ME 346: Heat Transfer

Lecture: Introduction
Date: Aug 13, 2020 Instructor: Ankit Jain
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ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 2

 Grading
Assignments: 15%
Quizzes: 15%
Class Participation: 10%
Exams: 60%

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 3

 Syllabus
❑Introduction

❑Introduction to conduction
❑One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
❑Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
❑Transient Conduction

❑Introduction to Convection
❑Forced External Flow
❑Forced Internal Flow
❑Natural Convection
❑Boiling and Condensation
❑Heat Exchangers

❑Radiation: Processes and Properties

❑Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 4
 References
❑ Incropera FP, Dewitt DP, Bergman TL, Lavine AS, Principles of Heat
and Mass transfer, 7th Ed, Wiley, 2017
❑ Cengel YA, Ghajar AJ, Heat and Mass Transfer : Fundamentals and
Applications, 5th Ed, McGraw Hill, 2018
❑ Sukhatme SP, A text book on Heat transfer, 4th Ed, Universities Press,
2005

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 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine

Heat Transfer (2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ What is Heat?
❑ What are some examples of Heat Transfer?
❑ Why we need to study Heat Transfer?

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 Why Study Heat Transfer?
Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems and other aspects of life and we can see that
many ordinary household appliances are designed, in whole or in part, by using the principles of heat transfer

Turbine cooling

Fin designs in microprocessors

Selective Tissue Heating

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 7
 Relation to Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics:
❑ Energy can be transferred by interactions of system with
surroundings in the form of heat and work
❑ Deals with the end states
❑ No mechanism/method for computing the rate of heat flow
❑ equilibrium states of matter

Heat Transfer:
❑ quantify rate at which heat transfer occurs under thermal non-
equilibrium

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 8

 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
Heat Transfer: modes (2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ Heat: energy in transit due to a temperature difference

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 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
Conduction (2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ the transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic
particles of a substance due to interactions between the particles

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 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
Conduction: Fourier’s Law (2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ Fourier’s Law:

”
𝑑𝑇
𝑞 ∝
𝑑𝑥
”
𝑑𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥
W
𝑞 ” : heat flux
m2
W
𝑘: Thermal Conductivity
mK
𝑑𝑇
: Temperature gradient inside material
𝑑𝑥

𝑘: characteristic of a wall material

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 Conduction: Example
Example: The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m-thick fireclay
brick having a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/mK. Measurements made during
steady-state operation reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and
outer surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a wall that is 0.5 m
by 1.2 m on a side?
Schematic:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
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 Conduction: Example
Known: Wall thickness, area, surface temperatures, and material thermal conductivity
Unknown: Heat loss through wall, i.e., 𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Assumptions:
❑ Steady-state conditions
❑ One-dimensional heat transfer
❑ Constant material thermal conductivity
Analysis:

𝑑𝑇 𝑊 −250 𝐾
Using Fourier’s law: 𝑞𝑥” = −𝑘 = −1.7 = 2833(𝑊/𝑚2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝐾 0.15 𝑚

𝑊
𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑞𝑥” × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑞 ” × 𝑊 × 𝐻 = 2833 × 1.2 𝑚 × 0.5 𝑚 = 1700 𝑊
𝑚2

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 Convection
❑ Diffusion: random molecular motion
❑ Advection: bulk macroscopic motion
❑ Convection: Diffusion + Advection

Refs:
Close to surface: diffusion only (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 14
 Convection: modes
Natural Convection
Forced Convection

Boiling and Condensation: involves phase change

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 15
 Convection: Newton’s law of cooling

𝑞 ” ∝ (𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞” = ℎ(𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑇∞ )
W
𝑞 ” : Convective heat flux
m2

𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 , 𝑇∞ : surface and fluid temperatures K

W
ℎ: convective heat transfer coefficient (m2K)

ℎ: depends on boundary layer, surface geometry, and other fluid properties

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar 𝑞 ” > 0: heat is transferred from the surface
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 𝑞 ” < 0: heat is transferred to the surface 16
 Convection: Convective Heat Transfer
Coefficient

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 17
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine
Radiation: Black Surface (2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ All forms of matter emit thermal radiations at non-zero temperature

❑ Energy emitted by these radiations transported as electromagnetic radiations: photons
❑ No need for a media: vacuum is preferred.
❑ Emissive power, E, rate at which energy is released per unit area

Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law:
𝐸𝑏 ∝ 𝑇𝑠4
𝐸𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠4
W
𝐸𝑏 : Emissive Power of black body
m2
𝑇𝑠 : absolute surface temperature K
𝜎: Stefan − Boltzmann constant (5.67 ∗ 10−8 W/m2 K 4 )

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 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine
Radiation: Real Surface (2) Cengel & Ghajar

𝐸 = 𝜖𝐸𝑏 = 𝜖𝜎𝑇𝑠4 0≤𝜖≤1

W
𝐸: Emissive Power of real surface
m2
𝜖: emissivity
𝜖: how efficiently material emits relative to a blackbody
strongly depends on surface finish and material

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 Refs:

Radiation: Irradiation and Absorptivity (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine

(2) Cengel & Ghajar

𝐺, Irradiation:
all radiation incident on a unit area of surface

𝐺𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝛼𝐺 0≤𝛼≤1

𝛼: absroptivity, fraction of irradaition absorbed by surface

𝛼: depends on the nature of irradiation and surface

Net rate of radiation heat transfer from the surface:

” 𝑞
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 𝜖𝜎𝑇𝑠4 − 𝛼𝐺
𝐴
= 𝜖𝜎𝑇𝑠4 − 𝛼𝜎𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4 (assuming surroundings as blackbody)

= 𝜖𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4 ) (assuming gray surface, i.e., 𝛼 = 𝜖)

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 A2
Fij : fraction of radiations leaving surface i and striking surface j (geometrical)
F12
Net Enery Leaving surface 1:
q12
ሶ = ϵ1 Eb1 A1 F12 − α1 ϵ2 Eb2 A2 F21
A1
= ϵ1 Eb1 A1 F12 − α1 ϵ2 Eb2 A2 F21 rearrange
= ϵ1 Eb1 A1 F12 − α1 Eb2 A2 F21 assuming enclosure to be black surface, i. e. , ϵ2 = 1 F21

= ϵ Eb1 A1 F12 − Eb2 A2 F21 assuming surface 1 to be gray, i. e. , ϵ = α

F12 = 1 (enclosure)
Under steady-state: 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐸𝑏2 𝑇24
ሶ = 0 → ϵ 𝐸𝑏1 A1 F12 − 𝐸𝑏2 A2 F21 = 0 →
q12 = = → 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 A1 F12 A1
𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐸𝑏1 𝑇14 → F21 = =
A2 A2
Both A and Fij are geometrical properties, independent of T and other thermal conditions
→ A1 F12 = F21 A2 for all conditions [reciprocity relation]

q12
ሶ = ϵ Eb1 A1 F12 − Eb2 A2 F21
A1
= ϵ Eb1 A1 − Eb2 A2
A2
= ϵA1 Eb1 − Eb2
= A1 ϵσ(T14 − T24 )
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 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine
Radiation: Example (2) Cengel & Ghajar

Problem: An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 25°C. The
outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity are 200°C and 0.8,
respectively. What are the surface emissive power and irradiation? If the coefficient associated with free
convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2.K, what is the rate of heat loss from the
surface per unit length of pipe?

Schematic:

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 Radiation: Example
Known: pipe diameter, emissivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, pipe, air, and
wall temperatures

Unknown:
❑ Surface emissive power (E) and irradiation (G)
❑ Heat loss per unit length from pipe

Assumptions:
❑ Room walls acts as a blackbody
❑ Steady-state conditions
❑ Pipe emissivity and absorptivity are equal (gray surface)

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 Radiation: Example
Analysis:

4
𝑊−8 4
W
𝐸 = 𝜖𝜎𝑇 = 0.8 × 5.67 × 10 × 473 𝐾 = 2270 2
𝑚2 𝐾 4 m
4 −8
𝑊 4
𝑊
𝐺 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 = 5.67 × 10 × 298 𝐾 = 447 2
𝑚2 𝐾 4 𝑚

Heat loss from pipe (per unit length) is due to convective and radiative losses:
” ”
𝑞”𝐴 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋𝐷𝐿
𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = =
𝐿 𝐿
= ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ + 𝐸 − 𝛼𝐺 𝜋𝐷
𝑊 𝑊
= 15 𝑚2𝐾 473 𝐾 − 298 𝐾 + (2270 − 0.8 × 447) 𝑚2 𝜋 0.07𝑚
𝑊
= 998 𝑚

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 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine
Summary (2) Cengel & Ghajar

Mode Mechanism Rate Equation

Diffusion of energy due to random ”

𝑑𝑇
Conduction 𝑞 = −𝑘
molecular motion 𝑑𝑥

Diffusion of energy due to random

Convection molecular motion plus energy 𝑞 ” = ℎ(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
transfer due to bulk motion

Energy transfer by electromagnetic

Radiation 𝑞 ” = 𝜖𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4 )
waves

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 Refs:

Energy Conservation (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine

(2) Cengel & Ghajar

Control Mass: 𝑡𝑜𝑡

Δ𝐸𝑠𝑡 =𝑄 − 𝑊
tot
ΔEst : change in stored 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 energy of the system
𝑄: net heat flow into the system
𝑊: net work done by the system

Control Volume:
Δ𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑔
𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑡
= 𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸ሶ𝑔
𝑑𝑡
tot
Total Energy, Est = Mechanical Energy + Internal Energy
= PE + KE + (Thermal Energy + Chemical Energy + Nuclear Energy)
𝐸𝑠𝑡 : Mechanical Energy + Thermal Energy 𝑈𝑡 = 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠 + 𝑈𝑙𝑎𝑡

❑ Mechanical energy is often small compared to thermal energy and is neglected

→ 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 𝑈𝑡 → (no phase change) → 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠
❑ If mass (fluid) flow though the control volume:
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑚ሶ 𝑔ℎ + + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑝𝑣 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑔ℎ + + 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑝𝑣 + 𝑞 − 𝑊ሶ = 0
2 𝑖𝑛 2 out
ℎ = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑝𝑣 26
 Refs:
Energy Conservation: example (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar

Problem: A long conducting rod of diameter 𝐷 and electrical resistance per unit
length 𝑅𝑒 is initially in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air. This equilibrium is
disturbed when an electrical current 𝐼 is passed through the rod. Develop an
equation that could be used to compute the variation of the rod temperature with
time during passage of the current.

Schematic:

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 Energy Conservation: example
Known: Rod dimensions, ambient conditions, rod electrical-resistance
Unknown: Temperature change of rod with time
Assumptions:
❑ uniform heat generation
❑ temperature of rod is uniform at any time t
❑ negligible radiation heat transfer
Analysis:
𝐸𝑔ሶ = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒 𝐿

𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ𝜋𝐷𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝜋𝐷 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑇
= 𝑐𝜌
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡

𝜋𝐷2 𝐿 𝑑𝑇
𝑐𝜌 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑒 𝐿 − ℎ𝜋𝐷𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
4 𝑑𝑡
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 © Ankit Jain
All rights reserved.
You may not make copies or disseminate this material in any form
without my express permission.

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 29