The Internet Gets Physical

The Internet likes you, really likes you. It offers you so much, just a mouse click or finger tap away.
3 Go Christmas shopping, find restaurants, locate partying friends, tell the world what you’re up to.
Some of the finest minds in computer science, working at start-ups and big companies, are
obsessed with tracking your online habits to offer targeted ads and coupons, just for you. But now
6 — nothing personal, mind you — the Internet is growing up and lifting its gaze to the wider world.
To be sure, the economy of Internet self-gratification is thriving. Web start-ups for the consumer
market still sprout at a torrid pace. And young corporate stars seeking to cash in for billions by
9 selling shares to the public are consumer services — the online game company Zynga last week,
and the social network giant Facebook, whose stock offering is scheduled for next year.

As this is happening, though, the protean Internet technologies of computing and communications
12 are rapidly spreading beyond the lucrative consumer bailiwick. Low-cost sensors, clever software
and advancing computer firepower are opening the door to new uses in energy conservation,
transportation, health care and food distribution. The consumer Internet can be seen as the warm-
15 up act for these technologies. The concept has been around for years, sometimes called the
Internet of Things or the Industrial Internet. Yet it takes time for the economics and engineering to
catch up with the predictions. And that moment is upon us. “We’re going to put the digital
18 ‘smarts’ into everything,” said Edward D. Lazowska, a computer scientist at the University of
Washington. These abundant smart devices, Dr. Lazowska added, will “interact intelligently with
people and with the physical world.”

21 The role of sensors — once costly and clunky, now inexpensive and tiny — was described this
month in an essay in The New York Times by Larry Smarr, founding director of the California
Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology; he said the ultimate goal was “the
24 sensor-aware planetary computer.” That may sound like blue-sky futurism, but evidence shows
that the vision is beginning to be realized on the ground, in recent investments, products and
services, coming from large industrial and technology corporations and some ambitious start-ups.

27 One of the hot new ventures in Silicon Valley is Nest Labs, founded by Tony Fadell, a
former Apple executive, which has hired more than 100 engineers from Apple, Google, Microsoft
and other high-tech companies. Its product, introduced in late October, is a digital thermostat,
30 combining sensors, machine learning and Web technology. It senses not just air temperature, but
the movements of people in a house, their comings and goings, and adjusts room temperatures
accordingly to save energy. At the Nest offices in Palo Alto, Calif., there is a lot of talk of helping
33 the planet, as well as the thrill of creating cool technology. Yoky Matsuoka, a former Google
computer scientist and winner of a MacArthur “genius” grant, said, “This is the next wave for me.”

Matt Rogers, 28, a Nest co-founder, led a team of engineers at Apple that wrote software for
36 iPods. He loved his job and working for Apple, he said. But he added: “In essence, we were
building toys. I wanted to build a product that could really make a huge impact on a big problem.”
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 Across many industries, products and practices are being transformed by communicating sensors
and computing intelligence. The smart industrial gear includes jet engines, bridges and oil rigs that
3 alert their human minders when they need repairs, before equipment failures occur. Computers
track sensor data on operating performance of a jet engine, or slight structural changes in an oil
rig, looking for telltale patterns that signal coming trouble. Sensors on fruit and vegetable cartons
6 can track location and sniff the produce, warning in advance of spoilage, so shipments can be
rerouted or rescheduled. Computers pull GPS data from railway locomotives, taking into account
the weight and length of trains, the terrain and turns, to reduce unnecessary braking and curb fuel
9 consumption by up to 10 percent.

Researchers at General Electric, the nation’s largest industrial company, are working on such
applications and others. One is a smart hospital room, equipped with three small cameras,
12 mounted inconspicuously on the ceiling. With software for analysis, the room can monitor
movements by doctors and nurses in and out of the room, alerting them if they have forgotten to
wash their hands before and after touching patients — lapses that contribute significantly to
15 hospital-acquired infections. Computer vision software can analyze facial expressions for signs of
severe pain, the onset of delirium or other hints of distress, and send an electronic alert to a
nearby nurse. Last month, G.E. announced that it was opening a new global software center in
18 Northern California and would hire 400 engineers there to write code to accelerate the
commercial development of intelligent machines. “Our role is to build the software that enables us
to do this industrial Internet,” said William Ruh, who will head the new center.

21 In 2008, I.B.M. declared that it was going to make a big push into the industrial Internet, using
computing intelligence to create more efficient systems for utility grids, traffic management, food
distribution, water conservation and health care. Smarter Planet was the label the company
24 tacked on to the initiative, and industry analysts wondered if it was more than a sales campaign. In
a recent interview, Samuel J. Palmisano, chief executive of I.B.M., emphasized that the program’s
origins were in the company’s research labs rather than its marketing department. “The timing
27 was right because we had the technology,” he said. Today, I.B.M. says it is working on more than
2,000 projects worldwide that fit in the Smarter Planet category.

In Dubuque, Iowa, for example, I.B.M. has embarked on a long-term program with the local
30 government to use sensors, software and Internet computing to improve the city’s use of water,
electricity and transportation. In a pilot project this year, digital water meters were installed in 151
homes, and software monitored water use and patterns, informing residents about ways to
33 consume less and alerting them to likely leaks. The savings in the pilot, nearly 7 percent, would
translate into curbing water use by 65 million gallons a year in Dubuque, a Midwestern city of
60,000. In Rio de Janeiro, I.B.M. is employing ground and airborne sensors, along with artificial
36 intelligence software, for neighborhood-level disaster preparedness. The system, which is being
developed by I.B.M. researchers, aims to predict heavy rains and mudslides up to 48 hours in
advance and conduct evacuations before they occur — and avoid tragedies like the one last year,
39 when a mudslide left more than 70 people dead and thousands homeless.
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 The next wave of computing does not step away from the consumer Internet so much as build on
it for different uses (posing some of the same sorts of privacy and civil liberties concerns).
3 Software techniques like pattern recognition and machine learning used in Internet searches,
online advertising and smartphone apps are also ingredients in making smart devices to manage
energy consumption, health care and traffic. Take Google’s robot car program, for example. The
6 automated cars, each with a human along for the ride, have deftly navigated thousands of miles
on California highways and city streets. The project — a research effort so far — uses a bundle of
artificial intelligence technologies, as does Google’s search-and-ad business.

9 GLOBAL PULSE is a new initiative by the United Nations to leverage data from the consumer
Internet for global development. So-called sentiment analysis of messages in social networks and
phone text messages — using natural-language deciphering software — can help predict job losses
12 or lower spending in a region, or disease outbreaks. In parts of Africa and Asia, where cellphones
serve as automated bank tellers, with text messages initiating money transfers, they can also serve
as an early warning system. When savings transfers drop to 50 cents or zero from $10 a month,
15 “something is happening that is evident in the digital smoke signals,” said Robert Kirkpatrick, the
director of Global Pulse. School feeding programs or government assistance might be stepped up
to prevent a region from slipping back into poverty.

18 Global Pulse, begun in late 2009, is conducting research and trying to forge partnerships with
private companies. To really succeed, the program needs the cooperation of Internet companies
and cellphone carriers to give it access to social network and text-message communications, which
21 would be stripped of any personally identifying information. Mr. Kirkpatrick terms such
contributions “data philanthropy.” His argument is that cooperating helps companies by nurturing
economic health in the markets where they do business. Global Pulse, Mr. Kirkpatrick said, is
24 exploring new frontiers in knowledge with its real-time tracking of what is happening to people,
not to sell them something but to target development efforts. “This is computational behavioral
economics,” he said. “We’re part of a whole new science here.”

27 By STEVE LOHR (NYT, December 17, 2011)