams

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Sample Problem 4: CE BOARD February 1971

A concrete beam has dimensions of 300mm width and 570mm total depth.
The simple span is 9m. fc’ = 21 MPa. If a live load of 14 KN/m is imposed on the
beam, investigate if the section is adequate under the

a.) Conventional reinforced concrete beam design

n = 9; fc = 0.45 fc’ = 9.45 MPa fs = 138 MPa
Protective covering = 65mm

b.) Prestressed concrete beam design

Allowable concrete stress loss in prestress are:
fc = 9.45 MPa ft = 0
Loss in prestress is 15%
Show computations and calculations

A. CONVENTIONAL RC BEAM (WSD)

1. Dead Load, DL
= 0.57m (0.3m) (2400 kg/m^3) (9.81 m/s^2)
= 4026.02 N/m

2. Total Load, W
W = DL + LL = 4026.02 N/m + 14000 N/m
W = 18026.02 N/m

𝑊𝐿2 18026.02 (9)2

Moment, M = = = 182513.45 N-m
8 8
= 182513.45 x 10^3 N-mm
Design Constants:

13
 𝑛 9
k= 𝑓𝑠 = 138 = 0.381
𝑛+ 9+
𝑓𝑐 9.45

j = 1 – k/3 = 0.873

Strength Factor
R = ½ f’c k j = 9.45 (0.381) (0.873) / 2 = 1.57 MPa

5. Required “d”
𝑀 182513.45 𝑥 103 𝑁−𝑚𝑚
d = √𝑅𝑏 = √ = 622.50 mm > 505 mm (actual d)
1.57 (300𝑚𝑚)

“failure”

B. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN

1. Moment due to DL,

𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿2 (4026.02)(9)2
𝑀𝐷𝐿 = = = 40763.45 𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8
= 40763.45 𝑥103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

2. Stress due to DL
6𝑀𝐷𝐿 (6)40763.45 𝑥 103
𝑓𝐷𝐿 = = = 2.51MPa
𝑏𝑑2 300(570)2

3. Moment due to LL,

𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝐿2 (14000)(9)2
𝑀𝐿𝐿 = = = 141750𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8
= 141750 𝑥103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

4. Stress due to LL
6𝑀𝐿𝐿 (6)141750 𝑥 103
𝑓𝐿𝐿 = = = 8.73 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2 300(570) 2

5. Stress due to Prestressing (Final)

𝑃 6𝑒
𝑓1 = − 𝑏𝑑𝑒 (1 − )
𝑑

𝑃𝑒 = (100% - percent loss in prestress) x (𝑃𝑖 )

𝑃𝑒 = (100% - 15%) x (𝑃𝑖 ) = 85% 𝑃𝑖 = 0.85 𝑃𝑖

14
Stress Diagrams:

-2.51 – 8.73 + 𝑓1 = 9.45 MPa 2.51 + 8.73 + 𝑓2 = 0

𝑓1 = -9.45 + 2.51 + 8.73 𝑓2 = -11.24 MPa

𝑓1 = +1.79 MPa

Thus,
0.85𝑃𝑖 6𝑒
𝑓1 = − [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

0.85𝑃
𝑖 6𝑒
1.79 = − 300 (570) [1 − ]
𝑑

1
𝑃𝑒 = (9.45)( 570)( 300)
2

𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖 (0.85)

𝑃𝑒 = 807975 = 𝑃𝑖 (0.85)

𝑃𝑖 = 950558.82 N

0.85 (950558.82) 6𝑒
1.79 = − [1 − ]
300 (570) 𝑑
6𝑒
-0.379 = 1 − 570

e = 131.005 mm ≈ 131 mm

6. Stress due to initial prestressing and final prestress

𝑃 6𝑒 950558.82 6(131)
𝑓1𝑖 = − 𝑏𝑑𝑖 [ 1 − ] = − 300 (570) [ 1 − ]
𝑑 570

𝑓1𝑖 = -5.56 (1 – 1.38) = +2.11 MPa

15
 𝑓1𝑒 = 0.85 𝑓1𝑖 = 0.85 (+2.11) = +1.79 MPa
𝑃 6𝑒 950558.82 6 (131)
𝑓2𝑖 = − 𝑏𝑑𝑖 [ 1 + ] = − 300 (570) [ 1 + ]
𝑑 570

𝑓2𝑖 = -5.56 (1 + 1.38) = -13.23MPa

𝑓2𝑒 = 0.85 𝑓1𝑖 = 0.85 (-13.23) = -11.246 MPa

Stress Diagram:

Sample Problem 5:

Determine the safe liveload (uniform load) that 300mm x 450mm

concrete beam could carry if it has a simple span of 9.0m. Assuming that the

16
maximum final (prestress – stress) for top and bottom are 12.0 kg/cm2 and 140.6
kg/cm2 respectively, determine also the prestressing force that could be applied to
the beam and the corresponding eccentricity, without tension resulting at the bottom.
What is the stress at the top of the beam?

Solution:

1. Solving Effective Prestress, Pe and eccentricity e:

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 𝑘𝑔
𝑓1 = − [1 − ] = +12.0 2 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑚

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 𝑘𝑔
𝑓2 = − [1 + ] = −140.6 2 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 𝑘𝑔
− [1 − ] − [1 + ] = (12.0 − 140.6)
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑚2
𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 6𝑒 𝑘𝑔
− [(1 − ) + (1 + )] = −128.60
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑚2
2𝑃𝑒 𝑘𝑔
= 128.60
𝑏𝑑 𝑐𝑚2
128.60 (𝑏𝑑)
𝑃𝑒 =
2
128.60 (30)(45)
𝑃𝑒 =
2
𝑃𝑒 = 86805 𝑘𝑔 (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)

From 𝑓2 :

86805 6𝑒 𝑘𝑔
− [1 + ] = −140.6 2
(30)(45) 45 𝑐𝑚

17
 6𝑒
2.187 = (1 + )
45
6𝑒
1.187 =
45
e = 8.90 cm

2. Stress Due to DL:

2400𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = ( ) ( 0.30𝑚 )( 0.45𝑚 ) = 324
𝑚3 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 2
𝑊𝐷𝐿 𝐿2 (324 𝑚 ) (9𝑚)
𝑀𝐷𝐿 = = = 3280.50 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
8 8

= 3280.50 𝑥 102 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑐𝑚

6 𝑀𝐷𝐿 6(3280.50 𝑥 102 )

𝑓= = = ∓32.4 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2 30𝑐𝑚 (45𝑐𝑚)2

3. Considering that ft = 0 at the bottom:

32.4 + 𝑓𝐿𝐿 − 140.6 = 0 (𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)

𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝐿𝐿 = 140.6 − 32.4 = 108.2 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑐𝑚2
−32.4 − 𝑓𝐿𝐿 + 12.0 = 𝑓𝑐 (𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝)

𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝐶 = −32.4 − 108.2 + 12.0 = −128.6 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑐𝑚2

4. Safe Liveload:

6𝑀𝐿𝐿
𝑓𝐿𝐿 =
𝑏𝑑 2

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 𝑓𝐿𝐿 𝑥 𝑏𝑑 2 = 6𝑀𝐿𝐿

𝑊𝐿𝐿 𝑥 𝐿2
6𝑥 = 𝑓𝐿𝐿 𝑥 𝑏𝑑 2
8
8 𝑓𝐿𝐿 𝑥 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 𝑥
6 𝐿2
𝑘𝑔 2
8 (108.2 𝑐𝑚2 ) 𝑥 (30𝑐𝑚)(45𝑐𝑚)
= 𝑥
6 (900𝑐𝑚)2
𝑘𝑔 100𝑐𝑚
= 10.82 𝑥
𝑐𝑚 𝑚
= 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒎

Sample Proble 6: CE Board Nov. 1986

a.) Determine the prestressing steel area required in the precast concrete T-
Beam, given the following data:
1. MTOTAL = 434 KN-m
2. Effective Prestress for steel = 862 N/mm2
3. Allowable Stress for concrete under working load is 11.03 N/mm2
4. Consider zero stress at the bottom of the beam
b.) What is the concrete stress at the top of the beam?

Solution:

a.)
1. Locate the C.G. of the section

𝐴𝑦̅ = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2 (Varignon’s Theorem)

A1 = 102(457) = 46614 mm2

A2 = 102(812) = 82824 mm2

AT = 129438 mm2

129438 𝑦̅ = 46614 (51) + 82824 (508)

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 𝑦̅ = 343.42 mm (from top)

e = 812 + 102 – 102 – 343.42 = 468.58 mm

c2 = 812mm + 102mm – 343.42mm = 570.58mm (from bottom)

𝑏1 ℎ1 3 𝑏2 ℎ2 3
𝐼= + 𝐴1 𝑑1 2 + + 𝐴 2 𝑑2 2
12 12
(457)(102)3 2
(102)(812)3
𝐼= + 46614(292.42) + + 82824(164.58)2
12 12
= 10821 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

M = 4334 KN-m = 434 x 106 N-mm

2. Stresses Due to total Moment, MT (due to bending)

𝑀𝑦̅
𝑓𝑇𝑂𝑃 =
𝐼
−434 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 343.42𝑚𝑚
=
10821 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
= - 13.77 MPa

𝑀𝑐2
𝑓𝐵𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑀 =
𝐼

+434 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 570.58𝑚𝑚

=
10821 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
= + 22.88 MPa

Pe = As fs

fs = 862 N/mm2
𝑃𝑒 705444.76 𝑁
As = = 𝑁 = 818.38 mm2
𝑓𝑠 862
𝑚𝑚2

b.) Stress at top

−13.77 + 𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑐

𝑃𝑒 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓1 = − [1 − 2 ]
𝐴𝑐 𝑟

20
 705444.76 468.58(343.42)
=− [1 − ]
129438 83599.87

= +5.04 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐 = −13.77 + 5.04 = −8.73 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Summary

Elastic flexural analysis can be solved and determined the different types of
problems and approaches utilizing these process shown below:

ELASTIC FLEXURAL ANALYSIS

(WORKING STRENGTH)

Where: P = Prestressing Force

H = Horizontal Component of P = P cos 𝜃
V = Vertical Component of P = P sin 𝜃 = H tan 𝜃
𝜃 = Angle of Inclination of the tendon centroid at the particular section

Since 𝜃 is normally quite small: cos 𝜃 ≅ 1.0, ∴ 𝐻 = 𝑃

 The magnitude of the prestress force P is not constant for the following reasons.

1. The jacking force (Pj) is immediately reduced to initial prestressing force, P i

because of elastic shortening of concrete upon transfer, slip of the tendon as
the force is transferred from jacks to beam ends, and loss due to friction
between tendon and concrete (post – tensioning) or between tendon and
cable alignment devices (pretensioning).

21
 2. There is further reduction of force from P i to the (effective prestress, P e),
occurring over a long period of time a a gradually decreasing rate, because of
concrete creep under the sustained prestress force, concrete shrinkage and
relaxation of stress in the steel.

ELASTIC EQUATIONS FOR FLEXURAL STRESS can bs classified according to:

 DUE TO PRESTRESSING FORCE WHEN PI IS APPLIED WITH AN

ECCENTRICITY E BELOW THE CENTROID OF THE CROSS SECTION
AREA AC AND TOP AND BOTTOM FIBER DISTANCES C 1 AND C 2
RESPECTIVELY
𝑃 𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓𝑖 = − 𝐴 𝑖 + = Top Fiber Stress
𝑐 𝐼𝑐

𝑃 𝑒𝑐1 𝐴𝑐
= − 𝐴 𝑖 (1 − )
𝑐 𝐼𝑐

𝐼
Since 𝑟 = √𝐴𝑐 = radius of gyration of section
𝑐

𝐼𝑐
𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑐

Then

𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓1 = − (1 − )
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐴𝑐

𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓1 = − (1 − 2 )
𝐴𝑐 𝑟

Likewise

𝑃𝑖 𝑒𝑐1
𝑓2 = − (1 + 2 ) = 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑐 𝑟

 (-) compression; (+) tension

 Normally, as the eccentric prestress force is applied, the beam deflects
upward.

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 INITIAL PRESTRESSING + SELF WEIGHT

When W o = Self weight

Mo = Moment due to W o

Then:

 EFFECTIVE PRESTRESSING AND SELF WEIGHT

 Pe + SERVICE LOADS IN ADDITION TO SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM, PLUS

SERVICE LIVE LOAD

Where:

Mo = Moment due to prestressing

Md = Moment due to Dead Load
Ml = Moment due to Live Load
Ic = Moment of Inertia

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 KERN POINTS LOCATION

Upper Kern-Point

Similarly,

𝑟2
𝑘2 = Lower Kern-Point
𝑐1

 For Rectangular Beams:

Ac = bd
𝑑
C2 = C1 = 2

𝑏𝑑 3
𝐼𝑐 =
12
𝑑
𝑒𝑐2 𝑒𝑐2𝐴𝑐 𝑒( )(𝑏𝑑)
2
Thus; = = 𝑏𝑑3
𝑟2 𝐼𝑐
12

24
 6𝑒
=
𝑑
Likewise:

𝑒𝑐1 6𝑒
=
𝑟2 𝑑
Then:

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 (𝑀𝑜 + 𝑀𝑑 + 𝑀𝑙 )𝑐1
𝑓1 = − (1 − ) −
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝐼𝑐

𝑑
𝑐1 6 6
= 23 = =
𝐼𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝐴𝑐 𝑑
12
𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 (𝑀𝑜 + 𝑀𝑑 + 𝑀𝑙 )6
𝑓1 = − (1 − ) −
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑃𝑒 6𝑒 (𝑀𝑜 + 𝑀𝑑 + 𝑀𝑙 )6
𝑓2 = − (1 + ) +
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝐼𝑐
𝑟2 𝐴
𝑘1 = − = − 𝑐
𝑐1 𝑑
2
𝑑
𝑘1 = −
6
𝑑
𝑘2 =
6
ELASTIC DESIGN OF PRESTRESS BEAMS (WSD)

In Elastic Design of Prestress Beam, Preliminary design procedure based on

the assumption that there is a little or no tension in the concrete.

Under working load, z = 0.65d (on the average)

Where: d = overall depth

25
 b = overall width

t = f = effective prestressing force

M = Tz = T (0.65d)

Or

M = Fz = F (0.65d)
𝑀
 F = 0.65 𝑑 (effective prestressing force)

But F = Asfs T=C

𝑀
Asfs = 0.65 𝑑

 Average Unit Stress on Concrete,

𝐶
𝛿 c =𝐴
𝑐
𝐶 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
0.50 𝑓𝑐 = =
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐

Note: for preliminary design, the ave. stress is assumed to be ½ fc or 0.5 fc

 Approximate proportion of depth of beam and moment

d = k √𝑀 = depth of beam in centimeters

k = coefficient which ranges from 3.3 to 4.4 – from experience and

experiment

M = Max. Bending Moment in KN-m

Mg = girder or beam moment

Mt = Total Moment

Ml = Mt - Mg
𝑀𝑔
When is small, use the following approximate relation:
𝑀𝑡

𝑴
F = 𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝒍 𝒅

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 HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

SELF - ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION:

INSTRUCTION: Solve the following:

1. A 9.00 m span of a post-tensioned beam is to be designed to carry a

uniformly distributed load. In addition to its weight, it must carry a dead load
of 5.50 KN/m and a service live load of 12.50 KN/m. Concrete strength of 35
MPa at 28 days, at time of transfer of prestress force the strength will be 20.7
MPa. Prestress loss may be assumed at 20% of initial prestress. On the
basis that about 25% of the liveload will be sustained over a substantial time
period, kb = 0.25 in determining the balanced load.

2. A 350 mm x 800 mm concrete beam is prestressed with a prestressing force

of 3000 KN at an eccentricity of 150 mm. the beam carrying a superimposed
load of 300 KN/m. Determine the maximum span that the beam should have
in order that no tension will result in the bottom fiber if all the loads are
acting. What would be the resulting stress at the top of the beam?

3. A 300 mm x 600 mm concrete beam having a span of 6.5 m was applied

with a post-tensioning force of 550 KN. By what amount was the form at the
midspan was lifted after the application of the force applied 150 mm from the
bottom of the beam. Assume concrete won’t crack in tension. Modulus of
elasticity of concrete is 13734 MPa.

4. Find the safe live load that the prestressed T-beam shown which is
reinforced with a bonded tendon having an area Aps = 1,500 mm2, fc’ =
34.50 MPa, fpu = 1862 MPa, and an effective stress after losses fse = 1102 MPa.
fpy = 1713 MPa, span of beam is 6.00 m.

Assigned Readings and/or enrichment

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/prestress-losses-prestressed-concrete/3287/

https://www.aceec.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/IV-Prestressed-Concrete

Grote, Jupp and Marrey, Bernard. 2000. Fressinet, ISBN 2-910342-13--1

McCormack, Jack, 1998.Design of Prestressed Concrete. Addison – Wesly.

Gilbert, R.I., Mickel borough, Neil. 1990, Design of Prestressed Concrete.

Nilson, Arthur H., 1987. Design of Prestressed Concrete. Wiley & Sons

Naaman, Antonie., 1982. Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design.

McGraw-Hill

27
 Feedback

Problem solving is a way to measure your critical capability and

analytical way to solve issues and conditions of the problem depending
on the approach…but if you be able to use the Deductive Method in
solving problem you can easily solve the required in the problem. So…
don’t give up if you gets go wrong..but rather thick positively…try and
try until you get the correct answer…because if you do so…an
EXEMPLARY RATING you will get. Always remember the formula to
succeed.
Succeed = Think Positively + Patience + Hardwork.
Don’t turn to the next page until you can’t analytically solve the
questions of the problems given. You may review your answer… Good
luck to the next Lesson!

Suggested Readings

A.H. Nilson, Design of Prestressed Concrete, 2nd Ed. John Wiley, New York,
1987
Nilson and Winter, Design of Concrete Structures, 12th Ed., Mc Grawhill
Companies, 1997
E.G. Nawy, Prestressed Concrete, 3rd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
1984
Besavilla, V.I., Reinforced Concrete Design, 1981 Cebu City.

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