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What Is Syntactic Pattern Recognition

Syntactic pattern recognition is a form of pattern recognition that represents objects as labeled graphs, trees, arrays, or matrices. It uses a set of production rules defining a formal grammar to determine if an object belongs to a given class. This method can be used for object recognition when images have clear structural features. For example, a logo image can be represented as a tree with nodes for sub-objects and edges showing containment. Chain codes are another representation that encode shape boundaries as strings of direction codes. Normalized chain codes make the representation invariant to rotation, scale, and translation, allowing them to be used for content-based image retrieval matching shapes despite transformations.

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Iroshani Jayawrdene
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87 views

What Is Syntactic Pattern Recognition

Syntactic pattern recognition is a form of pattern recognition that represents objects as labeled graphs, trees, arrays, or matrices. It uses a set of production rules defining a formal grammar to determine if an object belongs to a given class. This method can be used for object recognition when images have clear structural features. For example, a logo image can be represented as a tree with nodes for sub-objects and edges showing containment. Chain codes are another representation that encode shape boundaries as strings of direction codes. Normalized chain codes make the representation invariant to rotation, scale, and translation, allowing them to be used for content-based image retrieval matching shapes despite transformations.

Uploaded by

Iroshani Jayawrdene
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Syntactic Pattern Recognition

1. What is Syntactic pattern recognition

It is a form of pattern recognition, which objects can be represented by variable,


cardinality set of symbolic, nominal features. In syntactic pattern recognition, objects can
be described as labeled graph, tree, array, matrix, or attributed string. In the simplest case,
recognition is a merely symbolic procedure based on a formal generative definition of
languages. A set of production rules (defining a formal grammar) are applied to ascertain
whether the object under examination belongs to a given language and the yes/no answer
is used to predict the object class. While the most widely known theory on formal
language is restricted to strings (for example, the theory commonly used for
programming languages), researchers in the syntactic pattern recognition community
more often use languages defined on graphical domains, i.e. labeled trees or labeled webs
are used instead of strings. This is because graphs have a much richer description power.
If the image is clearly visible and it has important structural features this method can be
used in object recognition. This is an example of tree representation of a logo image

In this case the image was recursively decomposed into a tree whose nodes correspond to
sub-objects and edges express the contained-in relation. For each sub-object, some local
features are measured. In this example, shape, perimeter and area of each sub-object are
local features attached to nodes.
Primitives: Primitives are the simplest sub pattern of a pattern, also known as symbols
or terminals.

Pattern Decompose to similar sub patterns Decompose to similar sub


patterns

Simplest sub pattern (primitive)

Relational structure: Relationship between primitives

Applications:

 English and chines character recognition


 Fingerprint recognition
 Speech recognition
 Remote sensing data analysis

Chain code

 This is a form of representing shape of an object


 Separately encode each connected component of an image by identifying the
object in a form of symbol
 Start from a point of the boundary of the object to be represented, encoder moves
along the boundary of the object by using 4-connected or 8-connected
neighborhood detection methods, continue until it reach the starting point.
 So a chain code can be representing as a string of numbers.

4-directional chain code: 0033333323221211101101


8-directional chain code: 076666553321212

 We have two problems with the chain codes, dependent on the start point and
dependent on the orientation.(If we can obtain a unique chain code for each shape,
which is invariant to translation, rotation and scaling we can use it in similarity
checking of objects and shape representation.)
o Solution is
 Normalized codes
 Normalization for rotation-first difference
Counting (counterclockwise) the number of direction
changes that separate two adjacent element of the code
 Normalization for start point-shape number
The first difference of smallest magnitude
 Normalization for size-Multi-scaling resampling

◦ Example:
 The 4-direction chain code: 10103322
 The first difference of the code: 33133030
 3: (1-2) mod 4 = 3
 3: (0-1) mod 4 = 3
 1: (1-0) mod 4 = 1
dk=ck-ck-1 (mod 4) for 4-directional chain codes
dk=ck-ck-1 (mod 8) for 8-directional chain codes
 The first difference of smallest magnitude of the code(shape no):03033133
(Arrange the digits of the code, so that it has the smallest
magnitude without interchanging digits)

 Use in content based image retrieval, to represent shapes which are invariant to
rotation, scale and translation.
 Disadvantages-Small variation in counter gives different codes. (Matching chain
code is slightly noisy version of the same object can be very different.)

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