Republic of the Philippines

furtgac bet fur State "ttfber*ity

Bislig Campus
Mahariika, Bislig City
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
wmu.sdssu.edu.ph

nflc}DULE ONE

A Course Pack in
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1

Utilized by:

ENGR. GARRY S. LINDO

Course Instructor
Mobile No: 09306074829
 module 1

Module Overview

Limits and Differentiation of

AIgebraic Functions

This module contains the following topics:

• Limitofa Function
• Theorems on Limits
• Indeterminate forms
• Limitat Infinity
• Continuity and Discontinuity
• ThesymbolA
• The Derivative ofa Function
• Rules for Differentiation
• ThechainRule
• Differentiation of Inverse Functions
• Higher Derivatives and
• Implicit Differentiation

Calculus is a branch of mathematics which uses the concept of a derivative to

analyze the way in which the values of the function vary. It is a Latin word meaning "a
little pebble " because in ancient days, pebbles were often used in counting sums.

In 17th century, English Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton and German

Mathematician Gottfried Leibniz were the first to give (independently) general rules for
Calculus but it was difficult to put the subject on secure logical basis mainly because
Of the difficult concepts of limit and the continuity involved. Newton called his Calculus

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 1

"the science of fluxions". The word fluxion came from the word f/#x, which means
"consfa#f changJ.ng or i/owf.ng". He discovered the branch of mathematics {fluxions) in

which an unknown number keeps changing. Meanwhile, Leibniz is known for his
differenti+ahiion symbol drdx and I f or integral symbol.

Instead of using the idea of limit,18th and 19th century mathematician based
the Calculus on the ideas of infinitesimals and differentials and the subject is known
as Differential Calculus. The first complete presentation of Calculus using limits was

given by Cauchy in 1821. Today, Calculus is defined as the branch of of mathematics

which deals with continuous changing quantities.

At the completion of this module, student should be able to:

• familiarize the limit ofa function;
• know the theorems on limits;
• know the indeterminate forms;
• learn the limit at infinity;
• learn continuity and discontinuity;
• learn symbol delta;
• learn the derivative of a function;
• familiarize the rules for differentiation;
• applythechain rule;
• know the differentiation of inverse functions;
• learn higher derivatives and
• learn implicit differentiation.

Are you ready? Then we start the lesson now!

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 2

 Limits

Objectives:
• familiarize the limit of a function;
• know the theorems on limits;
• know the indeterminate forms;
• learn the limitat infinityand
• learn continuity and discontinuity.

Introduction
ln the study of calculus, the first important concept or idea which must be
introduced is the concept of limit. Actually, as we shall eventually notice, the whole
structure of calculus is based upon the limit concept. It is significant to impart to the
student a thorough knowledge and understanding of this basic concept.

Activity
Task 1 : Factoring Polynomials

Directions: Recall your knowledge in algebra about factoring

polynomials.

Abstraction

1.1 Limit of a Function

Familiarity with the limit concept is absolutely essential for a deep
understanding of the calculus. In this section, we shall begin our discussion of the limit
of a function but we emphasize that our treatment here will appeal more to our intuition
than to rigor. And since our approach is a non-rigorous one, we therefore, expect you
to grasp this idea with ease.
Consider the function defined by the equation

f(x)= 3x + 1

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 3

and assign some values to x near, but not equal, to a specific number, say 2. For
each value of x in the neighborhood of 2, we compute the corresponding value of y.
To get an idea of what is happening, we construct a table of values as shown below:

X 1.500 1.890 1.999 2.009 2.050 2.160 2.300

f(x) 5.500 6.670 6.997 7.027 7.150 7.480 7.900

The table shows that when x is near 2, whether a little less or a little

greater than 2, f(x) = 3x + 1 is nearer 7. In other words, ``3x + 1 approaches the number
7 as a limit when x approaches 2". The abbreviated Symbolic form for this statement
is

3x + 1 i 7 as x i 2.

From our intuitive discussion above, we may formulate the definition

of the limit of a function.

Definition 1.1: Let f(x) be any function and let a and L as we please by choosing x
sufficiently close to a then we say that the limit of f(x) as x approaches a is L or
symbolically.

Iipa /¢) = L

1.2 Theorems on Limits

This section deals with several theorems by means of which we

shall be able to evaluate the limits of functions rapidly and efficiently. To evaluate or
to find

lim f ¢)
r+a

means that we are to find the number L that f(x) is near, whenever x is near a but not equal
to a. Of course, when x = a, the value of the function is i(a). It may be that f(a) is also the
limit, i.e., f(a). Thus to evaluate

li¥1 (4 - %2)

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 4

means to find a number which 4 -#2 is near whenever x is near the number 1. By Definition
1.1, we know that

ii¥1 (4 -x2) = 3

since by choosing x sufrlciently close to 1, 4 -#2 can be made to come as close to 3 as we

please.

To obtain the limits of more complicated functions, we shall use the

following theorems which we shall state symbolically with our proof.

L1. Iimc=c , cisanyconstant

X*a

L2. Iim#=aL , aisanyrealnumber

#ia
L3. ±i+m¢cf(#) = C#lj#f(#)

L4. Iim lf{x)+g(x)]=lim f¢)+lim g(x)

*ia #ia fia
L5. tim lf(x).g¢)]=lim f(x). tim g(x)

L6. lLmo#- EPIEREHEREE

li+mag(#)

L]. Tx|Ffattffl, ±i+mar(I) , n is any Positive integer and f(x)2 0 if n is even.

L8.±i+malf(#)]n=[±i.mar(X)]"

ln starting the above theorems, we assume that f(x) and g(x) are
defined for all values of x in some interval containing a, except possibly at a itself.
These theorems may be stated briefly in words. For instance, L4 is sometimes stated
as "the limit of a sum is the sum of the limits". To illustrate the use of these theorems,
we have the following examples.

Example 1: Evaluate lim4x

ri2
Solution: lim4x=41imx byL3
ri2 #i2
=4(2) by L2

=8
Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 5
Example 2: Evaluate Li.m2¢2 + 3x + 4)

S0lution: Li.m2(#2 +3#+4) =±i.m2#2 + Li.m23X+ Li.m24 by L4

=[±i.m2X]2+3lim#+4
+3Li+m2" byL8 L3, I1
byL8,

= [2]2 + 3(2) + 4 byL2

= 1 4 + Answer

Example 3: Evaluate Li+m2 ¢ + 4) i/Z=-IT

Solution: Li.m2 (X +4)/Z;TE = ±i.m2 ¢+4).1#i.m2 JZ=T-5 by L5

= (±±.m2 X + Li.m2 4) i
L!.m2(2X+5) byL4,L7

= (]#i.m2 X + Li.m2 4) .
|i+m22X+±i.m25 by L4

= (|i.m2 X + Li.m2 4) . 2#LiF%+±i.m25 byL3

=(2+4)Jitzjii by L2, L1

= 1 8 + Answer

Application 1

• Task2: Problemsolving

Evaluate each of the following. Write your solution in a separate sheet

Of paper.

1. Evaluate ±i¥£ ¢2 + 2% + 1) Answer: 4

2.Evaluate lim 5¢3-2x+1) Answer: 110

I+3

3.Evaluate lim J= + V= Answer: 2

r+1
4. Evaluate iip± (#2 + 3# + 1)2 Answer: 25

x3-3#+1
5.Evaluate lim Answer: -1/11
r-==2 -r2+15
3x+2
6. Evaluate
v' J'-' lim #2-2#+4
-.---- i-i-o AIrtswer..1|2.
Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 6
1.3 Indeterminate Forms .

Consider the functions defined by

f(x)-# D(x) i 0

Suppose at x=a, N(a)=D(a) = 0

f(a,=#=o

whichisundefined.Wesaythatx=a,thefunctionf(x)assumestheindeterminateform:.Theother
indeterminate forms that we shall encounter here is I. Obtaining any of these forms by straight
cO

substitution does not necessarily mean that f(x) has no limit. We shall see in the examples below that
even if f(x) assumes the indeterminate form : at x= a, the limit of f{x) may be definite, i.e., the limit
exists. The limit is usually found by changing the expression defined by f{x) into a form to which the
theorems on limits can be used. Consider the following examples.

r2-4
Example 1: Evaluate tim --
a:+2 af-2

x2-4
Solution: This cannot be evaluated be evaluated by straight substitution since x=2, we have ---
I-2
22-4 0
F± Lilli i-±T-
2-20

whichismeaningless.Thatis,atx=2,thefunctionassumestheindeterminate form:.However,ifx
i 2' then

±=(%-2)(r+2)=x+2
#-2 #-2
Therefore, to evaluate the limit of the given function, we proceed as follows:

lim i = |im (r-2)(af+2)

%i2 #-2 xi2 x-2
=lim x + 2
xi2
=2+2

=4

r3-64
Example 2: Evaluate lim ---
x+4 r-4

Solution: tim ± = tim (#-4)(x2 4x+16) + factorize the numerator

jr+4 X-4 xi4 r-4
=|im #2 + 4x + 16,s£7icg :I = 1
% +4 I-4
= (4)2 + 4(4) +16

=48

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 7

Application 2

©TaskEvaluate each Solving

3: Problem of the following. Since the answer to each question i§
already provided, just write your solution in a separate sheet of paper.

r2-1
1. Evaluate lim Answer: 2
gil r-1
rz-9
2. Evaluate ]im
_-_-_________ i_i3 X-3 Answer: 6

#2-3#
3. Evaluate tim -
x+3 #2-9
Answer: %

#3-27
4. Evaluate tim -
#+3 #-3
AIrisNIer.. 2:]

#4-81
5. Evaluate tim -
#+3 #-3
Answer: 108

6. Evaluate lim 1-Cos x Answer: .5

r+0
2
FTX
7. Evaluate |ip[ ( 2 -X)tan T Answer: €=

sin 2x
8. Evaluate lim Answer: 3
;-¥sl.rm(tanr)

1.4 Limit at Infinity

A function f(x) may have a finite limit even when the independent variable
x becomes infinite. This statement " x becomes infinite" is customarily expressed in
symbolism by "x+ co",

Consider the function f(x) = i.# It can be shown (intuitively or formally)

that ir approaches a finite limit (the number zero) as x increases without bond. That
is'

i + o as x - co.
#

We shall consider this fact as an additional theorem on limits and in symbol, we write

L9. tim 1 =o
x*cO X

The use of L9 is illustrated in the following examples.

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 8
 1
Examplel:Evaluate2)Lmco¥

solution: j|Lmco± =!|Lmco(:. :. i,

=±]Lmco±. ±]=mco±. ±]:mco± byL5

=0

4
Example2:Evaluate±lLmco=

Solution: ±LLmco±=4x|L#±

=4!lLmco¢.:,

= 4 tim i . tim i
x+co X x+co X

=0

From the examples above, we intuitively feel that if n is any positive number, then
1
!LmcoF=O
This is given as a theorem in some books. Note that when n =1, we have L9.

Afunctionf(x)=ggmaybeassumetheindeterminateform:
when x is replaced by co. However, the limit of f(x} as x becomes infinite may be
definite. To find this limit we first divide N(x) and D(x) by the highest power of x. Then
we evaluate the limit by use of L9.

4#3+3#2-6
Example: Evaluate
--`-I- - -r ----------- lim2#3 + 5# + 3
£=;-tin

Solution: The function assumes the indeterminate form = when x is replaced by co. Dividing
cO

the numerator and denominator by x3, we get

36
4r3+3r2-6 _ ,:_ 4+ =-a
tim IE]rm
i:;'± 2#3+ 5# + 3 _ I:;I(i 2 + i + i
#2 I #3

4+0-0
=_
2+0+0

=2

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 9

Application 3

©TaskEvaluate each of
4: Problem the following and write your solution to each problem
Solving
in a separate sheet of paper.

#2-1
1. Evaluate Ji.mco E= Answer: %

2. Evaluate lim ± Answer: 0

#2-16
3.
_I Evaluate lim %2-#-12
_'_'_-`_ %--i-in Answer: 1

1-4%
4. Evaluate *1i.mco E= AInsINer.. 213

5. Evaluate
i-=ds
limx2-1¥

1.5 Continufty

A function f(x) is continuous at x= a if tim f(x) = f(a). A function is continuous at

X-a
x=a if all the following conditions are met

a) f(a) is defined

b) lim f{x)= L exists, and

#ia

c) I = f(cl)

If any of these conditions is not satisfied, then f(x) is said to be discontinuous at x = a.

A function f(x) is said to be continuous in an interval if it is continuous for every
value of x in the interval. The graph of this function is "unbroken" over that interval.
That is, the graph of f(x)can be drawn without lifting the pencil from the paper.

Example 1 : Determine if f(x) = x2 is continuous at x = 2.

Answer: The function f(x) = %2 is continuous at x=2 because tim x2 = f(2) = 4. In fact,
#+2
it is continuous for all finite values of x.

Example 2: ls the function f(x) =:: continuous over the interval os % S 5?

Answer: No, since at x=2, f(2) is undefined.

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 10
Application

Task 4: Problem Solving

Evaluate each of the following and write your solution to each problem
in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x)#Z-#-2

= I:i Answer: x = 2

2. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x) = r+1

±± Answer: x = -1

3. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x) = E=±± Answer: none

#2+4

4. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x)2#-8

=i Answer: x = 3

5. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x) = ±i Answer: x = 3

#2-9

6. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x) =#-2

±i Answer: x = 2

7. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x) = ±i Answer: x = 2

#2-4
8. Find the point of discontinuity of f(x) =±:=±
#-2 and plot the curve

Answer: x = 2

Page 111
Engineering Calculus 1
 Differentiation of AIgebraic
Functions

Objectives:
• know the significance of the symbol A;
• learn the derivative of the function;
• know the geometric significance ofg;
• familiarize the rules for differentiation
• learn the chain rule;
• know the differentiation of inverse functions;
• learn higher derivatives and
• learn implicit differentiation.

Intiioduction

The derivative and the integral are the two central concepts of Calculus.
In fact, calculus as a formal course of study deals primarily with the systematic
development of these two concepts and their numerous applications.

We shall start our study of the first concept in this chapter. However, we
shall confine our attention to determining the derivative of algebraic functions
only. The process of finding the derivative of a function (algebraic,
trigonometric, exponential or logarithmic) is called differentiation and the branch
of calculus dealing with this process is called df.fferenff.a/ ca/cu/us. Differentiation
is an important mathematical tool in physics, mechanics, economics and many
other disciplines which involve change and motion.

2.1 The symbol A

Any change in a variable quantity is called an increment. The symbol A

(read "delta") is customarily used to denote this change or increment. If we
regard x as the variable, then the symbol Ax (read "delta x") denotes the
increment of x. Note that while A is not a number or a variable, the symbol A#
is a variable. Note also that Ax may either be positive or negative, but not zero.

Suppose y=f(x). A change Ax in x produces a corresponding change Ay

in y. That is,

y + Ay = f(r + Ax)

Ay =f(x + Ax) - y

But since y=f(x), then we have the relation

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 1

 E(2.1) Ay =f(x+Ax)-f(x)

This notation is graphically illustrated in Figure 2.1.

Example 1. If y = x2, then y + Ay =(x + Ax)2 and Ay = (x + Ax)2-x2

2.2 The Derivative Of a Function

Let the function f given by y = f(x) be a continuous function of x in
some interval containing x. Recall that in the preceding section, we said that a
change Ax in the independent variable x produces a corresponding change Ay
in the dependent variable y. This change in y is given by E(2.1). If we divide
both members of E(2.1) by Ax, we have

± = f(#+A#) - f(x)
irx tux

Note that this ratio is the difference of the function values divided by the
differenceofthex-values.Forthisreason,itisoftenreferredtoasthedifference
quofJ.en£. It is also denotes the average rate Of change of f(x) between x and x
+Ax.Thatis,£isameasureoftherateatwhichyischangingwithrespectto
x for the interval Ax.

Suppose we regard x as fixed and then let Ax vary and approach

zero. Then we define the expression

#¥o¥ or
Ar+0 timA# ee

as the instantaneous rate Of change of f(x) at x or simply the rate of change of

f(x) at x. If the difference quotient f has a limit L, then that number L is called
the derivative of y with respect to x and this derivative is customarily denoted
bythesymbol¥.Statedformally,thederivativeofafunctionnaybedefinedin
the following manner:

Definition 2.1 The derivative of a function f given by yrf(x) with respect

to x at any x in its in its domain is the number

±
dx
=hif=OBx
Alipo¥=rf£=O
limhxff±
provided the limit exists.

Page I 2
Engineering Calculus 1
 Forthepresent,thesymbol¥istobeconsideredasasingle

symbol. It should not be regarded as a fraction or a quotient of two quantities.

Instead, it should be regarded as the limiting value of the fraction £ A# i 0.

Note that the symbol # may also be interpreted as£Cy). Then the

expressionf indicates the process of finding the "derivative with respect to x

of'. This expression is sometimes called the "differentiating operator.

In addition tog, other symbols used for the derivative of

y=f(x) are

f'{X), y], D#y, Drf, #

Thus definition 2.1 may also be written as

f¢+A#) - f(x)
f'(x)= Ali¥o

lf the limit exists at x=a, then we say that the function f is differentiable at x=a.

Example 1. Find the derivative of y = x2.

Solution: Since y = x2, then y + Ay = {x + Ax)2 and

try = ¢x + tirty2 - y

or Ay= (x+Ax)2-x2. Bydefinition 2.1, we have

¥-Ali¥.¥
d#

=lim a+A#)2 -x2

A#io A#

=]im #2 +2#Ax +(A#)2 _ x2

A*io A%

2#Ajr+(Ar)Z
=lim
A#io A#

±= lim A#(2x+Ax)
_ _ _ ___ _ _ _

d* Ar+0 A#

±= tim 2x + Ax
dr A#io

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 3

 ± = 2x + o
dr

±=2x
d#

If the notation s=f(t) is used, then by definition 2.1, the

derivative of s with respect to t is defined as

As
#=Ali¥Ori

Likewise, we may define

A.u
if u =f(x)
#=#¥oE
i--
dp
if v =f(x)
dr
dv
___ ______ _

if V =f(r)
dt-

Example 2. Find the derivative of s =3t2-4

Solution: Since s = 3t24, then s + As = 3(i + At)2-4

and As= [3(t + At)2 -4 I-I(3t2 -4)]

Hence, by definition 2.1,

As
#=Ii¥oz;

± - tim [3{£+A£)2-4]-[(3£2-4)]
------ =L-_-L=-__ I_I_-I-_-_-_-_-_-I-i-i--i--_T= __ _ -I

d£ At+0 A£

± - lim [3(£+A£)2 ]-[(3t2)I

_____ ____________ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ ___

dt Atio At

± - lim 6tAt+3(At)2
dt A£+0 A£

± - tim At(6t+3At)
dt Atio

± - lim 6t + 3At
dt A _i:ndo

±-6t
d£

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 4

Application

Task 1 : Problem Solving

Find the derivative by use of Definition 2.1. Write your solution to

each problem in a separate sheet of paper.

1.Find#ify=2x Answer: 2

2. Find ¥ if y = (x + 1)2 Answer: 2(x+1)

3:Find#ify-# Answer: #3
±
1
4:Find¥ify=3x-vi Answer: 3- E7=

5: Find ¥ if y = x3 Answer: 3x2

6: Find ¥ if y = #4 Answer: 4r3

7. Find # if y = 2x3 Answer: # = 6x2

8.Findgify=r2 Answer: # = 2x

9. Find ¥ if y = 3x4 Answer:¥=12x3

10. Find % if y = 2r5 Answer:¥=10x

11.Find¥ify=: Answer: # = =

12.Find¥ify=± Answer:¥=±
( #+1)2

13. Find ¥ if y = J5ZT¥ Answer: ¥ _J5E* -X

-30
14.Find¥ify=# Answer: # ___

#4
__

30#2
15.Find¥ify=£ Answer:
r -.'_--_--dr ¥
_ ___ I_ _
10

16. Find ¥ if y = 3x2 -2V= Answer: # = 6x -J=i

Page I 5
Engineering Calculus 1
2.3 Rules for Differentiation

The process of finding the derivative of y =f(x)by use of definition 2.1

is obviously time-consuming and tedious. Fortunately, there are standard
formulas called differentiation formulas or differentiation rules which will enable
us to find the derivative of even complicated functions as rapidly as we can
write. In the formulas below, u and v are differentiable functions of x, n is any
real number and c is a constant.

D1 IThe constant Rule)

±xkc,--0

D2 IThe Identity Function Rule)

#x, = 1

D3
±(cu) - c#
D4 IThe Sum Rule)
£(u+v,=±+±
dxdx

du
D5 IThe Product Rule)
±(uv, = «= + u=

D6 (:)-fr t,2 (The Quotient Rule)

D7 IThe Power Rule)

±(tt,It =It(",n-1d*±
_
du
D8
%[Jtiu)--#
-tt dtt
D9 LLLi= i--
tttt+1 dr

The proof of Rule D3 is given below. The student is urged to give the

proofs of the remaining rules.

Proof of D3: Let y=cu. Then y +Ay = c(u+Au} and

Ay = c(u+Au)-cu. By definition 2.1,

±=A]i¥Og
dr

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 6

 ±= lim c(tt+Ate)-ct£
dr Ario A%

cAtt
±=Ali¥Ori
dr
Ate
±=cA]i¥Ori
d#

dtt
±=c.E=
dr

Since ¥ =£ 07) and y=cu, then we have shown that

d«
£(ou,=c.a
The following examples illustrate the use of these differentiation rules.

® Example 1 . Find ¥ if y = #3-4x2 + 5

Solution: ¥ = £(r3-4x2 + 5)

dy_a
I- i_== ==L==
dxdx (x3)+ £{-4£2)+£{5) byD4

-a;yI-_ r-
d.
{x3).4£¢2)+£{5) byD3
dxdx

± = 3x2 - 4(2x) + 0 by D7, D1

dr

± = = 3x2 - 8x
dr

Example 2. Find ¥ if y = ffi

1st Solution: Transform the radical into the exponential form.

y = (3£ + 2)=

let: u =3x + 2, n=1/2, then use D7

Thus ¥ = i(3x + 2)i £(3x+2) by D7

1
±=:(3£+2,i(3x+0, by D4, D3
d*

dy_3
dr 2(3#+2)i

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 7

 dy_3
a - E7=
2nd Solution: y = ffi

-dr-vi5EF52
±_y___%x[3x+I) byD8

-dx-fai5ife2
dy_ (3+0)

dy_3
-dr-Ejrfej5RE2

Examples.Find¥ify=±
(2#+1)3

tstsoiution: y=ri

¥={2#+1)3£{4)-4#2#+1)3 byD6
dr [{2jE+ 1)3] 2

dy_
_____ - (2#+1)3(0)-4{3)(2#+1)2(2)

de I(2#+1)3]2

dy _ (2#+1)3{0) -12(2#+1)2(2)
- __-T __________

dr {2jr+ 1) 6

dy _ -______
___ __ -24(2#+1)2
-

dr (2#+ 1)6

dy_
_ _ - -24
___________

dr (2#+1)4

2nd Solution: y =(2#+1)3

- = 4(2x + 1)-3
dy_ 4£(2ff+1)-3
____ ____ ___

byD3
d*

#=4(-3)(2x+1)-4±(2#+1) by D7

± = -12(2x + 1)-4(2)
d#

± = -24(2x + 1)-4
dr

dy_ -24
EEI EEEEEE]

3rdsolution: (2#+1)3
y=±

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 8

 ¥=#£(2x+1) byD9
dy_ -12
E= - giv (2)
-
dy_ ______
-24
d# (2#+1)4

Example 4. Find # if y=(2% + 1)3(4x -1)2

Solution: g=(2%+1)3£(4x-1)2+(4x-1)2£(2x+1)3 byD5

¥ = (2x + 1)3. 2(4r -1)t(4) + (4x -1)2. 3(2x + 1)2(2) by D7

d%

¥ = 2(2x + 1)2(4x -1)[4(2r + 1) + 3(4x -1)I

d*

¥ = 2(2x + 1)2(4x -1)(20x+1)

dr

Application

Task 1 : Problem Solving

I:#ife Find the derivative using differentiation rules. Write your solution
to each problem in a separate sheet of paper.

1.Find#ify=2x Answer: 2

2. Find # if y = (x + 1)2 Answer: 2(x+1}

3:Find¥ify=# Answer: #3
±
1
4:Find%ify=3x-Jf Answer: 3- EE

5: Find g if y = x3 Answer: 3x2

6: Find g if y = x4 Answer: 4x3

7. Find f if y = 2x3 Answer: ¥ = 6x2

8.Find#ify=x2 Answer: ¥ = 2x

9. Find # if y = 3x4 Answer:#=|2x3

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 9

10. Find g if y = 2x5 Answer:g=10x

11.Find¥ify=: Answer: ¥ = =

12.Find#ify=± Answer:¥=±
(#+1)2
-X
13. Find # if y = wiz¥ Answer: ¥ = 7iE=

14.Find¥ify=: Answer: g = ¥
3o#Z
15.Find¥ify=: Answer: % = T

16.Find¥ify== Answer:£=±
( 2#+1)Z

4( 3#+2)
17.Find#ify=(2x+5)(JaFT) hmswer..%--#
18.Find#ify=3x2-2rfe Answer: # = 6x -J=i

19.Findthevaluesofxgiventhaty=2x-3x-]and¥=14.
21
20.Findthevaluesofxgiventhaty=x;-x;and#=:.

21. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 7-x2 +4x3, (-1,2).

22.Evaluate¥atthespecifiedvalueofxintheequationy=#3+4#-1,#=1.

23. Find the values of x for which the derivative is zero in the equation

y = x3 +4%2 -3x-5.

2.5 The Chain Rule

Certain functions are formed out of simpler functions by a process of
substitution. Functions which result in this manner are called composite
functions.

For a general discussion of composite functions, consider the functions

f and g given by y=f(u) and u=g(x) respectively. We have here a situation in
which y depends on u and u in turn depends on x. To eliminate u, we simply
substitute u= g(x) in y=f(u) and thereby obtain a new function h expressed
symbolically in the form

E(2.2) y=h(x) = f[g(x)]

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 10

Then y = f [g(x)] is a composite function since y is a function of u and u in turn
is a function of x. Note that E(2.2) expresses y directly as a function of x.

Example 1 . Find ¥ if y = 4u3 and u= x2 + 5x.

Solution: Substituting u= x2 + 5x iny=4t£3, wegety=4(#2 + 5x)3

By D7, we have
± = 12(x2 + 5r)2(2x+5)
dr

lntheprecedingexample,¥canbeobtainedwithouteliminatingu.This
is accomplished by applying a theorem known as the Chain Rule for
differentiation and which we shall, for easy reference, denoted by D10.
CHAIN RULE: lfy is a differentiable function of u given by y =f(u) and if u
is a differentiable function of x given by u = g(x), then y is
a differentiable function of x and
dy _ cry ct±_
D10:
dx ctlt`dx

Example 2. Consider the functions given in Example 1 . Since y = 4u3, then £

=12u2. Likewise, since u = #Z + 5#, then¥ =2x+5. Then

by D10, g = (12{tt2){2x+5)

=12(x2 + 5%)2(2x+5) since u= x2 + 5x

We now give the proof of D10. If Au i 0, then we can write

rty _try fy±
Lx bAI. tux

Since u is a differentiable function of x, then

Ate i 0 us A# i 0
Applying the theorems on limits, we have

A1%ipo#-Ali¥0%.£
Aft
±ipo#=Ali¥0£.AligoE
and by definition 2.1, we have
dy _ dy q_u_
dx ctAI.dx

Page 111
Engineering Calculus 1
2.6 Differentiation Of Inverse Functions
Consider again the function defined by the equation

y=f(x)
This equation may be solved for x, giving
x= g(y)

The functions f and g are said to be inverse functions. To distinguish between

f and g, we shall call f the direct function and g the inverse function.
Let us now focus our attention to the problem of finding the derivative of
y with respect to x or g of a function written in the form x=g(y). This is
accomplished by using the so called inverse function rule which we state as
follows:

INVERSE FUNCTION RULE:

lf y is a differentiable function of x defined by y=f{x), then its inverse

function defined by x=g(y} is a differentiable function of y and

Dll: ¥-£
Note that Dll clearly shows that the rate of change of y with respect to
x (dx/dy) are reciprocals. It also says that the derivative of the inverse function
is equal to the reciprocal of the derivative of the direct function. The proof of
Dll is given below.

Proof of Dll : Let y=f(x) and x=g(y} be inverse functions. Then y is a

function of x and x is a function of y. By D10,
try -____
_a,y -
dx
dy dr'dy

and 1=±±
ds ' try

dy_1
Or =~_5
dx= dy

Example.Ifx=y3-4y2,finds

Solution:Sincex=y3-4y2,then#=3y2-8y

and by Dll,
dy_1 -
dr 3y2-8y

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 12

Application

Task 1 : Problem Solving

Find the derivative using Chain Rule. Write your solution to each
problem in a separate sheet of paper.
1. y=tt2+tt, u=2x+1

2. y = Jrfui , u = 4j*x
3
3. y= (tt - 4)= , u = x2 + 4

2
4. y = (2u - 2); , u = 4x3 + 1

5. y = ffl , u = 4x-2

Find the derivative using Inverse Function Rule. Write your solution to each
problem in a separate sheet of paper.
6. x=y+y2+y3

7 . x -- fry + 3if iy
3
8. x= (4 - 3y)E

9. X= 2(4y + 1)3

iox=fflrf
2.7 Higher Derivatives
Recall that from the equation y=f(x), we get by differentiation the
equation
dy -f (x)
d#

Thederivativeforf(x)ofthefunctionfisanumberthatdependsonx.Hence
f is itself a function of x and may be differentiated again with respect to x. This
process is represented symbolically by any of the following notations:

£(#)-#
Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 13
 #[/,(%,], = f"(#,

EN,,--y"
Dx{Dxy}--D2y

lfwereferto¥asthefirstderivativeofy=f(x),thenweshaHrefertog;g
(read " d squared y dx squared") as the second derivative of y=f(x). The
operatorfindicatesthaty=f(x)istobedifferentiatedtwice.

Further differentiations give us the derivatives of order higher than 2.

These derivatives are defined and denoted as follows:
± = r(x) = y- = D3y
d%3

¥=fco(x)=yco-_Dfy
d#4

¥--f(n)(x)--yon-_D¥y
dxn

Note that the parenthesis are used in y{") and /(7t)(x). The symbol y{n)
is used to distinguished it from the symbol ytt. Recall that y" indicates the nth
power of y= f(x) while the present notation y(") indicates the nth derivative Of
y= f(x). The same reason holds for the symbol f {tt)(x).
Example. If y= #4 -2x3 + 5#2 -4,find tJig 5th dgr!t7at{t7e.

Solution: y=%4-2x3+5x2-4
± = y' = 4x3 -6x2 + lox
d*

± = y" = 12x2 -12x +10

dr2

± = y-= 24x -12

dr3

± = y(4, = 24
dr4

± = y(5, = o
dr5

Application

Task 1 : Problem Solving

Find the third derivative of each of the following. Write your

solution to each problem in a separate sheet of paper.
1. y = #5 +3x-2 +4x Answer: y"'= 60x2-72x-5

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 14

 -12#
2. y -- Jar AiNSNNer..Y"- __5_

(4-x2)Z

3. y = (x + 5)2 Answer: y"'= 0

15J
4. y=±
RE
A]NSINer.. Y" = - -i
8
x-2

5. y-±
#+1
A]xysNIer-. Y" = T±
a+1)4

6. How fast does the slope of the curve y = (x2 + x + 1)2 change at the
point where x = 2? Answer: 78

Engineering Calculus 1 Page I 15