Morality - Theo

Man: Rational and Free Agent
Rationality – to reason, think, analyze, educate, etc.
*The extent of our KNOWLEDGE and FREEDOM determine the extent of our responsibility.
*The end of all these is our desire to live a well-lived life.
*A well-lived life is a happy life
*Happiness and living well is related to the GOOD and what we VALUE in life.
Good – the goal or fulfillment of being a man.
The end or the object of the will – faculty of volition.
Driving force of human action
REAL or OBJECTIVE
Apparent good – they may appear to be good, but in reality, they are not; vices
Objectively good – health, knowledge
Value – assessment of worth
It is what an individual or group deems to be useful, significant or desirable.
It constitutes a large part of who we are and how we live which would affect our life.
People, objects, places, events, situations or occasions have values.
OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE
Objective value – intrinsic value; is independent of the assessment of men, of individuals or group of
individuals. Ex: health, humans, person, knowledge, etc.
Subjective value – sentimental value; are those that are concerned by individuals on certain objects or
situation; dependent on the estimation or valuation of individuals. Ex: friends, old picture of my
family/family, etc.
*Values have certain RANKING or HIERARCHY; one may be higher or more significant than others.
*There is an objective ranking of values this ranking is not dependent on the reference of individuals.
*MATERIAL VALUES are necessarily lower in rank compared to SPIRITUAL VALUES.
*The VALUE OF PERSON is higher than the VALUE OF MONEY; the VALUE OF EDUCATION AND
KNOWLEDGE is higher than the VALUE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
*The more spiritual, the higher the value; the more material, the lower the value
Values – formed by experiences
Inseparable from the endlessly changing experiences of man’s life.

Types of values: MATERIAL, SOCIETAL, AESTHETIC, RELIGIOUS or MORAL
*What we value in the realm of human conduct is called MORAL VALUES like life, justice, honestly, love.
Lived experience – is the awareness on the part of the individual that when he performs or does a
certain action, he is aware that he is the author of the act; that he is the agent of the action.
Sense experience – sensible experience; focus on the external object; the experience of our senses;
sight hearing, taste, touch, smell
Lived experience – the awareness on the part of the individual that when he performs or does a certain
action, he is aware that he is the author of the act.
Nature of Ethics or Moral Philosophy
Philosophy and moral ethics
Philosophy – self-love; philo-love; Sophia-wisdom; love for wisdom; constant search for wisdom or truth
- Concerned with the underlying cause and meaning of reality including our existence and
actions or human conduct.
Three Kinds of Love
Eros – self-love; selfish, physical or sensual kind of love
Desires what is good for the self
Philo/Philia – friendly love; a love of a person or friend
- Loving someone and expects that someone would love you back
- Seek for companionship
Agape – unconditional love
Love of mankind
Ex: love of a parent to his child
Areas or Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics – study of reality
Logic – study of correct thinking
Epistemology – study of knowledge
Ethics – study of the morality of human conduct
ETHICS AND MORALITY

Ethics – concerned with the question whether a human action is good or bad, right or wrong, moral or
immoral, ethical or non-ethical/unethical; ethos (character)
Ethical – following certain rules or guidelines
Ethical code – set of rules that defines allowable actions or correct behavior.
Morality – refers only to human acts, that is, actions which proceed for man’s rationality; actions done
with knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness.
Amoral – actions with no moral character
Human acts – proceeded from our reason, knowledge, freedom, voluntariness
Acts of man – amoral; does not came from our reason, hence, you aren’t held responsible from it.
Norm or standard of morality – basis
Amoral – acts that are ethically neutral; do not have a moral value
Non-moral – out of the realm of morality; inanimate objects
- Can be moral or immoral
Manners or etiquette – concerned with something or an act or behavior is socially acceptable or follows
a certain social or cultural practice; social preference
ORIGIN OF MORALITY
Objective origin
a. Values are given by a supernatural being

b. Values are part of the fabric nature
c. Values are part of the “furniture” of the world
Subjective origin – the origin of value is related to human beings
- Customary or traditional morality – refers to the moral systems handed down through
custom, from generation to generation; static morality
- Reflective morality – refers to the moral ideas are carefully examined and tested
Application of Morality
Religion – relation between human beings and supernatural being
Nature – morality determined by relation between human being and nature
Individuality – morality determined by the relation the individual has to him or herself
Society – morality determined by relation between human being and society
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Law – ordinance of reason
Eternal law – expression of God’s providence; based on his divine intelligence
Divine law – law of God as expressed in the revelation
Natural law – law of God as understood by human reason
Human law – is the ordinance of man which could either be legal

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Man: Rational and Free Agent

Rationality – to reason, think, analyze, educate, etc.

*The end of all these is our desire to live a well-lived life.

*A well-lived life is a happy life

Good – the goal or fulfillment of being a man.

The end or the object of the will – faculty of volition.

Driving force of human action

Objectively good – health, knowledge

Value – assessment of worth

It is what an individual or group deems to be useful, significant or desirable.

People, objects, places, events, situations or occasions have values.

*MATERIAL VALUES are necessarily lower in rank compared to SPIRITUAL VALUES.

Values – formed by experiences

Inseparable from the endlessly changing experiences of man’s life.

Nature of Ethics or Moral Philosophy

Philosophy and moral ethics

Three Kinds of Love

Eros – self-love; selfish, physical or sensual kind of love

Desires what is good for the self

Philo/Philia – friendly love; a love of a person or friend

Agape – unconditional love

Ex: love of a parent to his child

Areas or Branches of Philosophy

Metaphysics – study of reality

Logic – study of correct thinking

Epistemology – study of knowledge

Ethics – study of the morality of human conduct

ETHICS AND MORALITY

Amoral – actions with no moral character

Human acts – proceeded from our reason, knowledge, freedom, voluntariness

Norm or standard of morality – basis

Non-moral – out of the realm of morality; inanimate objects

- Can be moral or immoral

a. Values are given by a supernatural being

Subjective origin – the origin of value is related to human beings

Religion – relation between human beings and supernatural being

Nature – morality determined by relation between human being and nature

Society – morality determined by relation between human being and society

Eternal law – expression of God’s providence; based on his divine intelligence

Divine law – law of God as expressed in the revelation

Natural law – law of God as understood by human reason

Human law – is the ordinance of man which could either be legal

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