ORAL COMMUNICATION
Elements of Communication
Speaker- the source of information or message.
Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions.
Encoding- the process of converting the message into words or actions.
Channel- the medium or the means
Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message into words or actions.
Receiver- the recipient of the message or decoder.
Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.
Context- the environment where communication takes place.
Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication.
Process of Communication
The speaker generates an idea.
“ “ encodes an idea .
“ “ transmits or sends out a message.
the receiver gets the message.
The receiver decodes or interpret the message based on the context.
The receiver sends or provides feedback.
Models of Communication
Shannon- Weaver Model
Known as the mother of all communication models.
Depicts communication as a linear or one- way process.
Consisting of five elements:
Source
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Destination
Transaction Model
Two- way process with inclusion of feedback as one element
Schramm Model
-proposed by Wilbur Schramm in the late 1940s.
- The Schramm model views communication as a process that takes place between a sender
(transmitter) and a receiver: there will be also a message, and a medium through which the message
can be transmitted (Schramm, 1948).
Functions of Communication:
Control- communication functions to control behaviour
Social Interaction- Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
Motivation- Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
Emotional Expression- communication facilitates people`s expression of their feelings and
emotions.
Iinformation Dissemination- Communication functions to convey informations
7 C`s
Completeness - Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in
general.
Conciseness- making it direct or straight to the point.
Consideration- the speaker should always consider relevant information about the receiver.
Concreteness- effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by the
facts, figures, and real- life examples and situations.
Courtsey- speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of
his/ her receivers.
Clearness- implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas.
Correctness- correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.
Barriers to Communications
Emotional Barriers
Use of Jargons
Lack of Confidence
Noisy Environment
Verbal Communication- refers to interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
Appropriateness
Brevity- speakers use simple yet precise and powerful words
Clarity
Ethics- words carefully chosen/ consideration
Vividness – or creatively describe things
Nonverbal Communication- human responses that are not expressed in words .
Intercultural Communication – happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings
while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds.
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity - Dr. Milton Bennett
DMIS Stages:
Denial: inability to recognize cultural differences and to perceive different cultures.
Defense: -Recognition of cultural differences
-negative evaluations of the other cultures
Minimization: -Everyone is the same
-Ignore the influence of cultural difference.
Acceptance: - accept that we are all different.
Recognize and appreciate cultural differences.
No culture is good or bad.
Adaptation: - see culture as more flexible.
May intentionally change own behaviour to communicate more effectively in another
culture.
Integration: - acceptance of an identity that is not based in any culture .
- Self is expanded to include the movement in and out of different cultural worldviews.
Speech Context
Intrapersonal- a communication that centers in one person, where the speaker acts both as the
sender and receiver of the message.
Interpersonal- a communication between and among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
- Dyad Communication: Communication that occurs between 2 people.
- Small Group: communication that involves at least 3 but not more than 10 persons.
Public- a communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a
group.
Mass Communication- a communication that takes place through television, radio, newspaper…
Types of Speech Styles
Intimate- this style is private, occurs between/ among close family members or intimate
individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
Casual- this style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, street language, gay
language, or vulgar words are used.
Consultative- This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is
a must in this style. Ex: doctor and patient
Formal- used in formal settings. Unlike Consultive this is one- way. Ex: SONA of the
President, Sermons by the priests.
Frozen- this style is frozen. Remains, in time, and unchanged. Ex: Preamble
Speech Acts – it is a utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
3 Types of Speech Acts:
Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said.
PERFORMATIVE UTTERANCE- introduced by Austin
- Statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it.
- Performatives- verbs that execute the speech act that they intend to effect.
Searle`s Classification of Speech Arts
1. Assertive- A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Ex: No one makes better pancakes than I do.
2. Directive- the speaker tries to make the adrdressee perform an action. Some examples of it are
asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
3. Commissive- commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of it are
promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
4. Expressive- the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples are
thanking, apologizing, welcoming, deploring.
5. Declaration- brings change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into
existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of it are blessing,
flirting, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
Types of Communicative Strategies
1. Nomination- A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish
a topic. ( beginning a topic in a conversation)
2. Restriction- refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker.
3. Turn- taking- given unequal opportunities to talk because others take much time during
the conversation.
4. Topic Control- covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of
topics in conversations.
5. Topic Shifting- as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another.
6. Repair- refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
7. Termination- refers to the conversation participants’ close- initiating expressions that end
a topic in a conversation.
