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APPENDIX I COMPUTER PROGRAMS

I.1 PROGRAM TR55 – SCS METHOD FOR RUNOFF ESTIMATION

I.1.1 TR-55 MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAM, VERSION VER 2.0

The printed TR-55 document is the procedure reference for the methods. The program user
should be familiar with both the computer hardware and the TR-55 document prior to using
the program.

The system consists of the executable program file, and other required files: the tabular
hydrograph files, an executable system configuration file as well as samples of a county
rainfall, a local soil name-hydrologic soil group and several input data files.

I.1.2 EXECUTABLE PROGRAM FILE

The TR-55 program is a compiled BASIC language executable file. It is a collection of the
seven executable files used in the previous version of the system. A main menu, with the
various TR55 chapters as choices, controls the program system. The remaining parts of the
program can be categorized as follows:

Primary functions –
• Graphical Peak Discharge Method (Chapter 4)
• Tabular Peak Discharge Method (Chapter 5)
• Temporary Storage (Chapter 6)

Support functions –
• Runoff curve number (CN) (Chapter 2)
• Time of concentration (Tc) and travel time through a subarea (Tt)(Chapter 3)

Utilities –
• Print (print current data and calculations)
• Load (reload previously saved data)
• Save (save current data)
• Zero (initial data)

Some limitations that are included are:

• Maximum of 10 subareas can be used for CN, Tc, Tt and tabular peak discharge
computations.
• Maximum of 7 rainfall frequencies can be used in the graphical peak discharge
computations.

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I.1.3 BASIC DATA FILES

The TR55.CFG file describes the drive designations available on the current system, the
display monitor used and the tone of the "beep". Both color and monochrome are supported
with the user free to select the color combinations desired. The use of the CONFIG.EXE
program to create a TR55.CFG file is described in the section "CREATING A WORKING
COPY OF TR-55 SYSTEM". Several sample xxx.CFG files are on the TR55 DISK#2.

The COVER.DAT file contains the numerous Table 2-2 land use descriptions along with
appropriate hydrologic conditions and runoff curve numbers for the four soil groups. The file
is loaded when the CN support function is used and for the PRINT utility.

Four tabular hydrograph files are available, one for each of the SCS TR-55 rainfall
distributions (Type I,IA,II,III). The file for the selected rainfall distribution is used in the
computation step in the tabular method. Only the file required need be available on the
mounted diskettes. The files are appropriately titled TYPEI.TBL, TYPEIA.TBL,
TYPEII.TBL, and TYPEIII.TBL.

I.1.4 OPTIONAL DATA FILES

Optional data files are user created files that the system reads if they are present, but will not
prevent operation if they are not there. Five such files can be used, but only two
(COUNTY.RF and SOILS.TYP) are expected to be widely used. The other three are briefly
described to illustrate the flexibility they can add to the system. If any of the optional files
are used the file naming convention given below must be adhered to for the TR-55 program
to recognize them.

The COUNTY.RF file contains rainfall-frequency data for up to seven frequencies by county
name. As many counties as desired may be included. The file can make life a lot easier for
the system user, even if the user always applies TR-55 in only one county. The
COUNTY.RF file can be created using a locally available ASCII editor.

The SOILS.TYP can contain soil names and their applicable hydrologic soil groups (HSG).
The file contents can be displayed in the Runoff Curve Number portion of the program by
pressing the F10 key. No computation nor automatic data entry are done with this file. Its
purpose is solely as a system user look up table.

The TYPE.RF, DISTRIB.RF, and VOLUME.RF files allow a rainfall distribution other than
those in TR-55 to be used. The TYPE.RF file contains regression coefficients for peak
discharge curves similar to those found in TR-55 Exhibit 4-. The DISTRIB.RF file contains
tabular hydrographs similar to those found in Exhibit 5-. The VOLUME.RF file contains
regression coefficients for a volume-discharge curve similar to those found in Figure 6-1.

The development of the background material required to generate these files is beyond the
scope of TR-55. Because of the complexity of procedure no details are given here.

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I.2 PROGRAM HY8

HY8 is a Basic program that allows the user to investigate the hydraulic performance of a
culvert system. A culvert system is composed of the actual hydraulic structure, as well as
hydrological inputs, storage and routing considerations, and energy dissipation devices and
strategies. HY9 automates the methods presented in JDS-5, "Hydraulic Design of Highway
Culverts," HEC-14." Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators of Culverts and Channels,
"HEC- 19, "Hydrology," and information published by pipe manufacturers pertaining to the
culvert sizes and materials, (1,2,3,4) This volume of documentation describes the concepts and
theories used within Y8. The user may refer to the listed reference for detailed explanations.

I.2.1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The FHWA has developed analytical and empirical techniques to aid in the hydraulic
analysis and design of culverts. The design engineer can utilize the FHWA publications to
analyze culverts for a single design discharge and, with some additional effort, develop a
culvert performance curve. In addition, these techniques allow the consideration of inflow
and outflow hydrographs, storage and routing, and energy dissipation. However, evaluating
the performance of different culvert systems for several flow scenarios requires considerable
effort. To take advantage of the microcomputer's ability to quickly and accurately solve
these culvert system techniques, the HY8 program was developed.

HY8 is composed of four different programs, or modules. These four modules are: a culvert
analysis module, a hydrograph generation module, a routing module, and an energy
dissipation module. These are linked together as depicted in figure 1. The capabilities of
each of these modules are discussed below.

HYB Control Program

Culvert Analysis and Hydrograph Hydrograph Routing Energy Dissipation

Design Module Generation Module Module Module

I.2.2 CULVERT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

The culvert analysis and design module allows the user to review the hydraulic
characteristics of user-supplied culvert data. This module also permits minimization of
culvert for circular, rectangular, elliptical, arch, and user-defined geometry. Improved inlets
can also be specified. The user will have the options of entering either a regular or an
irregular cross section for calculating tailwater or a fixed tailwater may be specified.

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A series of up to six parallel culvert systems, each having different inlets, inlets, inlet
elevations, outlets, outlet elevations, lengths, and cross-sectional shape characteristics (e.g.
diameter), can be analyzed. Each culvert system may consist of several barrels.

There are four main groups of data to be entered into the module: design flow data, initial
culvert data, downstream channel data, and roadway data. These data are entered to the
program through a series of data menus and data screens. The data can be edited from a
summary screen. Output screens contain computed culvert hydraulics, while help files guide
the user through the program. Each screen menu contains several options to match ht desired
culvert configuration while the data screens prompt the user for specific dimensions and
coordinates.

From the data screens, the program calculates the inlet control and outlet control headwater
elevations for a given flow. These elevations are compared and the larger of the two is used
as the controlling headwater elevation. Tailwater effects are taken into consideration when
calculating these elevations. The program develops culvert performance data with or without
overtopping. If the controlling headwater elevation overtops the roadway embankment, an
overtopping analysis is done in which flow is balanced between the culvert discharge and the
discharge over the roadway.

In addition to developing performance curves, the program generates rating curves for
uniform flow, velocity, and maximum shear for the downstream channel. Culvert outlet
velocities, inlet control head, and outlet control head are also calculated. Several of these
curves can be displayed not he screen for visual inspection of the results.

Finally, the culvert analysis module can assist in the design of the culvert through a
"minimization" routine. The major constraints in this option are peak or design flow and
allowable headwater. To design a culvert that passes the peak flow, the user enters an
allowable headwater. The program will increase or decrease the culvert size so that a
maximum headwater elevation that is less than the allowable headwater is calculated. The
program recomputes associated hydraulic parameters for the design discharge when the
minimization routine is activated.

I.2.3 HYDROGRAPH GENERATION AND ROUTING

The hydrologic module generates a storm hydrograph that can be used singly or as input into
culvert routing analysis. The hydrograph is generated using methods found in the FHWA
HEC-19 document,(3) Main input parameters in this module are watershed characteristics
such as drainage area, slope, curve number, watershed distribution, coefficient of abstraction
an dbase flow. From these parameters, a storm hydrograph and hydrograph are produced.
An option allows a user-defined storm hydrograph to be entered from which a hydrograph is
produced. As a final alternative, the user can enter a hydrograph.

The routing module uses the culvert data collected in the first module and the hydrograph
generated in the second module to calculate storage and outflow hydrograph characteristics.
The routing is performed using the storage indication (modified Plus) method. Four options
are available to determine the upstream stage-storage relationships. These four options are:
employing the prism method, entering a surface area-versus-elevation curve, entering a
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volume verses-elevation curve, and providing stream cross-section data. The prism method
uses the upstream channel slope and a rectangular or triangular shape to propagate a
geometric shape (or prismatic section) upstream. In this manner, volumetric relationships
can be calculated for a given elevation. The next two options employ user-supplied data to
determine the volumetric relationship. The final option uses actual upstream cross section
profiles to calculate the stage storage relationship. Given some ingenuity, this option could
be used to design a stormwater detention basin.

Note: HY8 performs its calculations in English units. It converts the user's elevation-
versus-volume data to equivalent data beginning with the first integer foot elevation above
the lowest elevation given. Subsequent data are spaced at elevations of 1 fit (0.3048 m). If
the lowest and highest elevations entered are not integer elevations, they are dropped and
the closest interpolated integer foot elevations are used. For this reason, users are
cautioned to ensure that the storage elevation-versus-volume data entered includes the
integer foot elevation for the highest storage expected. This conversion methodology can
cause HY8 to produce inaccurately routed output hydrographs for very shallow storage
reservoirs. Users should verify resulting volume-versus-elevation data to ensure accurate
results.

Users should also be aware how HY8 uses input hydrograph to be routed. The initial input
hydrograph flow value is assumed to be the base flow. If the storage reservoir has not been
depleted by the final time step in the input hydrograph, HY8 assumes an input flow equal to
the initial value of the input hydrograph (base flow) for as many time steps as are required to
deplete the storage reservoir.

I.2.4 ENERGY DISSIPATION

The final module permits the design and analysis of an energy dissipator at the culvert outlet.
It follows the design procedures used in FHWA publication HEC-14.(2) Similar to the
routing module, this module needs the performance curve generated from a culvert analysis
file to perform the energy dissipator design and analysis. If there is more than one culvert
system in the culvert analysis file, the user has to specify which system is used for the
design. The program will design a dissipator for only one culvert at a time. The user can
select several options from within this module. These options are: designing an external
dissipator, designing an internal dissipator, estimating the scour hole geometry, and
modifying hydraulic aspects of the culvert being analyzed.

I.3 PROGRAM WSPRO

The manual presents data preparation instructions for WSPRO, a water surface profile
computation model. Version numbers will be used to identify the various modifications and
enhancements of the model. The version number consists of either a V or P followed by the
six-digit date (month, day, year). This manual corresponds with version V060188
(P060188). Before studying these instructions, one should be aware of the basic computer
resources and the user experience level required for WSPRO applications.
The WSPRO model consists of about 8,000 lines of Fortran source code. The code conforms
to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Fortran 77 Standards. The program can

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be implemented on mainframe computers and microcomputers. Execution of the program

requires about 2000 to 250 kilobytes of memory on mainframe computers and fewer than
400 kilobytes of memory on printer-compatible output files are automatically crated with
successful model execution. The user may choose to have up to four additional printer
compatible output files crated. Two direct-access files in machine-readable format are used,
one for storing input data and the other for storing computed results. Section 8 of this report
presents additional information regarding implementation of the model on different
computer systems.

Successful application of the model and proper interpretation of output form the model
requires that he user have fairly strong background in surface-water hydraulics. Even with
sufficient experience, however, it is not always easy to determine what data are necessary to
adequately define the physical system for numerical analysis. Similarly, determining
whether or not the output from a model adequately represents the real-world situation can be
very difficult. The computational theory incorporated into this model is summarized in a
previous report (Shearman and others, 1986). References cited in that report and in this
manual provide additional detail on theory and methodology. Many users also may find it
helpful to consult references that deal more directly with data requirements. Field-survey
procedures are discussed by Benson and Dalrymple (1967). Roughness coefficients are
discussed in most by Benson and Dalrymple (1967). Roughness coefficients are discussed in
most standard hydraulics texts, such as those by Chow (1959) and Henderson (1966).
Barnes (1967) presents color photos of sites for which roughness coefficients have been
computed for measured discharges. Davidian (1984) discusses proper location and
subdivision of cross sections as well as additional topics related to water-surface profile
computations.

This manual attempts to simplify the instructions by prefacing detailed coding instructions
with: (1) an overview of input data requirements without regard to actual data arrangement,
and (2) a discussion of typical data sequences without detailed discussion of each pertinent
parameter. These input data discussions are followed by an overview of model output and
discussion of messages that may be generated during model execution. Detailed examples
are then presented to illustrate specific input/output features of the model.

Section 2 presents an overview of all input data and discusses the individual data records in
general terms without specifically defining the parameters within each data record. Section 3
presents typical data sequences for various model applications. These examples are
conceptual inasmuch as they concentrate on the data sequences and not the individual
parameters. These conceptual model applications, presented in order of progressively
increased data requirements, are: (a) water-surface profile computations without considering
bridges; (2) analysis of a basic, single-opening bridge situation; (3) analysis of a bridge with
spur dikes; (4) single-opening analysis with consideration of embankment overflow; (5)
analysis of several bridge design alternatives in a single model execution; and (6) analysis of
a multiple-opening bridge situation. The objective of the overview and conceptual examples
is to provide a background for the detailed coding instructions. Section 4 discusses the
general rules and conventions for coding and then presents, in alphabetical order, detailed
coding instructions for individual data records. Section 6 summarizes all messages that may
be generated during model execution. Several examples, complete with input data and model
output, are presented in Section 7 to demonstrate model applications.

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I.4 PROGRAM HEC-1 - FLOOD HYDROGRAPH PACKAGE

The HEC-1, Flood Hydrograph Package computer program was originally developed in
1967 by Leo R. Beard and other members of the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC)
staff. The first version of the HEC-1 package program was published in October 1968. It
was expanded and revised and published again in 1969 and 1970. The first package version
represented a combination of several smaller programs which had previously been operated
independently. These computer programs are still available at the HEC as separated
programs.

In 1973, the 1970 version of the program underwent a major revision. The computational
methods used by the program remained basically unchanged; however, the input and output
formats were almost completely restructured. These changes were make in order to simplify
input requirements and to make the program output more meaningful and readable.

In 1981, major revisions were made to the 1973 version of the program. The program input
and output formats were completely revised and the computational capabilities of the dam-
break (HEC-1DB), project optimization (HEC-1GS) and kinematic wave (HEC-1KW)
special versions of HEC-1 were combined in the one program. The new program included
the powerful analysis features available in all the previous programs, together with some
additional capabilities, in a single easy to use package.

A microcomputer version of (PC version) of the HEC-1 program was developed in late
1984. The PC version contained all the hydrologic and hydraulic computation capabilities of
the mainframe HEC-1; however, the flood damage and ogee spillway capabilities were not
included because of microcomputer memory and compiler limitations at the time.

This 1990 version of HEC-1 represents improvements and expansions to the hydrologic
simulations capabilities together with interfaces to the HEC data storage system, DSS, the
entire HEC-1 package, including the DSS interface, is available on the PC and HARRIS
minicomputers. HEC-1 with the DSS package is not supported on any other computer
system. The DSS capability allows storage and retrieval of data from/for other computer
programs as well as the creation of report – quality graphics and tables. New hydrologic
capabilities include Green and Ampt infiltration. Muskingum-Cunge flood routing, reservoir
releases input over time, and improved numerical solution of kinematic wave equations. The
Muskingum-Cunge routing may also be used for the collector and main channels in a
kinematic wave land surface runoff calculation.

Up-to-date information about the program is available from the Center. While the
Government is not responsible for the results obtained when using the programs, assistance
in resolving malfunctions in the programs will be furnished to the extent that time and funds
are available. It is desired that users notify their vendors or the Center of inadequacies in, or
desirable modifications to, the program.

I.4.1 MODEL PHILOSOPHY

The HEC-1 model is designed to simulate the surface runoff response of a river basin to
precipitation by representing the basin as an interconnected system of hydrologic and
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hydraulic components. Each component models an aspect of the precipitation-runoff process

within a portion of the basin, commonly referred to as a subbasin. A component may
represent a surface runoff entity, a stream channel, or a reservoir. Representation of a
component requires a set of parameters which specify the particular characteristics of the
component and mathematical relations which describe the physical processes. The result of
the modeling process is the computation of streamflow hydrographs at desired location in the
river basin.

I.4.2 OVERVIEW OF MANUAL

This manual describes the concepts, methodologies, input requirements and output formats
used in HEC-1. A brief description of each of the model capabilities and the organization of
this manual is given below.
Combined Use of River Routing and Subbasin Runoff Components

Consider the use of subbasin runoff components 10 and 20 and river routing reach 1020 in
Figure 2.2 and the corresponding subbasins 10 and 20 in figure 2.1 The runoff from
component 10 is calculated and routed to control point 20 via routing reach 1020. The runoff
hydrograph at analysis point 20 can be calculated by methods employing either the unit
hydrograph or kinematic wave techniques. In the case that the unit hydrograph technique is
employed, runoff form component 10 is calculated and routed to control point 20 Via routing
reach 1020. Runoff from subbasin 20 is calculated and combined with the outflow
hydrograph form reach 1020 at analysis point 20. Alternatively, runoff from subbasins 10
and 20 can be combined before routing in the case that the lateral inflows from subarea 20
are concentrated near the upstream end of reach 1020. In the case that the kinematic wave
technique is employed, the runoff from subbasin 20 is modeled as a uniformly distributed
lateral; inflow to reach 1020. The runoff from subbasin 10 is routed in combination with this
lateral inflow via reach 1020 to analysis point 20.

A suitable combination of the subbasin runoff component and river routing components can
be used to represent the intricacies of any rainfall-runoff and stream routing problem. The
connectivity of the stream network component is implied by the order in which the data
components are arranged. Simulation must always begin at the uppermost subbasin in a
branch of the stream network. The simulation (succeeding data components) proceeds
downstream until a confluence is reached. Before simulating below the confluence, all
flows above that confluence must be computed and routed to that confluence. The flows
are combined at the confluence and the combined flows are routed downstream. In Figure
2.2, all flows tributary to control point 20 must be combined before routing through reach
2050.

I.4.3 STREAM NETWORK MODEL CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGIES

Sections 2, 3, and 4: a general description of the components of the HEC-1 watershed

(stream network) simulation capability is given in Section 2. The stream network capability
(i.e., simulating the precipitation-runoff process in a river basin) is of central importance to
virtually any application of HEC-1. Other capabilities of HEC-1 are built around this stream
network function. Section 3 describes the detailed computational methods used to simulate

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the steam network. The use of automatic techniques to determine best estimates of the model
parameters is described in Section 4.

I.4.4 ADDITIONAL FLOOD HYDROGRAPH SIMULATION OPTIONS

Sections 5: Multiplan-multiflood analysis allows the simulation of several rations of a

design flood for several different plans (or characterizations) of a stream network in a single
computer run.
Sections 6: Dam-break simulation provides the capability to analyze the consequences of
dam overtopping and structural failures.
Section 7: The depth-area option computes flood hydrographs preserving a user-supplied
precipitation depth versus area relation throughout a stream network.

I.4.5 FLOOD DAMAGE ANALYSIS

Section 8: The economic assessment of flood damage can be determined for damage
reaches defined in a multiplan-multiflood analysis. The expected annual damage occurring in
a damage reach and the benefits accrued due to a flood control plan are calculated based on
user-supplied damage data and on calculated flows for the reach.
Section 9: The optimal size of a flood control system can be estimated using an
optimization procedure provided by HEC-1. The option unitizes data on flood control project
costs to determine a system which maximizes net benefits with or without a specified degree
of protection level for the components.

I.4.6 PROGRAM USAGE

Section 10: The data input conventions are discussed, emphasizing the data card groups
used for the various program options.
Section 11: Program output capabilities and error messages are explained.
Section 12: Test examples are displayed, including example input data and computed
output generated by the program.
Section 13: The computer hardware requirements are discussed, and computer run times
for the example problems are given. A programmers supplement provides detailed
information about the operational characteristics of the computer program.
Section 14: References
Appendix A: The input description details the use of each data record and input variable in
the program.
Appendix B: A description of the HEC-1 interface capabilities with the HEC Data storage
System.

I.4.7 THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

A river basin in represented as an interconnected group of subareas. The assumption is made

that the hydrologic processes can be represented by model parameters which reflect average
conditions within a subarea. If such averages are inappropriate for a subarea then it would be
necessary to consider smaller subareas within the average parameters do apply. Model
parameters represent temporal as well as spatial averages. Thus the time interval to be used
should be small enough such that averages over the computation interval are applicable.

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There are several important limitations of the model. Simulations are limited to a single
storm due to the fact that provision is not make for soil moisture recovery during periods of
no precipitation. The model results are in terms of discharge and not stage, although stages
can be printed out by the program based on a user specified rating curve. A hydraulic
computer program (HEC-2 for example) is generally used in conjunction with HEC-1 to
obtain stages. Streamflow routings are performed by hydrologic routing methods and do not
reflect the full St. Venant equations with are required for very flat river slopes. Reservoir
routings are based on the modified pulse techniques which are not appropriate where
reservoir gates are operated to reduce flooding at downstream locations.

I.4.8 COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS

The HEC-1 program is written in ANSI standard FORTRAN77 and requires 633 thousand
bytes of core storage. Disk storage is needed for the 16 output and scratch files used by the
program. For further information of the program’s computer requirements, see Section 13
and the Programmers Supplement.

HEC-1 is also available for microcomputers (PC’s). The PC version has all the same
capabilities as the mainframe version. A MENU package is available to facilitate file
management, editing with HELP, execution, and display of results. The MS-DOS PC
package requires 640k memory (551k free) and a hard disk. A math coprocessor is also
highly recommended.

I.4.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This manual was written by Messrs. David Goldman and Paul Ely. Mr. Ely was also
responsible for the design and implementation of the new computer code. Mr. John Tracy
implemented the first microcomputer version and Mr. Gary Brunner was responsible for the
current version. Messrs. John Peters, Darry1 Davis and Arthur Pabst made many excellent
contributions to the development of the modeling concepts and the documentation. The
development of this new version of HEC-1 was managed by Mr. Arlen D. Feldman, Chief of
the HEC Research Division. Mr. Bill S. Eichert was the Director of the HEC during this
time. The word processing for this document was performed by Ms. Cathy Lewis, Ms.
Denise Nakaji, and Mspenni Baker.

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