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Intellectual Revolution Reasearch

The document discusses three major intellectual revolutions: 1) The Copernican Revolution shifted the understanding of the universe from geocentric to heliocentric, centered around the Sun. This marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. 2) The Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, challenging religious beliefs that species were created immutable. Darwin undermined the idea that nature showed evidence of design. 3) The Freudian Revolution developed the theory of the unconscious mind and how it influences behavior, affecting how humans see themselves as not fully in control of their thoughts and actions.

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Elaine Fiona Villafuerte
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463 views

Intellectual Revolution Reasearch

The document discusses three major intellectual revolutions: 1) The Copernican Revolution shifted the understanding of the universe from geocentric to heliocentric, centered around the Sun. This marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. 2) The Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, challenging religious beliefs that species were created immutable. Darwin undermined the idea that nature showed evidence of design. 3) The Freudian Revolution developed the theory of the unconscious mind and how it influences behavior, affecting how humans see themselves as not fully in control of their thoughts and actions.

Uploaded by

Elaine Fiona Villafuerte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Elaine Fiona R.

Villafuerte
BSMA-2

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS RESEARCH

Instructions
Research and briefly discuss the following and answer the questions below.:
- COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
- DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
- FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

1) How does science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs in the context
of the three revolution mentioned above.

2) Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the world.

DISCUSSIONS:

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
 Modern science was born out of an effort over many centuries to understand the motions
of celestial bodies. There are two competing models that were proposed, these are
Geocentric and Heliocentric. It is a shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric
understanding of the universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding,
centered around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus in
the 16th Century. This shift marked the start of a broader Scientific Revolution that set the
foundations of modern science and allowed science to flourish as an autonomous
discipline within its own right. The final success of the heliocentric model relied on
crucial philosophical insights and technological advances.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 In 1859, there was a groundbreaking revolution of both the scientific and religious
realms: the origin of species, authored by Charles Darwin, was published. Darwin’s
revolutionary theory was that new species arise naturally, by a process of evolution,
rather than having been created—forever immutable—by God. According to the well-
established creationist theory of Darwin’s day, the exquisite adaptations of many species
—such as the hinges of the bivalve shell and the wings and plumes on seeds dispersed by
air—were compelling evidence that a “designer” had created each species for its intended
place in the economy of nature. Darwin had wholeheartedly accepted this theory, which
was bolstered by the biblical account in Genesis, until his experiences in the Galápagos
Islands began to undermine this way of thinking about the biological world.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 Freudianism, like Darwinism, ma be called revolutionary that it’s not merely introduces
fresh conceptions to a particular field of inquiry but in some measure affects all our
thinking, bringing out a general revolution of ideas. This is true because after the first
shock, such influences are hard to sustain and readily collapse in vulgarizations; this is
illustrated in the extent to which the catch-phrase “wishful thinking” has replaced study
and understanding of the Freudian doctrine of the wish, and vulgar notions of ”the
struggle of existence” provide a parallel case. But one important feature of Freudianism is
that it explains this very fact that it exhibits the protection of customary views by a
pretended assimilation of new ones as conforming to a regular mechanism of defense.
Elaine Fiona R. Villafuerte
BSMA-2

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS RESEARCH

ANSWERS:
1) Science and Technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs on the contexts given
is that the scientific ideas change the way we think about the world and our place in it.
Nicolaus Copernicus developed a heliocentric view of the cosmos that displaced humans
from the physical center of the universe. Charles Darwin developed an evolutionary
theory that placed humans firmly within the organismic order of nature and it was
Sigmund Freud who saw himself as completing this cycle of disparagement by destroying
the belief that humans were ‘masters in their own house’.” “Copernicus, Darwin and
Freud: Revolutions in the History and Philosophy of Science deals with issues in the area
of intersection between history and philosophy of natural and social science. Using
Copernicanism, Darwinism and Freudianism as extended case studies, Friedel Weinert
illustrates the profound connections between science and philosophy and shows how
scientific theories invariably have philosophical consequences. Philosophical
controversies surrounding ideas of human nature, realism and instrumentalism, models
and theories, laws of nature and scientific method are all examined within the context of
concrete problem situations in the history of science.” “Copernicus, Darwin and Freud is
an engaging and versatile text suitable for a variety of courses in the history and
philosophy of science or for individual study.”

2) The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the
"nature" in the period before Socrates. Hence, the alternative, technical terms are "pre
Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first philosophy". The word "philosophy" in question
has little to do with ethics, and much more to do with what we would call physics or
logic. There are three characteristic features of this form of speculation. First, the world is
a natural who. Second, there is a natural 'order'. Third, humans can 'discover' those laws. I
will develop these concepts more fully in class. Although the texts have been translated
as prose, much of what survives is actually verse. All of these pro-Socratic philosophers
reached maturity in the colonies, east and west. Though these thinkers thought in non-
theological terms that does not mean that they were atheists, most were not, but rather
that they viewed the natural order as reflecting some underlying intelligence, the Logos.
The earliest of these thinkers lived in Ionia, on the western coast of modern Turkey, in
the town of Miletus. One should note the modernity of these questions. Physicists still
seek the primary particle; science still attempts to explain how natural substances
'change'.

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