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Domain Name System - DNS: % Telnet 134.82.11.70

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which provides translation between symbolic domain names that are easy for humans to remember (e.g. www.example.com) and numeric IP addresses needed for computers to connect to services and applications. DNS establishes a hierarchical naming system and uses a distributed database across servers that are authoritative for different domains. When a client needs to resolve a domain name to an IP address, the DNS resolver queries DNS servers in a recursive manner until it reaches the authoritative server that can provide the correct IP address mapping for that domain.

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Muraru Mihaela
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85 views7 pages

Domain Name System - DNS: % Telnet 134.82.11.70

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which provides translation between symbolic domain names that are easy for humans to remember (e.g. www.example.com) and numeric IP addresses needed for computers to connect to services and applications. DNS establishes a hierarchical naming system and uses a distributed database across servers that are authoritative for different domains. When a client needs to resolve a domain name to an IP address, the DNS resolver queries DNS servers in a recursive manner until it reaches the authoritative server that can provide the correct IP address mapping for that domain.

Uploaded by

Muraru Mihaela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Domain Name System - DNS

Introduction
 IP assigns 32-bit addresses to hosts
(interfaces)
o Binary addresses easy for computers to

manage
o All applications use IP addresses

through the TCP/IP protocol software


o Difficult for humans to remember:

% telnet 134.82.11.70
 The Domain Name System (DNS) provides
translation between symbolic names and IP
addresses
Example DNS hierarchy

 DNS domains are logical concepts and


need not correspond to physical location of
organizations
 DNS domain for an organization can span
multiple networks

2
DNS and client-server computing
 DNS names are managed by a hierarchy of
DNS servers
 Hierarchy is related to DNS domain
hierarchy

3
 Root server at top of tree knows about next
level servers
 Next level servers, in turn, know about
lower level servers

4
Name resolution
 Resolver software typically available as
library procedures
o Implement DNS application protocol

o Configured for local servers

o Example - UNIX gethostbyname

 Calling program is client


o Constructs DNS protocol message - a

DNS request
o Sends message to local DNS server

 DNS server resolves name


o Constructs DNS protocol message - a

DNS reply
o Sends message to client program and

waits for next request

5
Using DNS servers

 Each DNS server is the authoritative


server for the names it manages
 If request contains name managed by
receiving server, that server replies directly
 Otherwise, request must be forwarded to
the appropriate authoritative server

 DNS request is forwarded to root server, which


points at next server to use
 Eventually, authoritative server is located and
IP address is returned
 DNS server hierarchy traversal is called
iterative resolution
 Applications use recursive iteration and ask
DNS server to handle traversal

 Servers and hosts use caching to reduce the


number of DNS requests
o Cache is a list of recently resolved

names and IP addresses


o Authoritative server include time-to-

live with each reply


Types of DNS entries
6
 DNS can hold several types of records
 Each record includes
o Domain name

o Record type

o Data value

 A records map from domain name to IP address


o Domain name - regulus

o Record type - A

o Data value - 134.82.11.70

 Other types:
o MX (Mail eXchanger) - maps domain name

used as e-mail destination to IP address


o CNAME - alias from one domain name to

another
 Result - name that works with one application
may not work with another!

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