CHAPER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Theoretical Background
A rope is a group of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger
and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, but
are too flexible to provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be used for pushing or
similar compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord,
string, and twine. Ancient people twisted strips of hide, sinew, hair, vines, and plant fibers into
rope long before they learned to spin or weave. Rope making was a universal skill known in all
tribes and civilizations. Braided ropes were used in Asia before 4000 BC. Rope making was
commonplace. Every community of any size had its rope walk (places where ropes could be
made by laborers who "walked" out the twists in the strands). Rope was one of humankind’s
earliest tools. History records rope making as far back as 7,000 years ago, and is one of
America's oldest industries (J. Bohr, (2010).

The materials that people used to make rope varied and depended on the locality and use of the
rope. Rope has been made out of many things: hide, hair, plant fibers, tree bark, cotton wire, silk,
and simple vines to name just a few. Twisting or braiding strands of these materials together
made them stronger than single untwisted fibers. The first methods of rope making were similar
to weaving plant fibers into mats and baskets. Fibers are spun into twine, and twine is used to
make rope. The rope making operation is called "laying.” In laying, the twine is led from a block
(Paddle) for the desired length to the laying machine (rope maker) and back to the block. This is
repeated until the desired thickness is achieved. Rope was (and is) used to build, hoist, haul,
cross obstacles, support, tie, fish, hunt, snare food, fight, furnish, clothe and transport. Today
there are hundreds of different types of ropes for a great variety of uses.
Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, but are too flexible to
provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be used for pushing or similar
compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, string,
and twine. Rope may be constructed of any long, stringy, fibrous material, but generally is
constructed of certain natural or synthetic fibers. Synthetic fiber ropes are significantly stronger
than their natural fiber counterparts, but also possess certain disadvantages, including
slipperiness. To fasten rope, many types of knots have been invented for countless uses. The ISO
2 standard uses the uppercase letters S and Z to indicate the two possible directions of twist, as
suggested by the direction of slant of the central portions of these two letters. Thus Z-twist rope
is said to be right-handed, and S-twist to be left-handed (J. Bohr, (2010).
Throughout history humans have develop several techniques to manufacture rope for paramount
importance in fields as diverse as construction, seafaring, exploration, sports, theatre,
communications, industrial application (packaging) and transportation. The ancient Egyptians
were probably the first civilization to develop special tools to make rope( Hearle and
John2018 ).In simple rope making machine the twist of the strands in a twisted rope serves not
only to keep a rope together, but enables the rope to more evenly distribute tension among the
individual strands. Without any twist in the rope, the shortest strand(s) would always be
supporting a much higher proportion of the total load. The yarns are twisted in the opposite
direction from the strands. These two opposing twisting forces act against each other. If the
forces are equal, the rope will hold together and not unravel. When the rope is dropped on the
ground it should lie in a straight line. Friction between the fibers stops them from sliding apart
when the rope is pulled (Small, Meredith F. (April 2002),
Types of Rope
i. Twisted Rope:-Also referred to as “Laid Rope”, twisted rope has a spiral look to it. It’s
made up of three strands that are continuously twisted together. It’s not the strongest rope
design out there, but it’s also not the weakest. If you’re going to buy twisted rope (or any
rope for that matter), make sure that it’s yellow. That way, it’s high visibility will ensure
that you don’t lose it. Note, these types of rope can be difficult to knot. This is something
to think about when shopping.
ii. Braided Ropes:-As their names imply, braided ropes are made by “braiding” together
different fiber strands. Hollow braided ropes are those that are made up of only a single
woven core. Braided ropes are durable and offer tons of abrasion resistance. Another
 benefit to these rope types is that they’re resistant to chemicals. Specifically, at room
temperature, braided ropes will do a good job at resisting acids.
iii. Climbing Ropes:-These rope types are designed for- you guessed it- climbing. They’re
made with a “Kern mantle Design” (basically, this means that they’re super-tough). And
rightfully so considering that people’s lives are on the line. Climbing ropes are
exceptionally resistant to abrasion. They are designed to stretch slightly when lifting
heavier loads. Why is this important? Well, if a climber abruptly halts, the slight stretch
in the rope will help prevent a spine injury. Here’s how to buy types of rope like this one.

1.2. Problem Statement

Ethiopian’s people who participate in Rope manufacturing from different materials by using
different techniques. Many of the manufacturing methods are conventional and not produce the
required rope quality. Due to this the existing rope manufacturing process has got some
drawbacks such as high risk of health problem due to body friction, poor quality of rope, low
production within high time consumption and do not perform their required function properly, on
the other hand there are some rope manufacturing techniques which produce high quality rope
but it is difficult to operate the machines due to the complicated design of the machines,
imperfect space utilization, high maintenance cost , in which all the mentioned reasons made the
machines more complex and expensive, and also the machines are not easily accessible. Hence,
this project work will take part to design simple hand driven rope manufacturing machine in
which this machine will simplify and solve all the above mentioned limitations at a possible
minimum time

1.3. Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
 Design and fabrication of simple cost-effective rope making machine and compression
of rope characters
1.3.2 Specific Objective
 To design simple hand operated rope making machine and its mechanical part
 To assemble and test run rope making machine
 To test selected quality parameters of the produced rope
 To compere rope characteristics
 CHΑPTER TWO
1. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION
Ancient people twisted strips of hide, sinew, hair, vines, and plant fibers into rope long before
they learned to spin or weave. Rope making was a universal skill known in all tribes and
civilizations. Braided ropes were used in Asia before 4000 BC. Ropes were used to decorate
pottery in southeastern Europe in 3000 BC (P. Van de Griend (1996). The Mayas used rope to
move the large blocks of stone they needed for building their marvelous temples. The ancient
Egyptians developed rope making techniques in 2500 BC which are still in use today. Some
Native Americans chewed hide and sinew into strands that could be used for rope. Rope making
in ancient India was so unique that only a special class of people made ropes. Homer frequently
mentions rope in his Odyssey. The Romans even fabricated rope out of thin copper wire. In 14th
century England, the first guilds of rope makers were established. Medieval monks made ropes
to ring monastery bells and to use as belts. But it was the age of sailing ships that turned rope
making into a vital industry. Phoenician ships were held together by rope. Columbus had 15
miles of rope on his ship. Records indicate the Emperor of China had rope made from ladies’
hair. Hemp was planted along the watering holes of the western trails so that future pioneers
could harvest it. Pioneers carried a rope machine when they came west for this purpose (P. Van
de Griend 1996).

2.2. History of Rope Making

i. Prehistoric (Before writing)
There is evidence that ropes were made in prehistoric times from grasses and vines twisted
together. No tools were used; the fibers were twisted by hand. Ropes were used for moving
heavy objects like stones and logs [8].
 Figure 2.1Rope twisted by handle

ii. Ancient Egyptian (2000BC)

Rope was made from reeds and fibers from papyrus plants. They spun the yarns together on a
hand held spindle. [8]

Figure1. 1Rope making by hand held spindle

iii. Medieval (1100AD)

Rope making was common in Britain during Medieval times. Rope was made on a long
ropewalk so they could stretch out the yarns and make longer ropes.[8]
iv. Tudor (1500AD)
Rope making was made in people’s own homes by skilled workers and sold locally. The yarns
were attached to hooks turned by hand to twist them together.[8]

Figure2.2 Rope making by attaching to hooks turned by hand

 v. Victorian (1850AD)
In the 1700s and 1800s, new inventions meant yarns could be spun by machine. Rope factories
and spinning mills were built.

Figure 2.3 Rope factory and spinning mill

vi. Twentieth Century onwards (1950AD)

Fibers can be made from new synthetic materials like nylon and polyester. These fibers make
rope that is cheaper and stronger than natural materials. It can also be easily dyed a variety of
colors. Rope is mainly made by machine [8].

Figure2.4 Fiber rope

2.3 Development of Rope Making Machine

2.3.1 Conventional Rope Making
Leonardo da Vinci drew: - sketches of a concept for a rope making machine, but it were never
built. Nevertheless, remarkable feats of construction were accomplished without advanced
technology: In 1586, Domenico Fontana erected the 327 ton obelisk on Rome's Saint Peter's
Square with a concerted effort of 900 men, 75 horses, and countless pulleys and meters of rope.
By the late 18th century several working machines had been built and patented[12].
 Figure2.5 Traditional rope making
technology
2.3.2. Hand operated rope making
Meyer Rope Machine Replica: - A reproduction of the Martin Meyer (patent of 1924) four strand
hook rope machine. This machine is non-geared. The strand hook and attached arms are cast in
aluminum versus the original steel. The arms are set about three inches apart in the hardwood
frame. This machine can be used for making three or four strand rope.
This unit is non-geared, so one turn of the handle is one turn of the strand hooks. So the turning
becomes more controlled, and the yarns (string, twine, etc) forming the strands are less like to
jump around as with the Bucklin (patented 1901) geared rope machine. (Price also less than half
that of a good quality Bucklin).All rope machines of the early 1900s vintage need to be attached
to a table, sawhorse, or column for operation. For this reproduction Meyer machine, I use a
specific purpose sawhorse that I put ballast on a shelf in the bottom section. Suggestions are
included with the kit instructions about attaching the machine to a base. When working on slick
floors, the sawhorse may need 60pounds of ballast when making ropes 3/4th inch or larger in
diameter, to keep the sawhorse from being drug across the floor while making rope, else set the
sawhorse on a rubber mat. Working on driveways or yards, the ballast requirement drops
significantly, because of the increased surface friction [12].
Davis design work: - Making Rope with Hand Operated Machines. This book explains the
process for making common lay three or four strand twist rope with a hand operated rope
machine. Different style rope machines are described, along with the rope tool, and traveler hook
needed to make a working set up for making a rope. Separate chapters are now devoted to the
rope tool, and traveler options. Other chapters focus on design considerations for the rope and
how to form it. New material has been added to the chapter detailing how to lay up the yarn
(string, twine, etc.) to form the strands of the rope. The layup process has been extended to detail
how to incorporate a ring or link into the end of the rope during the layup process. [10]

Figure2.6Hand operated rope making

Rope made by hand can be constructed to your exact specifications. Plus, its fun making rope
as it was made in the early 1900s. Our rope making machine makes 3- or 4-strand rope. Comes
with wooden tool and swivel pulley assembly for use as followed (you supply ballast).
3/4" hardwood with oil finish, sand-cast aluminum hooks
Base of rope machine can be secured with bolts (drill holes where needed) or clamps
 8"Hx15 3/4" Lx4 5/8"W
 3 lb.
 Handmade in the USA
2.3.3. Modern Rope Making Technology
MT44-20Rope making machine:- 3-10 mm Combined stander and rope layer For production
of finished coiled rope from natural and synthetic fiber, yarns Produces coils from 440 to 4,890
m Three-strand and four-strand models from start to finish in one continuous operation Very
high production speed extremely high output. This is how you can make a geared rope making
machine. You will need basic woodworking skills. Tools required: scroll saw, hand drill, circular
saw and wrench set at the minimum. A handsaw, table saw, drill press, circular sander all make
this a lot easier. The ultimate would be a CNC router [11]

2.4. Classification of Rope

The rope is an essential item in our lives. Whether we use it to keep things from falling apart or
we have more specific purposes, such as climbing, the rope can come in hand in a multitude of
situations. The presence of a good type of rope in your survival kit could literally save your life
because it can be used for multiple purposes. For a review of the best climbing rope for
your needs. However, some rope types made of natural fibers are preferred by landscapers or
cowboys. When it comes to a rope made of synthetic fibers, the array of usage expands
considerably. No longer needed to drag rocks from one side to the other, natural rope is less
expensive than synthetic rope[2].

Figure 2.8 Natural and synthetic rope

2.4.1. Natural rope types
i. Sisal rope:-This rope’s name comes from the plant it’s made of, namely Agave sisalana.
It is much appreciated because it costs next to nothing, but it has the tendency to become
coarse and relatively bulky. Other than that, it is stiff, strong, and durable and it has the
capacity to resist deterioration in salted water. However, chemicals and moisture shorten
its lifespan.
ii. Baling twine: - This is sisal, but it has a much smaller diameter. It is good for tying up
hay bales and attaching materials to blinds. It is quite resistant as well, breaking at 350
pounds. Its fibers cannot be used separately.
 iii. Manila rope: - A rope made of hemp, Manila rope is considered high quality, but among
its usages are mostly landscaping and other decorative purposes. Also good for stage
rigging, manila rope is reliable because of its moisture-absorbing properties. It isn’t
resistant to water or under the direct light of UV rays.
Characteristics of natural rope
Natural ropes were first invented and used around 4000 BC by the Egyptians. Among the
materials used by them to make rope were hair, grass and leather. The Chinese followed them by
creating the rope made of hemp during 3000 BC. Rope producers didn’t give up on hemp, using
it along with cotton, linen, manila, silk and sisal. However, some of these plant-based materials
are more popular than the others because they offer increased strength and have water-repellent
properties. As general recommendations, natural ropes could make excellent decorative details
and they could be used for climbing. They are known to be heavier than synthetic fibers, so no
one is too happy to carry them around. Besides that, their resistance in time is low because they
are affected by humidity, UV rays and others similar environmental factors, being prone to
rotting and hardening. They are mainly used by sailors, farm keepers, landscapers and sometimes
by climbers [2].
2.4.2. Synthetic Rope Types

i. Nylon: - Rope made of nylon is most appreciated because it is very stretchy. It absorbs a
lot of energy, fact which makes it dangerous if it breaks. Other than that, it has excellent
strength and it is not affected by UV light, chemicals or any type of rot. Commonly found
in mooring lines, it is great for sailors too!
ii. Kevlar rope:-Invented in 1965, the Kevlar rope is stronger than steel. Moreover, it does
not stretch at all, so it’s the opposite of nylon. It doesn’t rust, it is flame resistant, but it’s
not too friendly when it comes to the old UV rays. While it is not completely immune to
damage, it is still remarkable
iii. Polypropylene rope:-Made of a synthetic material called polypropylene, this rope type is
perfect for water. It does not deteriorate in water, so it serves as a swimming-lane barrier
or for various activities of fishermen. Since it is not provided with stretch memory, it
means that once stretched, it does not come back to its initial shape. Among its defects is
its susceptibility to friction.
 iv. Polyester rope:- This rope type is a good choice in case too much stretching is not
desired. More expensive than nylon rope, polyester rope has more strength and is more
expensive too. Lifting slings works great with rope like this because it is highly resistant
to abrasion, the harmful UV lights, as well as heat.
Characteristics of synthetic rope
The synthetic rope was first manufactured with very specific characteristics in mind. It is usually
made using materials like nylon and polyester, but also, proprietary materials like Kevlar is.
Depending on its type, synthetic rope may be waterproof; it could float and stretch unimaginably
much.

2.5. Styles of Rope Construction

Hawser laid rope:-Three strands twisted into rope.

Shroud laid rope:-Four strands twisted round a thinner rope running through the centre.

Cable laid rope:-Nine strand rope made from three hawser ropes twisted together

Spliced rope:-The strand ends are woven back in to the rope using a fid to make a loop at the
end.

Braided rope:-Rope is made on a cross laying machine. The strands are woven together like
plaiting.
 Figure 2.9 different style of rope construction

2.6. Mechanical Rope making machine

Making rope with a hand operated Rope machine. Rope machine typically come in three or four
strand book verities, made of various amounts of wood and metal. Some of the machines are all
metal and have gears to rotate the strand several times per rotation of the hand crank. They all
perform the same task- twist fibers in to strands that get twisted in to a rope. The rope machine
must be mounted to something table.[15]

Figure 2.7 Cable laid rope structure

2.7 General Procedure of Machine Designing

In designing a machine component, there is no rigid rule. The problem may be attempted in
several ways. However, the general procedure to solve a design problem is as follow

1. Recognition of need:- First of all, make a complete statement of the problem, indicating
the need, aim or purpose for which the machine is to be designed.
2. Synthesis (mechanism):- Select the possible mechanisms which will give the desired
motion.
 3. Analysis of forces:- Determine the force acting on each member of the machine and the
energy transmitted by each member.
4. Material selection:- Select the material best suited for each member of the machine.
5. Design of element (size of stresses):-Find the size of each member of the machine by
considering the force acting on the member and the permissible stresses for the material
used.
6. Modification:-Modify the size of the member to agree with the past experience.
7. Detailed drawing: - Draw the detailed drawing of each component and the assembly of
the machine with complete specification for the manufacturing processes suggested.
8. Production:- The component, as per drawing, is manufactured in the workshop. The
flow chart for the general procedure in machine design.

2.9 Factors to be considered while Designing Machine

When the designer design elements of the machine or the complete the machine, they have to
consider several important parameters. Here are some of the important factors to be considered
while doing machine design.

i. Cost:-cost has always been the major factor of consideration while designing the machine
elements or machine and in this age of computation it has became more important. The
best machine design is the one which helps get the finished product with all the major
functionalities and highest possible quality at the lost possible cost.
ii. High output and efficiency:-Earlier machines used to be very heavy and consume lots of
power. Now the trend is fully functional machines consuming low power and giving high
output in terms of the number of products manufactured.
iii. Strength: - The machine elements or the machine should be strong enough to sustain all
the apple forces. it is designed for resist damage or permanently deformed during its life
time.
iv. Stiffness or rigidity:-the machine should be rigid enough so that under the effect of
applied forces for which it is designed there is no deformation of the machine or machine
elements beyond the specified limits.
 v. Wear resistance:-wear is the removal of the material from the metallic surface when two
surfaces rub with each other. If there is more removal of the material, the component will
become weaker and eventually break. It can be reduced by adding lubricant and by
proper fitting of machine elements
vi. Ease of assemble:-the elements of the machine should be such that can be assembled
very easily
vii. Easy and simplicity of servicing and control:-the machine and its elements should be
simple enough so that very minor maintenance and servicing is required.
viii. Light weight and minimum dimensions:-the machine elements and machine should be
strong, rigid and wear resistance with minimum weight and small dimension. This can be
achieved by using light weight wood products
ix. Durability:-the longer the life of the machine it develops the reputation of being the
dependable machine to be sold. Hence designing the right reliability and durability
should be given priority. For this the machine should be designed for least maintenance
requirements and long life.
x. Use of standard parts:-there should be maximum possible standard parts in the design
of the machine. This will help reduce the cost of the machine and ensure easy availability
of the parts. With the standard parts they design can be modified easily.
xi. Use easily available materials:-material selected for the machine elements during the
design should be available easily and lost possible cost.
xii. Appearance of the machine:-while designing the machine aesthetics and ergonomics of
the machine should be given due consideration without affecting its functionality.

2.10. Step by Step Instruction

1. The stationary hook to something that won’t move when the strands are under tension
2. Attach the tension hook to something that won’t move when the strands are under tension
the distance between the two hooks should be slightly less than the length of your strands.
3. Cut your strands to the required length when creating lightly twisted ropes, the length the
rope might 20% less than the strand.
4. Tie one end of each strand to the stationary hook (if you are using loops of your material
rather than a single strand, hook the knotted end of the loop to the stationary hook)
5. Tie a loop in the other end of the strands. You could also tie the strands to rings or hooks
you hook on the other hooks
6. Layout the strands. Stretch the strands out and arrange them so that their free ends are
within rich of the tension hook. Make sure that they are not twisted around one another.
7. Twist the strands. Hook the strand on to the handle crank. Wind the crank clockwise until
you first notice that you need to move the handle a bit closer to the stationary hook.
Keeping the strand under tension unhooked it from the handle hook and hooks it on to the
tension hook.
8. Tie off the ends. The end of the rope need to be protected from unraveling. You can tie of
the ends or wrap the ends with duct tap can whip the ends.
9. Finishing if the rope has a tendency to twist on itself immerse the rope in water and soap
(which is also a good idea in order to remove any chemicals used in the materials
manufacture that may problematic for bubbling). Wring the rope out. Stretch it out and
keep it under tension, hold the rope by one end and the other end dangle. Pinch the upper
end of the rope between your thumb and a finger run it down the length of the rope. You
may want to stretch, dangle and pinch the rope a few times. Know; bring the end of the
rope together.
 CHΑPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.3 Manufacturing process

Data Collection

Sketch the design of the machine

Design the machine parts

Select the material

Assembling all components

Experimental test run

3.1. Data Collection

Data Collection is made based on primary and secondary data in which the primary data is
obtained from people who are currently made rope using their hands and secondary data is also
obtained by reviewing published and unpublished papers on hand operated rope making
machines and related documents to the topic.

To design machine and tools, which should be designed, constructed and shaped, thus respecting
human anatomical, physiological, psychological characteristics that is capability and limitations.
Ergonomics is interdisciplinary scientific approach to problems of adjusting work to humans,
aiming to increase productivity, i.e. work efficiency, work safety and humanization of human
labor. The following data describes ergonomics of human height and weight to determine the
machine dimension. Measure the height up to waist level.

Table 3.1human weight and height data

Number Name Waist level Height(in cm) Weight(kg)

1 Yalemzewd 130 69
2 Biname 127 69
3 Ato ayele 125 56
4 Ato aragaw 122 59
5 Desealegn 118 58
6 w/o mekides 116 55
7 Selam 120 60

Machine up to the ground will 122.5 cm and for the handle in which working manually average
of one mass will be 60.

Table 3.2 material and its specification

Materials Specification
Handle crank Ø 25 mm
Wood plank sheet 400mm*400mm, thickness=50mm
Ball bearing Ø 25 mm
Pulley Internal Ø =30mm
Hook Length 50mm
Shaft Ø 25 mm
v-belt L=50cm, thickness=50mm
Different Internal Ø=20mm&10mm
washer
Fastener Ø=10mm,length 8cm
Bolt Ø=5mm
Hex nut Internal Ø=6mm

\2.8. Material and Equipment

Materials
 Pulley:-a wheel that usually has a groove around the outside edge. This groove is for a rope or
belt to move around the pulley.
Belt: - drive with idler or jockey pulley drive Shafts arranged parallel with many idler pulleys.
It is desirable to transmit motion from one shaft to several shafts. This type of drive is provided
to obtain high velocity ratio. The belt drives primarily operate on the friction principle. the
friction between the belt and the pulley is responsible for transmitting power from one
pulley to the other . In other words the driving pulley will give a motion to the belt and
the motion of the belt will be transmitted to the driven pulley .Belts, ropes, chains, and other
similar elastic or flexible machine elements are used, in conveying systems Transportation of
coal, mineral ores etc. over a long distance in the transmission of power Mainly used for
running of various industrial appliances using prime movers like electric motors, I.C.
Engine etc. as a replacement for gears, shafts, bearings, and other relatively rigid power-
transmission devices.
The amount of power transmitted depends upon the following factors:-
 The velocity of the belt.
 The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.
 The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.
 The conditions under which the belt is used
Shaft: A shaft is a rotating machine element, which is used to transmit power from one place to
another. In order to transfer the power from one shaft to another, the revolving parts of a machine
or various members such as pulleys, gears, flywheels ..., are mounted on it. The various members
are mounted on the shaft by means of keys or spline.
The power is delivered to the shaft set up within the shaft, Permits the power to be transferred to
various machines linked up to the shaft. By some tangential force and the resultant torque
(twisting moment).In other words, we may say that a shaft is used for the transmission of torque
and bending moment.
The shafts Are usually cylindrical but may be square in cross-sectional shape. Are also solid in
cross-section but sometimes hollow shafts are used.
 The presence of cyclic over loads
 Maximum stress concentration in a point
  Due to production or operation cause (under cut, machining traces, knotches)
 Due to the presence of fillets, keyways, drilled holes
 Wrong adjustment of bearings, insufficient clearance
 Shafts may also fail due to traverse or tortional vibrations
Screw: an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder to form a spiral. Screws help to pull one
thing to another. You may use a metal screw to put two pieces of wood together.
Wheel and crank: Some things might have a handle that turns a wheel. The handle is called a
crank.
Ball bearing:-Bearing is machine part which helps the rotation of motion become friction less
and smooth there are many types of bearing and we select bell bearing type in our thesis work.
Stationary hook: you can use bent coat hanger or an s-hook tied to chair anything to which
you can hook one end of the strands you will be working with.
Tension hook: - you can use a bent coat hanger or a bungee cord-anything that you can hook
onto a table or chair leg that will keep the strands under tension after being twisted and which
won’t itself twist

Equipment’s
Electric drills (screwdriver): to drill and fix the screw
Hook for the drill: a hook that you can attach to the drill.” I use a cup hook” use any thing that
can be secured appropriately
Grinding machine: used to cut the wood and metal part of the machine
Figure 3.2 Computer aided design (CΑD) of simple rope making machi
4.1 Operation of Machine
i. Threading the machine:
Threading the Strands on the machine 20% longer than you want your finished rope to be.
Example: If you want your finished rope to be 5 meter long, your yam (strands) should be
approximately 6 meter.
ii. Preparing to spin the strands:
Slide the paddle to the end of the yarns. All yarns should have the same tension on them.
Keeping tension on the yarns with the paddle, the rope machine operator begins to spin the
handle in clockwise motion.
iii. Manufacturing the rope:
When the twisted yams begin to pass through the rope paddle slots, pull the strands through the
paddle slots while keeping tension on the rope. The yams will automatically form the rope. You
may want to help by twisting the rope as you move the paddle towards the rope machine.
iv. Finishing off the rope:
When the paddle reaches the rope machine, stop turning the handle, remove three strands from
their hooks and place them on the third hook. You now have three strands on one hook. Holding
the rope, give the machine two or three turns clockwise to set the twist. Then remove the three
strands from the hook and tie them together by plaster or threading a short piece of yam through
all three strand loops.

CHAPTER FIVE
 Expected outcome of our project
. Its production capacity is better than conventional method of rope production. The designed
machine also reduces time and manufacturing cost. This machine can produce the required
diameter of rope with different length, from natural and synthetic yarn strands. The application
of rope depends on the raw materials, tensile strength and applied abrasion. The produced
rope used for different applications such as packing, sport (jumping), tie, shoelace, lapel etc.

Time schedule of done our project

To done the hand operated rope making machine from starting to

finishing the time taken will be as follows

Month weak Perform task

Collection of primary and secondary data

1st-2nd
October Design the rope making machine and collecting used
3rd-4th materials
Assemble the machine parts and make hand operated
1st-2nd rope making machine
Novembe To test run and production efficiency of simple hand
r 3rd-4th operated rope making machine

Budgets to done our project

To done our project it needs the following costs
 Needs to complete the project output
For collecting primary and secondary data 100-birr
For used materials 600-birr

For making each machine parts 300-birr

For buying yarn to test run the machine 50-birr

Total output 1050-birr
 REFERENCE

1. J. Bohr and K. Olsen (2010). "The ancient art of laying rope".1004.0814 Freely

accessible. Doi:10.1209/0295-5075/93/60004.
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3. Small, Meredith F. (April 2002), "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers
dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum).", Natural History, 111.3: 14(2)
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5. ^ (See http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Rope.html, word-for-word not sure which
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1994 first edition 1854
8. Investigating the process of rope making and the materials usedKS2 Theme 2 Science
and Technology
9. Smith, W. Stevenson, 1978, a history of Egyptian sculpture and paniting in the old
kingdom. Hacker art books, New York
10. American Telephone and Telegraph Company (1931). Use, Care, and Maintenance of
Manila Rope and Blocks.
11. Plymouth Cordage Company, 1931. The Story of Rope; The History and the Modern
Development of Rope-Making, Plymouth Cordage Company, North Plymouth,
Massachusetts
12. Sanctuary, Anthony, 1996. Rope, Twine and Net Making, Shire Publications Ltd.,
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13. Schubert, Pit. Sicherheit und Risiko in Fels und Eis, Munich, 1998
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Techniques, National Speleological Society, Huntsville, Alabama.
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