Physics Class 12 NCERT Solutions

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Physics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Chapter -13
Nuclei
Class – XII
Subject – Physics
13.1. (a) Two stable isotopes of lithium 6 3Li and 7 3Li have respective
abundances of 7.5% and 92.5%. These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and
7.01600 u, respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium.
(b) Boron has two stable isotopes, 10 5B and 11 5B. Their respective
masses are 10.01294 u and 11.00931 u, and the atomic mass of boron is
10.811 u. Find the abundances of 10 5B and 11 5 B.
Sol.
(a) Given:
Abundance of 3Li6 = 7.5%
Abundance of 3Li7 = 92.5%
Mass of 3Li6 = 6.01512 u
Mass of 3Li7 = 7.016 u
The atomic mass of lithium will depend on the atomic masses of these
two isotopes with their abundances as given. This can be calculated by
finding the weighted average of the two, as done below
Atomic mass of Li
= (6.01512 x 7.5 + 7.016 x 92.5) / 100
= 6.940934 u
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= 6.941 u
(b) Given:
Mass of 5B10 = 10.01294 u
Mass of 5B11 = 11.00931 u
Atomic mass of B = 10.811 u
The abundances of 5B10 and 5B11 can be calculated by using the

technique employed in solution of part (a) of this question.
Let the abundance of 5B10 be y%

Then, the abundance of 5B11 = (100 – y)%
Now calculating weighted average
Atomic mass of boron = [10.01294y + 11.00931(100 – y)] / 100

Or
1081.1 = 10.01294y + 1100.931 – 11.00931y
Simplifying this linear eq. and solving further
0.99636y = 19.831
which gives
y = 19.9%
100 – y = 80.1%
Thus, abundance of 5B10 = 19.9%

And, abundance of 5B11 = 80.1%
13.2. The three stable isotopes of neon: 10Ne20, 10Ne21 and 10Ne22 have
respective abundances of 90.51%, 0.27% and 9.22%. The atomic masses of
the three isotopes are 19.99 u, 20.99 u and 21.99 u, respectively. Obtain the

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average atomic mass of neon.
Sol.
Given:
Respective masses and abundances of three isotopes of neon.
Average atomic mass of Ne
= 20.1771 u
13.3. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus (14 )7N,
given m (14 )7N =14.00307 u
Sol.
2
Binding energy of 7N14 = ΔMc
Mass defect = [mass of 7 protons + mass of 7 neutrons – actual mass of N]
= [14.11543 – 14.00307]
= 0.11236 u
Binding energy = 0.11236 u x 931.5 MeV / u
= 104.66 MeV

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13.4. Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56 26Fe and 209 83 Bi in units of
MeV from the following data:
m ( 56 26Fe ) = 55.934939 u
m ( 209 83 Bi ) = 208.980388 u
Sol.
Mass defect of Fe = Theoretical value – Practical value

Solving as per previous question
Mass defect of Fe = 0.528461 u
BE of Fe = 0.528461 x 931.5
= 492.26 MeV
BE per nucleon of Fe = 492.26 / 56
= 8.97 MeV
Similarly,
Mass defect of Bi = 1.760877 u
BE of Bi = 1640.257 MeV
BE per nucleon of Bi = 1640.257 / 209
= 7.84 MeV
13.5. A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would
be required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For
simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of 63 29Cu atoms (of mass
62.92960 u).
Sol.

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Given:
Mass of coin = 0.003 kg
Mass of 29Cu63 = 62.9296 u
-25
= 1.045261 x 10 kg
No. of Cu atoms in given sample

-25
D = 0.003 / 1.045261 x 10
22
= 2.8701 x 10 atoms
Mass defect of 1 Cu atom = 0.591935
BE of 1 Cu atom = 0.591935 x 931.5 = 551.387 MeV

So,
22
BE of D atoms = 2.8701 x 10 x 551.387
25
= 1.583 x 10 MeV
12
= 2.53 x 10 J
13.6. Write nuclear reaction equations for

(i) α-decay of 226 88 Ra
(ii) α-decay of 242 94 Pu
(iii) β–-decay of 32 15 P
(iv) β–-decay of 210 83 Bi
(v) β+-decay of 11 6 C
(vi) β+-decay of 97 43 Tc
(vii) Electron capture of 120 54 Xe
Sol.

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(i) α-decay of 226 88 Ra
226 222 4
88Ra � 86Rn + 2He
(ii) α-decay of 242 94 Pu
242 238 4
94Pu � 92U + 2He
–
(iii) β -decay of 32 15 P
32 32 -
15P � 16S + e +
–
(iv) β -decay of 210 83 Bi
210 210 -
83Bi � 84Po +e +
+
(v) β -decay of 11 6 C
11 11 +
6C � 5B + e + v
+
(vi) β -decay of 97 43 Tc
97 97 +
43Tc � 42Mo + e + v

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(vii) Electron capture of 120 54 Xe
120 - 120
54Xe + e � 53I +v
13.7. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take the
activity to reduce to
a) 3.125%,
b) 1% of its original value?
Sol.
Given:
T1/2 = T years
= 0.693 / T
(a) N = 0.03125
No = 1
Using the expression
ln N – ln No = - t
Substituting values and solving
-3.466 = [-0.693 / T].t
Or t = 5T years
(b) N = 0.01
No = 1
Similarly

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Substituting values and solving
t = 6.65T years
13.8. The normal activity of living carbon-containing matter is found to be about

15 decays per minute for every gram of carbon. This activity arises from the
small proportion of radioactive 14 6C present with the stable carbon isotope
12 6C . When the organism is dead, its interaction with the atmosphere
(which maintains the above equilibrium activity) ceases and its activity
begins to drop. From the known half-life (5730 years) of 14 6C , and the
measured activity, the age of the specimen can be approximately estimated.
This is the principle of 14 6C dating used in archaeology. Suppose a
specimen from Mohenjodaro gives an activity of 9 decays per minute per
gram of carbon. Estimate the approximate age of the Indus-Valley
civilisation.
Sol.
Given:
Initial Normal activity R = 15 decays / minute
= 0.25 decay / s
T-1/2 = 5730 years

11
= 1.807 x 10 s
Therefore
Disintegration constant
= 0.693 / T-1/2

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11
= 0.693 / 1.807 x 10
-12
= 3.835 x 10
Initial No
R = No
Or No = 0.25 /
10
= 6.52 x 10 atoms
Specimen activity R’ = 9 decays / minute

= 0.15 decay / s
Therefore N of specimen
R’ = N
-12
Or N = 0.15 / 3.835 x 10
10
= 3.91 x 10 atoms
By law of radioactive decay

Or
-12
t = (24.39 – 24.9) / (-3.835 x 10 )
11
= 1.332 x 10 s
= 4224 years
Thus the approximate age of Indus-Valley Civilization from the given

sample is 4224 years.
13.9. Obtain the amount of 60 27Co necessary to provide a radioactive source of

8.0 mCi strength. The half-life of 60 27Co is 5.3 years.

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Sol.
Given:
R = 296000000 Bq
T-1/2 = 167162000 s
= 0.693 / T-1/2
-9
= 4.146 x 10
16
Therefore N = R / = 7.14 x 10 atoms
Now
1 g of 27Co60 contains
23
= [6.025 x 10 ] / 60
22
= 1.0037 x 10 atoms
Hence
16
7.14 x 10 atoms will be in
16 22
= [7.14 x 10 ] / [1.0037 x 10 ]
-6
= 7.126 x 10 g
13.10.The half-life of 9038Sr is 28 years. What is the disintegration rate of 15 mg

of this isotope?
Sol.
Disintegration rate, R = N

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= 0.693 / T-1/2
-10
= 7.85 x 10
15 g of Sr has
N = Avogadro’s No. / 90
20
= 10 atoms
-10 20
Therefore R = (7.85 x 10 ) x (10 )
10
= 7.879 x 10 Bq
= 2.13 Ci
13.11.Obtain approximately the ratio of the nuclear radii of the gold isotope 197
79 Au and the silver isotope 107 47 Ag .
Sol.
Required ratio = Radius of Au isotope / Radius of Ag isotope
= 1.23
13.12.Find the Q-value and the kinetic energy of the emitted α-particle in the α-
decay of

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(a) 226 88 Ra and

(b) 220 86 Rn
Given m ( 226 88 Ra ) = 226.02540 u, m ( 222 86 Rn ) = 222.01750 u,
m ( 222 86 Rn ) = 220.01137 u, m ( 216 84 Po ) = 216.00189 u.
Sol.
(a) Nuclear reaction:

88Ra226 � 86Rn222 + 2He4
2
Q = (MRa – MRn – MHe).c
-3
= (5.297 x 10 ).(931.5)
= 4.934 MeV
Kinetic energy of emitted alpha particle:

The energy liberated in the nuclear reaction displays in the form of
kinetic energy of the particles of products.
Kinetic energy of products

2 2
(MV / 2) + (mv / 2) = 4.93 MeV…………(1)
where
M = mass of radon nuclei
m = mass of helium nuclei
V = velocity of radon nuclei
v = velocity of helium nuclei
To keep the momentum conserve

MV = mv
Or

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M / m = v / V…………………………….(2)
This implies nothing but the simple fact that the most of the kinetic energy
(or Q calculated above) will be retained by the helium nuclei, eq. (2)
pointing that it will travel with much large velocity as compared to the
velocity of the radon nuclei.
2
Dividing eq. (1) throughout by V and making substitutions from eq. (2)
2 2
(M / m) + M = 9.86 / V
Or
2 -4
V = 7.86 x 10
2
KE of Rn = MV / 2 = 0.087 MeV
therefore
KE of alpha particle = 4.93 – 0.087
= 4.85 MeV
(b) Nuclear reaction:

86Rn220 � 84Po216 + 2He4
Calculating Q in a similar fashion

Q = 6.41 MeV
Kinetic energy of emitted alpha particle:

As solved in part (a) of this question
KE of products
[(MV)V / 2] + [(mv)v / 2] = 6.41
where
M = mass of polonium nuclei
m = mass of helium nuclei

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V = velocity of polonium nuclei

v = velocity of helium nuclei
By the same arguments and solving technique used in part (a) of this
question, V comes to be
V = 0.033
2
KE of Po = MV / 2
= 0.117 MeV
Therefore KE of alpha particle

= 6.41 – 0.117
= 6.29 MeV
13.13.The radionuclide 11C decays according to

11 + 6C → 5 B+e +ν : T1/2=20.3 min
The maximum energy of the emitted positron is 0.960 MeV. Given the mass
values:
m ( 11 6C) = 11.011434 u and m ( 11 6B ) = 11.009305 u, calculate Q and
compare it with the maximum energy of the positron emitted.
Sol.
Nuclear Reaction:
+
6C11 � 5B11 + e v + Q
Q = [mass of C – mass of B – mass of electron – mass of electron] .c.c

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= 0.961 MeV
This Q has energy distributed as

Q = Ed + Ee + Ev
For constant momentum, the energy carried by daughter nuclei and neutrino
is nearly zero. The positron carries maximum energy.
Hence max Ee ≈ Q.
13.14.The nucleus 23 10 Ne decays by β– emission. Write down the β-decay

equation and determine the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons
emitted. Given that:
m ( 23 10 Ne ) = 22.994466 u
m ( 23 11 Na ) = 22.089770 u.
Sol.
Nuclear Reaction:
-
10Ne23 � 11Na23 + e + +Q
Q = [mass of Ne – mass of Na – mass of electron].c.c

Using atomic masses
Q = [mass of Ne – mass of Ma].c.c

= 4.37 MeV
For the reasons argued in previous questions, the maximum kinetic energy

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of electron
Maximum Ee = Q = 4.37 MeV
13.15.The Q value of a nuclear reaction A + b → C + d is defined by

Q = [ mA + mb – mC – md]c2
where the masses refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given
data the Q-value of the following reactions and state whether the reactions
are exothermic or endothermic.
(i) 1H1+ 1H3 → 1H2+ 1H2
(ii) 6C12+ 6C12 → 10Ne20+ 2He4
Atomic masses are given to be
m ( 2 1H) = 2.014102 u
m ( 3 1H) = 3.016049 u
m ( 12 6C ) = 12.000000 u
m ( 20 10 Ne ) = 19.992439 u
Sol.
A+b�C+d
Q = [mass of A + mass of b – mass of C – mass of d].c.c
(i) Nuclear Reaction:

1H1 + 1H3 � 1H2 + 1H2
Q = [-4.33 X 10-3].[931.5]
= -4.03 MeV
Reaction is endothermic. This much energy has to be supplied.

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(ii) Nuclear Reaction:

6C12 + 6C12 � 10Ne20 + 2He4
Q = [4.958 x 10-3].[931.5]
= 4.62 MeV
Positive sign indicates the reaction is exothermic.
13.16.Suppose, we think of fission of a 56 26Fe nucleus into two equal fragments,

28 13 Al . Is the fission energetically possible? Argue by working out Q of
the process. Given m ( 56 26Fe ) = 55.93494 u and m ( 28 13 Al ) =
27.98191 u.
Sol.
Nuclear Reaction:
26Fe56 � 13Al28 + 13Al28 + Q
Q = [mass of Fe – mass of aluminium – mass of aluminium].c.c

= [-0.0288].[931.5]
= -26.9 MeV
The reaction being endothermic is not possible.
13.17.The fission properties of 239 94 Pu are very similar to those of 235 92 U.

The average energy released per fission is 180 MeV. How much energy, in
MeV, is released if all the atoms in 1 kg of pure 239 94 Pu undergo fission?

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Sol.
Given:
Energy released per fission = 180 MeV
1 g of Pu contains
= Avogadro’s No. / 239
1 kg of Pu contains
24
N = 2.5197 x 10 atoms
1 atom releases = 180 MeV

Therefore,
26
N atoms release = 4.536 x 10 MeV
13.18.A 1000 MW fission reactor consumes half of its fuel in 5.00 y. How much
235 92 U did it contain initially? Assume that the reactor operates 80% of
the time, that all the energy generated arises from the fission of 235 92 U
and that this nuclide is consumed only by the fission process.
Sol.
Energy generated per gram of U

23 -13
= (6 x 10 x 200 x 1.6 x 10 ) / 235
the amount of U consumed in 5 years with 80% on-time

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16 13
= (5 x 0.8 x 3.154 x 10 x 235) / (1.2 x 1.6 x 10 )
= 1544 kg
Thus the initial amount = 3088 kg
13.19.How long can an electric lamp of 100W be kept glowing by fusion of 2.0 kg
of deuterium? Take the fusion reaction as
1H2+ 1H2→ 2He3+n+3.27 MeV
Sol.
Nuclear Reaction:
1H2 + 1H2 � 2He3 + n + 3.27 MeV
No. of atoms in 2 kg deuterium

S = (Avogadro’s No. x 2000) / 2
26
= 6.023 x 10 atoms
Energy of 1 atom = 3.27 / 2

= 1.635 MeV
Therefore
26
Energy of S atoms = 9.85 x 10 MeV
14
= 1.576 x 10 J
We know
Power = Energy / Time
Hence,
12
Time = 1.576 x 10 s

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4
= About 4.9 x 10 years
13.20.Calculate the height of the potential barrier for a head on collision of two
deuterons. (Hint: The height of the potential barrier is given by the
Coulomb repulsion between the two deuterons when they just touch each
other. Assume that they can be taken as hard spheres of radius 2.0 fm.)
Sol.
Given:
R = 2 fm
For head on collision
d=R+R
= 4 fm
Height of the potential barrier
V=
Substituting values yields

-14
V = 5.76 x 10 J
= 360 keV
13.21.From the relation R = R0A1/3, where R0 is a constant and A is the mass

number of a nucleus, show that the nuclear matter density is nearly constant
(i.e. independent of A).

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Sol.
We know
Nuclear mass density = mass / volume……………(1)
Now Mass ∝ A
3
And Volume ∝ R
1/3
Since R ∝ A
Therefore
Volume ∝ A
When putting these proportional values in eq. (1), A gets cancelled. Hence
shown!
13.22.For the β+ (positron) emission from a nucleus, there is another competing

process known as electron capture (electron from an inner orbit, say, the K–
shell, is captured by the nucleus and a neutrino is emitted).
+
e + ZXA → (Z – 1)YA + v
Show that if β+ emission is energetically allowed, electron capture is
necessarily allowed but not vice–versa.
Sol.
The two processes:

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for positron capture
A A +
ZX � Z – 1Y + e + ve + Q1
for electron capture
- A A
e + ZX � Z – 1Y + ve + Q2
Calculating Q1
A A 2
Q1 = [MN(ZX ) – ZMe – M(Z – 1Y ) – (Z – 1)Me - Me].c
A A 2
= [M(ZX ) – M(Z – 1Y ) – 2Me]c
Calculation for Q2
A A 2
Q2 = [MN(ZX ) + Me – MN(Z – 1Y )]c
A A 2
= [M(ZX ) – M(Z – 1Y )]c
From the above calculations, it is obvious that

if Q1 > 0
then Q2 > 0
But if Q2 > 0
then it can’t be said that Q1 > 0
Hence the result!

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Physics Class 12 NCERT Solutions

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The abundances of 5B10 and 5B11 can be calculated by using the

Let the abundance of 5B10 be y%

Atomic mass of boron = [10.01294y + 11.00931(100 – y)] / 100

Thus, abundance of 5B10 = 19.9%

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average atomic mass of neon.

Average atomic mass of Ne

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Mass defect of Fe = Theoretical value – Practical value

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No. of Cu atoms in given sample

Mass defect of 1 Cu atom = 0.591935

BE of 1 Cu atom = 0.591935 x 931.5 = 551.387 MeV

13.6. Write nuclear reaction equations for

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(i) α-decay of 226 88 Ra

(ii) α-decay of 242 94 Pu

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(vii) Electron capture of 120 54 Xe

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13.8. The normal activity of living carbon-containing matter is found to be about

T-1/2 = 5730 years

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Specimen activity R’ = 9 decays / minute

By law of radioactive decay

Thus the approximate age of Indus-Valley Civilization from the given

13.9. Obtain the amount of 60 27Co necessary to provide a radioactive source of

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13.10.The half-life of 9038Sr is 28 years. What is the disintegration rate of 15 mg

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Required ratio = Radius of Au isotope / Radius of Ag isotope

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(a) 226 88 Ra and

(a) Nuclear reaction:

Kinetic energy of emitted alpha particle:

Kinetic energy of products

To keep the momentum conserve

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(b) Nuclear reaction:

Calculating Q in a similar fashion

Kinetic energy of emitted alpha particle:

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V = velocity of polonium nuclei