INTERNET OF THINGS

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system

which ex-
ploits networking, sensing, big data, and arti_cial intelligence technology to deliver
complete systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater
transparency, control, and performance when applied to any industry or system.
IoT systems have applications across industries through their unique exibility and
ability to be suitable in any environment. They enhance data collection,
automation, operations, and much more through smart devices and powerful
enabling technology. IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation,
analysis, and integration within a system. They improve the reach of these areas
and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing,
networking, and robotics. IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling
hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced
elements bring major changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and
the social, economic, and political impact of those changes.

Features of IOT
The most important features of IoT include arti_cial intelligence,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of
these features is given below _ AI IoT essentially makes virtually anything smart,
meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection, arti_cial
intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as simple as
enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite
cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer. Connectivity
New enabling technologies for networking, and speci_cally IoT networking, mean
networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on
a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these
small networks between its system devices. Sensors IoT loses its distinction
without sensors. They act as dening instruments which transform IoT from a
standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world
integration. _ Active Engagement Much of today's interaction with connected
technology happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm
for active content, product, or service engagement. Small Devices Devices, as
predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT
exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and
versatility.
IOT Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a
list of some of the advantages that IoT has to Improved Customer Engagement
Current analytics su_er from blind-spots and signi_cant aws in accuracy; and as
noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve
richer and more e_ective engagement with audiences.
_ Technology Optimization The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improve-
ments to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and _eld data.
_ Reduced Waste IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give
us super_cial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more
e_ective management of resources. Enhanced Data Collection Modern data
collection su_ers from its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it
out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to
analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
IOT Software
IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms,
embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master
applications are responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time
analytics, and application and process extension within the IoT network. They
exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering systems, robotics,
scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks. Data Collection
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data ltering, light data
security, and aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in
connecting with real-time, machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data
from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance with settings. It also works
in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually transmits
all collected data to a central server. Device Integration Software supporting
integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create the body of
the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking
between devices. These applications are the de_ning software technology of the
IoT network because without them, it is not an IoT system. They manage the
various applications, protocols, and limitations of each device to allow
communication. Real-Time Analytics These applications take data or input from
various devices and convert it into viable actions or clear patterns for human
analysis. They analyze information based on various settings and designs in order
to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by industry.
Application and Process Extension These applications extend the reach of existing
systems and software to allow a wider, more effective system. They integrate
prede_ned devices for specify purposes such as allowing certain mobile devices or
engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity and more
accurate data collection.
IOT Technology and Protocols
IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However,
the major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy
Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-
Direct. These technologies support the specic networking functionality needed in
an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform network of common systems.
NFC and RFID RFID (radio-frequency identication) and NFC (near-_eld
communication) pro vide simple, lowenergy, and versatile options for identity and
access tokens, connection bootstrapping, and payments. RFID technology employs
2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tags associated with objects.
NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a
mobile device and a standard device. Low-Energy Bluetooth This technology
supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while exploiting a standard
technology with native support across systems. Radio Protocols ZigBee, Z-Wave,
and Thread are radio protocols for creating low-rate private area networks. These
technologies are low-power, but or high throughput unlike many similar options.
This increases the power of small local device networks without the typical costs.
LTE-A
LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology
by increasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and raising its
throughput. It gives IoT a tremendous power through expanding its range, with
its most signi_cant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar communication.
WiFi-Direct WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P
(peer-to- peer) connections with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency. WiFi-
Direct eliminates an element of a network that often bogs it down, and it does not
compromise on speed or throughput.
ARCHITECTURE OF IOT
IoT is a three layer architecture. The layers include:
1. Perception Layer
2. Network Layer
3. Application Layer
Figure 3.2: Internet of Things Architecture
Perception Layer
It is the _rst layer of IoT architecture. It is mainly used for identifying objects and
collecting information. It is tied to the hardware device like a GPS, sensor, RFID
tags, or sensor network and linked to any intelligent system. It also called physical
layer as the information from the physical devices is changed into a digital signal
that is suitable for network transmission. The primary work of this layer is to
gather information from the sensing technology
Network Layer
It is a second layer of the IOT architecture .Its main function is to conduct and
obtain data or information. It is a network management center for IoT. It gains data
or information from the perception layer that has been collected and transferred to
different networks via wired or wireless network. It also transfers huge amount of
data between dissimilar networks.