Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

Fast and Small

What are the Costs of Language Features

Andreas Fertig
https://www.AndreasFertig.Info
[email protected]
@Andreas__Fertig

fertig
adjective /ˈfɛrtɪç/

finished
ready
complete
completed

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 2

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

pay only for what you use

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 3

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auto

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 4

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

decltype(auto)
1
2
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = (foo);
9 decltype(auto) d = (foo);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

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decltype(auto)
1
2
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = (foo);
9 decltype(auto) d = (foo);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

$ ./a.out
a: 1 b: 1 c: 1 d: 2

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

decltype(auto)
1 #define MAX(x,y) (((x) > (y)) ? (x) : (y))
2
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = MAX(a, b);
9 decltype(auto) d = MAX(a, b);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

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decltype(auto)
1 #define RANDOM_MACRO(x) (x++)
2
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
9 decltype(auto) d = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 8

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

decltype(auto)
1 #define RANDOM_MACRO(x) (x++)
2
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
9 decltype(auto) d = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

$ ./a.out
a: 1 b: 1 c: 1 d: 2

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decltype(auto)
1
2 #define RANDOM_MACRO(x) (++x)
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
9 decltype(auto) d = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 10

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© 2019 Andreas Fertig

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

decltype(auto)
1
2 #define RANDOM_MACRO(x) (++x)
3 int foo = 1;
4
5 auto a = foo;
6 decltype(auto) b = foo;
7
8 auto c = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
9 decltype(auto) d = RANDOM_MACRO(foo);
10
11 ++foo;
12
13 printf(”a: %d b: %d c: %d d: %d\n”, a, b, c, d);

$ ./a.out
a: 1 b: 1 c: 2 d: 4

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return (x);

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

return (x);

[...] A function returns to its caller by means of the return state-

“ ment, which has one of the forms
return ;
return ( expression ) ; [...]”
— C-Reference-Manual § 9.10 [1]

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1 std::vector<int> numbers{1, 2, 3, 5};

2
3 for(auto it = numbers.begin(); it != numbers.end(); ++it)
4 {
5 printf(”%d\n”, *it);
6 }

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 14

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

range-based for

1 std::vector<int> numbers{1, 2, 3, 5};

2
3 for(auto & it : numbers)
4 {
5 printf(”%d\n”, it);
6 }

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range-based for - Behind The Scenes

1 {
2 auto && __range = for−range−initializer;
3
4 for ( auto __begin = begin−expr,
5 __end = end−expr;
6 __begin != __end;
7 ++__begin ) {
8 for−range−declaration = *__begin;
9 statement
10 }
11 }

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 16

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

int main()
{
[] () {} ();
}

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Lambdas

1 int main()
2 {
3 int x = 1;
4
5 auto lambda = [&]() { ++x; };
6
7 lambda();
8
9 return x;
10 }

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 18

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

Lambdas
1 int main()
2 {
3 std::string foo;
4
5 auto a = [=] () { printf( ”%s\n”, foo.c_str()); };
6
7 auto b = [=] () { };
8
9 auto c = [foo] () { printf( ”%s\n”, foo.c_str()); };
10
11 auto d = [foo] () { };
12
13 auto e = [&foo] () { printf( ”%s\n”, foo.c_str()); };
14
15 auto f = [&foo] () { };
16 }

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Structured Bindings

1 struct Point
2 {
3 int x;
4 int y;
5 };
6
7 Point pt{1,2};
8 auto [ax, ay] = pt;

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 20

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

Structured Bindings - Lookup-Order

■ The compiler takes several steps to find a possible decomposition:

a) Array
b) tuple_size
c) Class with only public members.

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Structured Bindings - User Class

1 class Point {
2 public:
3 constexpr Point(double x, double y) noexcept : mX(x), mY(y) {}
4
5 constexpr double GetX() const noexcept { return mX; }
6 constexpr double GetY() const noexcept { return mY; }
7
8 constexpr void SetX(double x) noexcept { mX = x; }
9 constexpr void SetY(double y) noexcept { mY = y; }
10 private:
11 double mX, mY;
12 };

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

Structured Bindings - User Class

■ We can enable decomposition of any class:

■ The compiler searches for std::tuple_size of the class.
■ std::tuple_size<T> number of decomposable elements in the class.
■ std::tuple_element<I, T> type of the element at index I.
■ T::get<I> class method template to access element I of the class.

1 template<> struct std::tuple_size<Point> : std::integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};

2 template<> struct std::tuple_element<0, Point> { using type = double; };
3 template<> struct std::tuple_element<1, Point> { using type = double; };
4
5 class Point {
6 public:
7 constexpr Point(double x, double y) noexcept : mX(x), mY(y) {}
8
9 constexpr double GetX() const noexcept { return mX; }
10 constexpr double GetY() const noexcept { return mY; }
11
12 constexpr void SetX(double x) noexcept { mX = x; }
13 constexpr void SetY(double y) noexcept { mY = y; }
14 private:
15 double mX, mY;
16 };

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Structured Bindings - User Class

1 template<> struct std::tuple_size<Point> : std::integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};

2 template<> struct std::tuple_element<0, Point> { using type = double; };
3 template<> struct std::tuple_element<1, Point> { using type = double; };
4
5 class Point {
6 public:
7 constexpr Point(double x, double y) noexcept : mX(x), mY(y) {}
8
9 constexpr double GetX() const noexcept { return mX; }
10 constexpr double GetY() const noexcept { return mY; }
11
12 constexpr void SetX(double x) noexcept { mX = x; }
13 constexpr void SetY(double y) noexcept { mY = y; }
14 private:
15 double mX, mY;
16
17 public:
18
19 template<size_t N>
20 constexpr decltype(auto) get() const noexcept {
21 if constexpr(N == 1) { return GetX(); }
22 else if constexpr(N == 0) { return mY; }
23 }
24 };

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

What do we know about

static
?

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 25

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static

1 Singleton& Singleton::Instance()
2 {
3 static Singleton singleton;
4
5 return singleton;
6 }

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 26

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

static

[...] Dynamic initialization of a block-scope variable with static storage dura-

“ tion (3.7.1) or thread storage duration (3.7.2) is performed the first time con-
trol passes through its declaration; such a variable is considered initialized
upon the completion of its initialization. [...]”
— N4640 § 6.7 p4 [2]

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How does this work?

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

static - Block

1 Singleton& Singleton::Instance()
2 {
3 static bool __compiler_computed;
4 static char singleton[sizeof(Singleton)];
5
6 if( !__compiler_computed ) {
7 new (&singleton) Singleton;
8 __compiler_computed = true;
9 }
10
11 return *reinterpret_cast<Singleton*>(&singleton);
12 }

Conceptual what the compiler generates.

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static - Block

[...] If the initialization exits by throwing an exception, the initial-

“ ization is not complete, so it will be tried again the next time con-
trol enters the declaration. If control enters the declaration con-
currently while the variable is being initialized, the concurrent ex-
ecution shall wait for completion of the initialization. If control re-
enters the declaration recursively while the [...]”
— N3337 § 6.7 p4 [3]

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

Thread-safe?

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 31

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static - Block

1 Singleton& Singleton::Instance()
2 {
3 static int __compiler_computed;
4 static char singleton[sizeof(Singleton)];
5
6 if( !__compiler_computed ) {
7 if( __cxa_guard_acquire(__compiler_computed) ) {
8 new (&singleton) Singleton;
9 __compiler_computed = true;
10 __cxa_guard_release(__compiler_computed);
11 }
12 }
13
14 return *reinterpret_cast<Singleton*>(&singleton);
15 }

Conceptual what the compiler generates. See [4] for details.

Andreas Fertig Fast and Small 32

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

I am Fertig.

https://cppinsights.io

Available online: Images by Franziska Panter:

https://www.AndreasFertig.Info https://panther- concepts.de

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Used Compilers

■ Compilers used to compile (most of) the examples.

■ g++-8-20170910 (GCC) 8.0.0 20170910 (experimental)
■ clang version 8.0.0 (https://github.com/llvm-mirror/clang.git 44951dc4dbb129fc49bf58f3e0a085725d36c29f) (https://github.com/llvm-mirror/llvm.git
ff433298cd82147b0aaf4c87c81eb4348ff11790)

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

References

[1] Ritchie D. M., “C reference manual”, 1980. https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman.pdf

[2] Smith R., “Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++”, N4640, Feb. 2016. http://wg21.link/n4640

[3] Toit S. D., “Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++”, N3337, Jan. 2012. http://wg21.link/n3337

[4] “cxa_guard”. www.opensource.apple.com/source/libcppabi/libcppabi-14/src/cxa_guard.cxx

Images:
4: Franziska Panter
36: Franziska Panter

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Upcoming Events

■ C++: Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features, Cpp Europe, February 26 2019

■ C++1x für eingebettete Systeme kompakt, Seminar QA Systems, November 14 2018

■ C++ Templates - die richtige Dosis kompakt, Seminar QA Systems, November 15 2018

To keep in the loop, periodically check my Talks and Training (https://andreasfertig.info/

talks.html) page.

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© 2019 Andreas Fertig

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 Fast and Small - What are the Costs of Language Features

About Andreas Fertig

Andreas holds an M.S. in Computer Science from Karlsruhe University of Applied Sci-
ences. Since 2010 he has been a software developer and architect for Philips Medical
Systems focusing on embedded systems. He has a profound knowledge of C++ and is a
frequent SG14 member.

He works freelance as a lecturer and trainer. Besides this he develops macOS applica-
tions and is the creator of cppinsights.io

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© 2019 Andreas Fertig

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