Chapter two

Representation of power system components

• Outlines

 Single-phase solution of balanced three - phase networks

 One-line diagram and impedance or reactance diagram

 Per unit (p.u.) system

1
 Power System Representation
Symbolic Representation of Elements of a Power System Equipment

2
 A One-Line Diagram of a Power System
 The interconnections of the power system components can be represented
by one-line diagram.
 A power system containing two synchronous machines, two loads, two
busses, two transformers, and a transmission line to connect busses together.

 All devices has protected by oil circuit breakers (OCBs). We notice that the
diagram indicates the type of connection for each machine and transformer,
and also the points in the system connected to the ground.
3
 Single phase representation of balanced three phase system

For reference phase a voltage Ea= (Zg+ZL)Ia

Voltage and current in other phases have the same magnitude but phase shift by 1200
4
Consider three phase transformer from three phase system
Three identical single phase two winding transformer may be connected to form three phase
transformer
The winding can be connected in four ways: Δ –Δ, Υ-Δ, Δ-Υ and Υ-Υ

(a) schematic representation of 3-phase Υ-Υ transformer

Three phase two winding transformer bank Υ-Υ, (b)single phase equivalent Υ-Υ transformer (c) single line diagram
5
 IMPEDANCE AND REACTANCE DIAGRAMS
In a power system analysis it is necessary to draw an equivalent circuit for the
system. This diagram is shown as an impedance diagrams.
Short-circuit analysis is sufficient to consider only reactance neglecting
resistances.
For 3-phase balanced systems, it is simpler to represent the system by a single
line diagram without losing the identity of the 3-phase system.
Thus, single line reactance diagrams can be drawn for calculations as shown
below.

6
The one-line diagram may serve as the basis for a circuit representation components
of the power system is impedance diagram or a reactance diagram if resistances are
neglected.

a) Impedance diagram (b) Equivalent single-line reactance diagram

 Neglecting all resistance, static loads and capacitance of the TL

7
 PER-UNIT REPRESENTATION

 A per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of base

unit quantity.
 Irrespective of their ratings of machines expressed in per unit system of their
ratings, making the calculations easy.
 While performing calculations, transferring quantities from one side of the
transformer to the other side serious errors may be committed. This can be
avoided by using per unit system.
 The Per Unit System makes the calculations are simplified because quantities
expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a
transformer to the other.
 Values for voltage, current, power, impendence and admittance calculate in
same unit. 8
 For all per unit calculations a base kV, base kVA or base MVA are to be chosen

• Definition:

 Base values can be determined by three ways

• Taking the largest value
• Taking the total sum
• Any arbitrary
Base Values:
• Base voltage = Rated voltage of the machine = VB
base KVA base KVA
• Base current = Rated current of the machine = IB= = base KV = 3 [base KV (Iine-to-line)]

• Base power = Base voltage x Base current = PB

(base K V)2 x 1000
• Base impedance = Base voltage / Base current = ZB = = base K V A per phase =
• Base Admittance = 9
Per Unit Values:
• Per-unit voltage = Actual Voltage / Base Voltage
• Per-unit current = Actual Current / Base Current
• Per-unit impedance = Actual Impedance / Base Impedance

 The impedance of transmission line are expressed in ohms but can be converted to per unit
values.

• Change of base
• Some instances it is necessary to convert these per-unit values with different power and
voltage bases to one common base.

10
 Example 1:
• Assuming a 100 MVA apparent power base and the nominal base voltages
shown in below figure, the following is a conversion of the impedances and
the measured voltages to per-unit quantities.
Per-Unit Impedance Calculations:
 Procedure for Per Unit Analysis Power System
1. Pick S Base for the system.
2. Pick VBase according to line-to-line voltage (largest value).
3. Calculate Z Base for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u. quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

13
 How to Choose Base Values ?
• Divide circuit into zones by transformers.
• Specify two base values out of I B ,VB , Z B , S B ; for example, S Base and VBase
• Specify voltage base in the ratio of zone line to line voltage.

V1 :V2 V2 :V3 V3 :V4

Source

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

VBase1 VBase2 VBase3 VBase4
S Base VBase1
I Base1  Z Base1 
VBase1 I Base1
14
 Example 2:

 Given a one line diagram,

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Z line  10  j100
~ Z load  300

5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X l1  0.1p.u. X l 2  0.08p.u.

Find I g , I t -line , I load , Vload and Pload.

 Step 1, 2, and 3: Base Values

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Z line  10  j100
~ Z load  300

5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X l1  0.1p.u. X l 2  0.08p.u.

S B  10MVA
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
VB1  13.8kV First chosen VB2 = 138 kV VB2  138kV VB3  69kV
Max. Value in power system
2
138k 
2 2

Z B1 
VBl1l

13.8k  2
 19.04 Z B2 
VBl 2 l

2
 1904 Z B3 
VBl 3 l

69k 
2
 476
SB 10M SB 10M SB 10M

S B31 10M S B3 10M S B3 10M

I B1    418.4 I B2  2
  41.84 I B3  3
  83.67
3 VBl1-l 3 13.8k 3V l -l
B2 3 138k 3 VBl-3l 3  69k
16
 Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities

X l 2  0.08p.u.

+ old
Z p.u.Z Bold
- Z new
 Z load 300
p.u.
Z new Z load,p.u.    0.63
B Z B3 476

X l1,p.u. 

0.1 13.2k  5M
2
 0.183

19.04

Z line 10  j100
 5.25 103 1  j10
Vg 13.2kV
Vg,p.u.    0.960 Z line,p.u.  
VB1 13.8kV Z B2 1904

17
 Step 5: One Phase Diagram & Solve

X l1,p.u.  0.183 Z line,p.u.  5.25 103 1  j10 X l 2  0.08

+ Vg,p.u.  0.960
- Z load,p.u.  0.63

Vg,p.u. 0.960
I load,p.u.    1.35  26.4
Z total,p.u. 0.70926.4
Vload,p.u.  I load,p.u.Z load,p.u.  0.8505  26.4
Sload,p.u.  Vload,p.u.I load,
*
p.u.  1.148

I g,p.u.  I t -line,p.u.  I load,p.u.  1.35  26.4

18
 Step 6: Convert back to actual quantities

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Z line  10  j100
~ Z load  300

5 MVA 10 MVA Vload,p.u.  0.8505  26.4

13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X l1  0.1p.u. X l 2  0.08p.u. Sload,p.u.  1.148

I g,p.u.  I t -line,p.u.  I load,p.u.  1.35  26.4

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

I g  I g,p.u.I B1 I t -line  I t -line,p.u.I B2 I load  I load,p.u.I B3

Vload  Vload,p.u.VB3
Sload  Sload,p.u.SB
19
 Example 3:
 A power system consists of one synchronous generator and one synchronous motor
connected by two transformers and a transmission line. Create a per-phase, per-unit
equivalent circuit of this power system using a base apparent power of 100 MVA and a
base line voltage of the generator G1 of 13.8 kV.
• Given that:
• G1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 0.9 pu
• T1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8/110 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu
• T2 ratings: 50 MVA, 120/14.4 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu
• M ratings: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 1.1 pu
• L1 impedance: R = 15 , X = 75 .

20
To create a per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit, we need first to calculate the impedances
of each component in the power system in per-unit to the system base. The system base
apparent power is Sbase = 100 MVA everywhere in the power system. The base voltage in the
three regions will vary as the voltage ratios of the transformers.
These base voltages are:
The corresponding base impedances in each region are:

The impedances of G1 and T1 are specified in per-unit on a base of 13.8 kV and 100 MVA,
which is the same as the system base in Region 1. Therefore, the per-unit resistances and
reactances of these components on the system base are unchanged:

RG1,pu = 0.1 per unit

XG1,pu = 0.9 per unit
RT1,pu = 0.01 per unit
XT1,pu = 0.05 per unit
There is a transmission line in Region 2 of the power system. The impedance of the line is
specified in ohms, and the base impedance in that region is 121 . Therefore, the per-unit
resistance and reactance of the transmission line are:

15
Rline , system   0.124 perunit
121
75
X line , system   0.620 perunit
121

The impedance of T2 is specified in per-unit on a base of 14.4 kV and 50 MVA in Region 3.

Therefore, the per-unit resistances and reactances of this component on the system base are:

per  unitZnew  per  unitZ given Vgiven Vnew   Snew S given 

2

RT 2, pu  0.0114.4 / 13.2 100 / 50  0.0238pu

2

X T 2, pu  0.0514.4 / 13.2 100 / 50  0.119 pu

2
The impedance of M2 is specified in per-unit on a base of 13.8 kV and 50 MVA in Region 3.
Therefore, the per-unit resistances and reactances of this component on the system base are:

per  unitZnew  per  unitZ given Vgiven Vnew   Snew S given 

2

RM 2, pu  0.113.8 / 13.2 100 / 50  0.219 pu

2

X M 2, pu  1.113.8 / 13.2 100 / 50  2.405 pu

2

Therefore, the per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of this power system is shown below: