Reinforced Concrete Design

SIMPLIFIED SUMMARY OF MAJOR TOPICS

(NSCP 2015)

Prepared by:
Engr. Ken Lua, MSCE
 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Major Topics:
Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design Week 1
Structural Elements
Week 2, 3
Loads on Structures
Module 1
Beam Flexure
Singly Reinforced Beams
Week 4
Doubly Reinforced Beams
Beam Shear Week 5
Slab Design Week 6 Module 2

Monolithic Beams or T-Beams Week 7

Compression Members Week 8
Reinforced Concrete Detailing Week 9 Module 3
 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Quiz = Objectives
Course Requirements: HW = Problem solving

Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design Week 1 Activity 1: Current knowledge and expectations
Structural Elements
Week 2 Quiz 1 - Introduction
Loads on Structures

Beam Flexure
Singly Reinforced Beams Week 3
Doubly Reinforced Beams Week 4 HW1 – Beam Flexure – Actual Design/Analysis
Beam Shear Week 5 Quiz 2 - Beams
Slab Design Week 6 HW2 – Beam Shear, Slab Design
Monolithic Beams or T-Beams Week 7
Compression Members Week 8 Quiz 3 – Columns
Reinforced Concrete Detailing Week 9
Week 10/11 Submission of Notes
PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design

Structural Elements

Loads on Structures
INTRODUCTION
Concrete:

A mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock,

or other aggregates held together in a
rocklike mass with a paste of cement
and water. Sometimes one or more
admixtures are added to change certain
characteristics of the concrete such as
its workability, durability, and time of
hardening.
INTRODUCTION
Reinforced Concrete:

A combination of concrete and steel

wherein the steel reinforcement
provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete.

Red – Main reinforcements (resists flexural

forces)

Silver – Stirrups / Shear reinforcements (resists

shear, used to hold main reinforcements
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
Good compressive strength per unit cost Low tensile strength

Great resistance to fire and water Low strength per unit weight leads to
heavy members
Low-maintenance
Low strength per unit volume leads to
Can be cast into variety of shapes larger members

Inexpensive local materials Large variance in concrete property

because of variations in its proportioning
Lower grade of skilled labor is required and mixing
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES Sand = fine aggregate
Gravel = coarse aggregate

Cement and Water

Used in binding aggregates (sand and gravel)

Water/cement ratio greatly affects the strength of concrete

Curing of Concrete
Curing is performed by submerging the specimen
underwater. This is done in order to prevent moisture loss.
Rapid moisture loss leads to cracking and loss of strength of
the concrete specimen

Ideally, the maximum strength of concrete is attained at the

28 th day of curing.
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
Creep
Additional deformation because of the load applied
for a very long time.

Shrinkage of Concrete
Contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to
the loss of water/moisture. Shrinkage or temperature
bars are used.
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
ELASTIC MODULUS OF CONCRETE

fc’ : concrete strength, in MPa

ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, f’c
- the load-carrying capacity of the uncracked portions of the concrete reaches a maximum value

Commercial Available fc’ of Concrete

17 MPa - Lowest value according to NSCP 2015

21 MPa - 3 ksi
28 MPa - 4 ksi
34 MPa - 5 ksi

CONVERSION : 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa

TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
DESIGN APPROACH

WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) METHOD

fy
The behavior of concrete is LINEAR ELASTIC.
fs
The consideration is up to the proportionality limit

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD) METHOD

The behavior of concrete is NON-LINEAR ELASTIC.

The consideration is up to the ultimate strength.

DESIGN CODES
DESIGN CODES
Design codes provide detailed technical
standards and are used to establish the
requirements for the structure. It should be
realized, however, that codes provide only a
general guide for design.
DESIGN CODES
A code is a set of rules and specifications or systematic
procedures for design, fabrication, installation and
inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it can
be adopted by legal jurisdiction. Codes can be approved
by local, state or federal governments and can carry the
force of law.

Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are

used to establish the requirements for the actual structural
design. It should be realized, however, that codes provide
only a general guide for design.

“The ultimate responsibility for the design lies with

the structural engineer.”

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design

Structural Elements
Loads on Structures
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
A structure refers to a system
of connected parts used to
support a load. Important
examples related to civil
engineering include buildings,
bridges, and towers;

When designing a structure to

serve a specified function for
public use, the engineer must
account for its:
1. Safety – Stability, Strength
2. Serviceability
3. Economic Factors
4. Environmental Constraints
5. Aesthetics
SLABS
Slabs are flat horizontal panels that
support the floor. It can be supported by
beams/girders on edges or directly by
columns. They carry gravity loads and
transfer them to the vertical components
(columns and/or walls), and also act as
horizontal diaphragms by transferring the
lateral load to the vertical components of
a structure.

TYPES
1. One – way Floor System
2. Two – way Floor System
ONE-WAY SLABS
One-way floor system is a slab or deck that is
supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action. It is
often referred to as a one-way slab.

One-way slab bends in only one direction along

the short span
TWO-WAY SLABS
Two-way floor system is a slab or deck that is
supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by two-way action. It is
often referred to as a two-way slab.

Load is assumed to be delivered to the

supporting beams and girders in two directions
BEAMS AND GIRDERS
Beams are usually straight horizontal
members used primarily to carry vertical
loads. Quite often they are classified
according to the way they are supported, as
indicated the figure.

Beams are primarily designed to resist

bending moment; however, if they are short
and carry large loads, the internal shear force
may become quite large and this force may
govern their design.
BEAMS AND GIRDERS
BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Tension at the bottom Tension at the top

BEAMS – FAILURE TYPES
FLEXURE CRACKS
Originates in maximum moment region
because the flexural capacity of the
beam is inadequate

SHEAR CRACKS
Originates near supports because the
shear capacity of the beam is
inadequate
BEAMS – REINFORCEMENTS
BEAMS – REINFORCEMENTS
BEAMS – REINFORCEMENTS
BEAMS – MINIMUM DEPTH
COLUMNS
Members that are generally vertical and resist
axial compressive loads are referred to as
columns.
PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design

Structural Elements

Loads on Structures
REVIEW OF LOADS AND LOAD PATH
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

P = pressure load

w = P*(s/2)

w = P*(s/2 + s/2)
Bea
m spa
cin
g,S
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
One-way Slab (s/l ≤ 0.5)

ps/2

E F

psl/4 psl/4
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
Two-way Slab (s/l > 0.5)

W= PS/2

S
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
Two-way Slab
W=PS/2

S
W=PS/2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
 LOAD DISTRIBUTION

P = pressure load

s/2

Bea
m or J s
ois
t sp
aci
ng, S
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

= Ps/2
w

Ps
w=
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
w

w
 LOAD DISTRIBUTION
p = 5 kPa or kN/m2
300mm

150mm

S = 2m s s s l
s s
L = 3m BEAM 1
BEAM 2

w1
w1 = ps = 5(kN/m2) * 2(m) = 10kN/m

w2
w2 = ps/2 = 5(kN/m2) * 2(m) / 2 = 5 kN/m

BEAM FORMULAS WITH SHEAR AND MOM (linsgroup.com)

LOAD DISTRIBUTION
p = 5 kPa or kN/m2

s s s l
s s
BEAM 1
BEAM 2
PART 2: BEAM FLEXURE

USD – Singly Reinforced Beams

USD – Doubly Reinforced Beams
BEAM FAILURES - FLEXURE

DUCTILE FAILURE
- IDEAL
- GIVES WARNING BEFORE FAILURE

BRITTLE FAILURE
- AVOIDED
- SUDDEN FAILURE
- RESULT OF TOO MUCH REINFORCEMENTS
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS
ΣFh = 0
C=T
0.85 f’c a b = As fy
a = (As fy) / (0.85 f’c b)

M=F*d

Mn = As fy (d - a/2) – Nominal Capacity of the beam, using reinforcements

Mn = 0.85 f’c a b (d - a/2) – Nominal Capacity of the beam, using the concrete
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS - EXAMPLE
Given: From the figure:

f’c = 28 MPa d = 530mm

fy = 420 MPa b = 350mm

Determine the nominal capacity of the beam

Solution: Mn = As fy (d - a/2) – Nominal Capacity of the beam, using reinforcements

As = Total area of reinforcements Should be equal to:

As = 4 * (π/4) * 252 =1963.5 mm2
Mn = 0.85 f’c a b (d - a/2) – Nominal Capacity of the beam, using the concrete

a = (1963.5 * 420) / (0.85 * 28 * 350)

a= 99mm

Using reinforcements:
Mn = [As fy (d - a/2)] / 10^6 = 396.25 kNm

Using concrete: MPa = MegaPascals = N / mm2

Mn = 0.85 f’c a b (d - a/2) / 10^6 = 396.25 kNm
USEFUL LINKS:

https://youtu.be/vbrQaQltVRA - Secrets of
Reinforcement | How to design reinforced concrete

https://youtu.be/cZINeaDjisY - Why Concrete Needs

Reinforcement
PART 2: BEAM FLEXURE

USD – Singly Reinforced Beams

USD – Doubly Reinforced Beams

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

fy
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS - EXAMPLE
From the figure:
Given:
d = 600mm
f’c = 28 MPa d’ = 60mm
fy = 420 MPa b = 350mm

Determine the nominal capacity of the beam.

Assume tension and compression steel yields. Mn Mn1 Mn2

A’s = As2
Solution: Solution (contd):
As = As1 + As2
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 Mn = Mn1 + Mn2
Mn1 = As1 fy (d – a/2) Mn1 = As1 fy (d – a/2)
Mn2 = As2 fy (d – d’) Mn2 = As2 fy (d – d’) 1

As = As = Total area of tension reinforcements Mn1 = [As1 fy (d - a/2)] / 10^6 = 630.28 kNm
As = 4 * (π/4) * 362 =4071.5 mm2
As’ = 2 * (π/4) * 282 =1231.5 mm2 = As2 Mn2 = [As2 fy (d – d’)] / 10^6 = 279.30 kNm
As1 = As – As2 = 2840 mm2
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2
a = (2840 * 420) / (0.85 * 28 * 350)
a= 143.19mm Mn = 630.28 + 279.30 = 909.58 kNm
MPa = MegaPascals = N / mm2
(ANSWER)
PART 3: BEAM SHEAR
BEAM SHEAR PROCEDURE
BEAM SHEAR PROCEDURE
BEAM SHEAR PROCEDURE
PART 4: ONE-WAY SLABS
ONE-WAY SLAB - INTRODUCTION
Vertical Load Path
ONE-WAY SLAB - INTRODUCTION

Distribution rebar – used to hold the main

bars in position and to resist cracks from
shrinkage and temperature stresses.
Main bars or Flexural reinforcements

Deformed shape

Direction of Main Bars

(Flexural Reinforcement)
ONE-WAY SLAB – NSCP2015

Unlike beams, typical one-way

slabs do not have shear
reinforcements. Therefore:

Distribution rebar

Main bars
ONE-WAY SLAB - DESIGN b = 1000mm

Imaginary beam

For one-way slabs:

- Design of flexural reinforcements
has a similar concept with singly
reinforced beams (see figure above)

- Design of shrinkage and

temperature bars depends on code
requirements.
ONE-WAY SLAB - DESIGN
In designing slabs, amount of reinforcements are commonly specified in terms of their spacing.

How to determine spacing:

Asmin:
ONE-WAY SLAB – SAMPLE DETAILS

Simply supported slab

Continuous slab
ONE-WAY SLAB - LOADINGS
ONE-WAY SLAB - LOADINGS
ONE-WAY SLAB - LOADINGS
ONE-WAY SLAB - EXAMPLE
PART 5: MONOLITHIC BEAMS OR
T-BEAMS
MONOLITHIC BEAMS - INTRODUCTION
MONOLITHIC BEAMS - LOADING

P = pressure load

w = P*(s/2)

w = P*(s/2 + s/2)
Bea
m spa
cin
g,S
 MONOLITHIC BEAMS

w = Ps/2

w = Ps

Note: Include wall loads if walls are

directly above the beam.
MONOLITHIC BEAMS – WALL LOADS
Example:

Light/low density

Low density = 16.5 kN/m3

150mm CHB
Medium density
Full grout
2.63 kPa
Plaster on both sides
Normal density +0.24+0.24 kPa
= 3.11 kPa (kN per m per m height of wall)
2.5m high
3.11 kPa x 2.5m = 7.78 kN/m
MONOLITHIC BEAMS

TENSION@BOTTOM TENSION@TOP

TENSION@TOP
T-BEAMS – Negative Bending
(Tension at Top)
T-BEAMS – Positive Bending
(Tension at Bottom)
T-BEAMS – Positive Bending Assume φ = 0.90

(Design)

Note (NSCP2015):
T-BEAMS – Positive Bending
(Design)
f

Asmax=ρmaxbfd

’
T-BEAMS – Positive Bending
(Analysis)
T-BEAMS – Code Requirements
T-BEAMS – Code Requirements
T-BEAMS – Transverse Reinforcements

Category Main Transverse

Reinforcements Reinforcements
T-Beam From Flexure of From Shrinkage
the beam (Y) and Temp of
10031640 Slab (X)
Slab with Main From Flexure of From Shrinkage
Y
reinforcement the beam (Y) and Temp of
parallel to the Slab (X)
X
beam span (Y)
Slab with Main From Flexure of From Flexure of
reinforcement the slab (X) the beam (Y)
perpendicular
to the beam
span (X)
PART 6: COMPRESSION MEMBERS
(COLUMNS)
COLUMNS
A column is a vertical structural member
intended to transfer a compressive load.
For example, a column might transfer
loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or
from a beam, to a floor or foundations.
COLUMNS - CLASSIFICATIONS
Long Column Short
Failure Column
Failure
Pedestals. Pedestals are upright compression members with
height less than three times its least lateral dimensions; may be
designed with unreinforced or plain concrete

Short Columns. If columns fail due to initial material failure

(crushing of concrete with buckling of steel bars or yielding), it is
classified as short column.

Long Columns. Long columns are more slender thus fails nby
buckling of the member (bending deformations increase with
secondary moments, P – Δ effect).
COLUMNS - TYPES

Core – area of column out-to-out of the spirals.

Core diameter = Equal to the Total Diameter – (2 x
clear cover)
COLUMNS – REINFORCEMENTS

Use smallest
COLUMNS - LOADING
COLUMNS – FAILURE TYPES
COLUMNS – CODE REQUIREMENTS
COLUMNS – CODE REQUIREMENTS

M= P x e
e=M/P
COLUMNS – AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY
COLUMNS – AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY 1
Analysis

Pn = Pu/φ = 2079 / 0.65 = 3200 kN

COLUMNS – AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY 2
Design

8%

0.65
COLUMNS – AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
PURE AXIAL

PURE BENDING

1,2&3 – COMPRESSION ZONE

4 – BALANCED ZONE
5&6 – TENSION ZONE
COLUMNS – AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
COLUMNS – BALANCED CONDITION

e < eb : Column fails in compression

e ≥ eb : Column fails in tension
COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS
COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 1
γh

Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the column

shown that can be applied at an eccentricity of 200mm. Use
f’c = 28MPa and fy = 420MPa

Appendix A, MacGregor
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa
f’c = 28 MPa x 1ksi/6.895MPa = 4ksi
fy = 420 MPa x 1ksi/6.895MPa = 60ksi
γ = γh/h = 450/600 = 0.75

= 2(4)(π/4)(25)^2 =0.01636
400(600)

e/h = 200/600 = 0.3

COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 1

= 1.43 ksi

1.43 ksi x bh = φPn

1.43 ksi x (6.895MPa/1ksi) x 400 x 600 = φPn

φPn = 2366364 N = 2366 kN

= 0.44 ksi

0.44 ksi x bh^2 = φMn

0.44 ksi x (6.895MPa/1ksi) x 400 x 600^2 = φMn

φMn = 436867200 Nmm = 437 kNm

OR

φMn = φPn * e = 2366 kN x 0.2m = 473 kNm

COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 2
400mm.

1 ksi = 6.895 MPa

f’c = 21 MPa x 1ksi/6.895MPa = 3ksi
fy = 414 MPa x 1ksi/6.895MPa = 60ksi
COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 2
COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 2

0.65
2138461 N
2138 kN
COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 3

e = φMn / φ Pn

e = 299 / 1449 = 0.20635m or 206mm

COLUMNS – INTERACTION DIAGRAMS 3

f’c = 21 MPa x 1ksi/6.895MPa = 3ksi

fy = 414 MPa x 1ksi/6.895MPa = 60ksi
PART 7: REINFORCED CONCRETE
DETAILING
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
Lap length – the minimum length that must be provided if
two bars are joined together such that forces can be
transferred safely.

Lap length Development length

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
Beam Curtailment – To economize the design of a flexural member, the tensile bars are curtailed at the section beyond which it
is no longer required to resist To economize the design of a flexural member, the tensile bars are curtailed at the section
beyond which it is no longer required to resist flexure(bending) given that the remaining reinforcement of the flexural member
will be able to resist the bending moment and shear created on the flexural member safely. (NSCP 2015 409.7.3.3)
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
Beam Curtailment – To economize the design of a flexural member, the tensile bars are curtailed at the section beyond which it
is no longer required to resist To economize the design of a flexural member, the tensile bars are curtailed at the section
beyond which it is no longer required to resist flexure(bending) given that the remaining reinforcement of the flexural member
will be able to resist the bending moment and shear created on the flexural member safely. (NSCP 2015 409.7.3.3)

0.25L1
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
 a

L +
a
V-diagram

TEXT 1
TEXT 2
D
TEXT 3
+D -I

-D +I