Chapter 12

Temperature and
Heat

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12.1 Common Temperature Scales

Temperatures are reported in

Degrees Celsius or
degrees Fahrenheit.

Temperatures changed, on the

other hand, are reported in Celsius
degrees or Fahrenheit degrees:

9 
1C  F


2
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale

Kelvin temperature

T  Tc  273.15

3
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale

A constant-volume gas
thermometer.

4
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale

absolute zero point = -273.15oC

5
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy

DEFINITION OF HEAT
Heat is energy that flows from a higher-
temperature object to a lower-temperature
object because of a difference in temperatures.

SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)

6
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy

The heat that flows from hot to cold

originates in the internal energy of
the hot substance.

It is not correct to say that a substance

contains heat.

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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE

OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of

a substance is

Q  mcT
specific heat
capacity
Energy

Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·oC)

“Energy needed for increasing 1oC for 1 kg material”

8
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

9
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

Example 9 A Hot Jogger

In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x105J of heat. This heat

is removed from the body by a variety of means, including the body’s own
temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how
much would the body temperature increase?

Q  mcT

Q 8.0 105 J
T    


mc 65 kg  3500 J kg  C
3

.5 C


10
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

GASES

The value of the specific heat of a gas depends on whether the pressure or
volume is held constant.

This distinction is not important for solids.

OTHER UNITS

1 kcal = 4186 joules

1 cal = 4.186 joules

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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

CALORIMETRY

If there is no heat loss to the surroundings,

the heat lost by the hotter object equals the
heat gained by the cooler ones.

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12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

Example 12 Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity

The calorimeter is made of 0.15 kg of aliminum

and contains 0.20 kg of water. Initially, the
water and cup have the same temperature
of 18.0oC. A 0.040 kg mass of unknown
material is heated to a temperature of
97.0oC and then added to the water.

After thermal equilibrium is reached, the

temperature of the water, the cup, and the
material is 22.0oC. Ignoring the small amount
of heat gained by the thermometer, find
the specific heat capacity of the
unknown material.

13
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

mcT Al  mcT water  mcT unknown

cunknown 
mcT Al  mcT water
mT unknown


9.00 10 J kg  C 0.15 kg 4.0 C  4186 J kg  C 0.20 kg 4.0 C 
2    

0.040 kg 75.0 C 



 1300 J kg  C 

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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

THE PHASES OF MATTER

15
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

During a phase change, the temperature of the mixture does not

change (provided the system is in thermal equilibrium).

16
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

Conceptual Example 13 Saving Energy

Suppose you are cooking spaghetti for dinner, and the instructions
say “boil pasta in water for 10 minutes.” To cook spaghetti in an open
pot with the least amount of energy, should you turn up the burner
to its fullest so the water vigorously boils, or should you turn down
the burner so the water barely boils?

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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE PHASE

OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the phase

of a mass m of a substance is

Q  mL
latent heat

SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg

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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

Example 14 Ice-cold Lemonade

Ice at 0oC is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 0.32 kg of lemonade

at 27oC. The specific heat capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as
that of water. After the ice and lemonade reach and equilibrium
temperature, some ice still remains. Assume that mass of the cup is
so small that it absorbs a negligible amount of heat.

mL

  cmT 
 
f ice
  lemonade

Heat gained Heat lost by

by ice lemonade

Equilibrium temperature = 0 oC

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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

mL

  cmT 
 
f ice
  lemonade

Heat gained Heat lost by

by ice lemonade

mice 
cmT lemonade
Lf


4186 J kg  C 0.32 kg 27 C  0 C 
  
 0.11 kg
3.35 105 J kg

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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat

Question:

If 1.00 g of ice at -30.0°C is converted to stream at

120 °C. What is the total energy should be supplied
for this process?

22