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    Chapter 7

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    tewele brhane
    Bearings are structural devices that transmit loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure while accommodating movements. The main types of bearings are fixed bearings, which allow rotation but restrict translation, and expansion bearings, which allow both. Specific bearing types include sliding, rocker and pin, roller, elastomeric, curved, pot, and disk bearings. Selection of bearings considers functional requirements, available options, and cost. Elastomeric bearing design follows AASHTO guidelines for movement, sizing, stress, deflection, and stability. Railings along bridges provide protection for traffic, pedestrians, and occupants in the event of collisions.

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    Chapter 7

    Uploaded by

    tewele brhane
    53 views25 pages
    Bearings are structural devices that transmit loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure while accommodating movements. The main types of bearings are fixed bearings, which allow rotation but restrict translation, and expansion bearings, which allow both. Specific bearing types include sliding, rocker and pin, roller, elastomeric, curved, pot, and disk bearings. Selection of bearings considers functional requirements, available options, and cost. Elastomeric bearing design follows AASHTO guidelines for movement, sizing, stress, deflection, and stability. Railings along bridges provide protection for traffic, pedestrians, and occupants in the event of collisions.

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    Bearings are structural devices that transmit loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure while accommodating movements. The main types of bearings are fixed bearings, which allow rotation but restrict translation, and expansion bearings, which allow both. Specific bearing types include sliding, rocker and pin, roller, elastomeric, curved, pot, and disk bearings. Selection of bearings considers functional requirements, available options, and cost. Elastomeric bearing design follows AASHTO guidelines for movement, sizing, stress, deflection, and stability. Railings along bridges provide protection for traffic, pedestrians, and occupants in the event of collisions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views25 pages

    Chapter 7

    Uploaded by

    tewele brhane
    Bearings are structural devices that transmit loads from the bridge superstructure to the substructure while accommodating movements. The main types of bearings are fixed bearings, which allow rotation but restrict translation, and expansion bearings, which allow both. Specific bearing types include sliding, rocker and pin, roller, elastomeric, curved, pot, and disk bearings. Selection of bearings considers functional requirements, available options, and cost. Elastomeric bearing design follows AASHTO guidelines for movement, sizing, stress, deflection, and stability. Railings along bridges provide protection for traffic, pedestrians, and occupants in the event of collisions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 25

    CHAPTER 7

    Bearings and
    Railings
    BEARINGS
     Bearings are structural devices positioned between
    the bridge superstructure and the substructure.
    Their principal functions are as follows:
    1. To transmit loads from the superstructure to the
    substructure, and
    2. To accommodate relative movements between the
    superstructure and the substructure.

    2
     The forces applied to a bridge bearing mainly
    include superstructure self-weight, traffic loads,
    wind loads, and earthquake loads.
     Movements in bearings include translations and
    rotations. Creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects
    are the most common causes of the translational
    movements, which can occur in both transverse and
    longitudinal directions.
     Traffic loading, construction tolerances, and uneven
    settlement of the foundation are the common
    causes of the rotations.
    3
     Usually a bearing is connected to the superstructure
    through the use of a steel sole plate and rests on
    the substructure through a steel masonry plate.
     For concrete girders, the sole plate is embedded
    into the concrete with anchor studs.
     The masonry plate is typically connected to the
    substructure with anchor bolts.

    4
    TYPES OF BEARINGS
     Bearings may be classified as fixed bearings and
    expansion bearings.
     Fixed bearings allow rotations but restrict
    translational movements.
     Expansion bearings allow both rotational and
    translational movements.

    5
     Sliding Bearings
     A sliding bearing utilizes one plane metal plate
    sliding against another to accommodate
    translations.
     The sliding bearing surface produces a frictional
    force that is applied to the superstructure, the
    substructure, and the bearing itself. To reduce this
    friction force, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is often
    used as a sliding lubricating material.

    6
     Rocker and Pin Bearings
     A rocker bearing is a type of expansion bearing that
    comes in a great variety. It typically consists of a pin
    at top that facilitates rotations, and a curved surface
    at the bottom that accommodates the translational
    movements
     The pin at the top is composed of upper and lower
    semi-circularly recessed surfaces with a solid
    circular pin placed between. Usually, there are caps
    at both ends of the pin to keep the pin from sliding
    off the seats and to resist uplift loads if required.
    7
     The upper plate is connected to the sole plate by
    either bolting or welding. The lower curved plate sits
    on the masonry plate. To prevent the rocker from
    walking, keys are used to keep the rocker in place.

    8
     Roller Bearings
     Roller bearings are composed of one or more rollers
    between two parallel steel plates. Single roller
    bearings can facilitate both rotations and
    translations in the longitudinal direction, while a
    group of rollers would only accommodate
    longitudinal translations. In the latter case, the
    rotations are provided by combining rollers with a
    pin bearing

    9
     Roller bearings have been used in both steel and
    concrete bridges. Single roller bearings are relatively
    cheap to manufacture, but they only have a very
    limited vertical load capacity. Multiple roller
    bearings, on the other hand, may be able to support
    very large loads, but they are much more expensive.

    10
    11
    12
    13
     Elastomeric Bearings
     An elastomeric bearing is made of elastomer (either
    natural or synthetic rubber). It accommodates both
    translational and rotational movements through the
    deformation of the elastomer.
     Elastomer is flexible in shear but very stiff against
    volumetric change. Under compressive load, the
    elastomer expands laterally. To sustain large load
    without excessive deflection, reinforcement is used
    to restrain lateral bulging of the elastomer.

    14
     Curved Bearings
     A curved bearing consists of two matching curved
    plates with one sliding against the other to
    accommodate rotations.
     The curved surface can be either cylindrical which
    allows the rotation about only one axis or spherical
    which allows the bearing to rotate about any axis.
     Lateral movements are restrained in a pure curved
    bearing and a limited lateral resistance may be
    developed through a combination of the curved
    geometry and the gravity loads.
    15
     Pot Bearings
     A pot bearing comprises a plain elastomeric disk
    that is confined in a shallow steel ring, or pot.
    Vertical loads are transmitted through a steel piston
    that fits closely to the steel ring (pot wall).

    16
    17
    18
     Disk Bearings
     A disk bearing, as illustrated in Figure 26.3c, utilizes
    a hard elastomeric (polyether urethane) disk to
    support the vertical loads and a metal key in the
    center of the bearing to resist horizontal loads.
     The rotational movements are accommodated
    through the deformation of the elastomer. To
    accommodate translational movements, however, a
    PTFE slider is required.

    19
     Selection of Bearings
     Generally the objective of bearing selection is to
    choose a bearing system that suits the needs with a
    minimum overall cost. The following procedures may
    be used for the selection of the bearings.

    1. Determination of Functional Requirements


    2. Evaluation of Bearings
    3. Preliminary Bearing Design

    20
    DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC
    BEARINGS
     The design procedure is according to AASHTO-LRFD [1] and is as follows:
     1. Determine girder temperature movement (Art. 5.4.2.2).
     2. Determine girder shortenings due to post-tensioning, concrete
    shrinkage, etc.
     3. Select a bearing thickness based on the bearing total movement
    requirements (Art. 14.7.5.3.4).
     4. Compute the bearing size based on bearing compressive stress (Art.
    14.7.5.3.2).
     5. Compute instantaneous compressive deflection (Art. 14.7.5.3.3).
     6. Combine bearing maximum rotation.
     7. Check bearing compression and rotation (Art. 14.7.5.3.5).
     8. Check bearing stability (Art. 14.7.5.3.6).
     9. Check bearing steel reinforcement (Art. 14.7.5.3.7).

    21
    22
    Design Example

    23
    RAILINGS

    Railings are provided along edges of bridges for


    protection of traffic and pedestrian. There are
    three types of railings.
     1. Traffic railings

     2. Pedestrian railings

     3. Combination railings
    RAILINGS
    Purposes
     - primarily containing the average vehicle

     - protecting the occupants of a vehicle in


    collision with the railing
     - protecting other vehicles near the collision

     - protecting people and property on roadway


    and nearby areas underneath

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