DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Lesson 2: Derivatives

Objectives:

 Define derivative and give various notations for the derivative

 Work a couple of problems illustrating how to use the definition of the derivative
 Understand the general derivative formulas and properties used when taking the derivative of a function

Readings:

In this chapter, it involves the first concept of Calculus, which is finding the derivative of the function. The
process of finding the derivative of the function is called differentiation. If a function continues, the function is
differentiable

Differentiation is an important method in mathematics and other field of sciences which involves changes and
motion.

THE DERIVATIVES
Any change in a variable quantity is called an increment or decrement. The symbol ∆ (read as delta) is
customarily used to denote this changes or increment.
Suppose y = f(x). A change in ∆x in x produces a corresponding change in ∆y in y.

y + ∆y = f (x + ∆x)

∆y = f (x + ∆x) – y or

∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x)

The derivative of a function

The derivative of f (x) with respect to x is the function f ′(x) and is defined as,

( ) ( )
= =

( ) ( )
=

To understand this further, let’s compute a couple of derivatives using the definition.

Example: Find the derivative of the following function.

1) y = 4x2 – 3x – 2

Solution:

Step 1: change the variable y to (y + ∆y), and variable x to (x + ∆x)

y + ∆y = 4(x + ∆x)2 – 3(x + ∆x) – 2

Step 2: Transpose y to the right portion of the function

y + ∆y = 4(x + ∆x)2 – 3(x + ∆x) – 2

∆y = 4(x + ∆x)2 – 3(x + ∆x) – 2 – y

y = 4x2 – 3x – 2
∆y = 4(x + ∆x)2 – 3(x + ∆x) – 2 – (4x2 – 3x – 2)

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 Step 3: Simplify

∆y = 4(x2 + 2x ∆x + ∆x2) – 3(x + ∆x) – 2 – (4x2 – 3x – 2)

∆y = 4x2 + 8x ∆x + 4∆x2 – 3x – 3∆x – 2 – 4x2 + 3x + 2 Combine like terms

∆y = 8x ∆x + 4∆x2 – 3∆x

Step 4: use the equation

( ) ( )
= lim 0 = lim 0
∆y = f (x + ∆x) – f (x) = 8x ∆x + 4∆x2 – 3∆x

8x x + x – x
= lim 0

x(8x + x– )
= lim 0

x(8x + x– )
= lim 0

= lim 08 + x

= 8x + 4 (0) – 3

= 8x – 3 Ans

NOTE: If you don’t want a longer solution, you can just jump on Step 4.

2) y = 5x + 8

Solution: Using the Definition of Derivatives

2) y = 5x + 8
y = 5x + 8
Solution:
y + ∆y = 5 (x + ∆x) + 8
𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑥)= 5 (x + x) + 8
∆y = 5 (x + ∆x) + 8 – y
y = f(x) = 5x + 8
∆y = 5 (x + ∆x) + 8 – (5x + 8)

∆y = 5x + 5∆x + 8 – 5x – 8
𝒅𝒚 𝒇 (𝒙 𝒙) 𝒇 (𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝟎
∆y = 5∆x 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

5 𝑑𝑦 5 (x x) 8 (5x 8)
= lim = lim 𝑥 0
0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

5 𝑑𝑦 5 (x x) 8 (5x 8)
= lim = lim 𝑥 0
0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 5x 5 x 8 – 5x – 8
= lim 05 = lim 𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 5 x
=5 Ans. = lim 𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= lim 𝑥 05
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
=5 Ans.
𝒅𝒙

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 3) y =

Solution:
3 Using the Definition of Derivatives
y= 𝟑
3) y =
𝒙
3
y + ∆y =
Solution:
3
∆y = –y 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑥 )=
3
𝑥 𝑥
3 3
∆y = – f(x) =
3
𝑥
3 3( )
∆y = ( )( )
𝒅𝒚
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒇 (𝒙 𝒙) 𝒇 (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙
3 3 3 3 𝟑
∆y = ( )( ) 𝑑𝑦 –
𝑥+ 𝑥 𝒙
= lim 𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3
∆y = 2
−3 𝑥
x 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2+𝑥 x
= lim 𝑥 0
−3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2+ x
= lim 0 𝑑𝑦 1 3 𝑥
= lim 𝑥 0 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 x
1 3
= lim 0 2 𝑑𝑦 3
x = lim 𝑥 0 𝑥2 𝑥 x
𝑑𝑥
3
= lim 0 2 𝑑𝑦 3
x =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 (0)
3
= 2 𝒅𝒚 𝟑
(0) = Ans.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

= Ans.

4) y = 2x2 – 16x +10

solution:

y = 2x2 – 16x +10

y + y = 2(x+ ) 2 – 16(x+ ) +10

y = 2(x+ ) 2 – 16(x+ ) +10 – y

y = 2(x+ ) 2 – 16(x+ ) +10 – (2x2 – 16x +10)

y = 2(x2 + 2x ∆x + ∆x2) – 16(x+ ) +10 – (2x2 – 16x +10)

y = 2x2 + 4x ∆x + 2∆x2 – 16x – 16 +10 – 2x2 + 16x – 10

y = 4x ∆x + 2∆x2– 16
4x x 2 x2 – 16
= lim 0

x(4x x 2 x– 16)
= lim 0

x(4x 2 x– 16)
= lim 0

= lim 0( x + x– )

= x + ( )–

= x– Ans

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 5) y = (4x + 9)(3x – 1)

Solution:
y = (4x + 9)(3x – 1) Simplify first the function
y = 12x2 + 23x – 9

y + ∆y = 12 (x + ∆x)2 + 23 (x + ∆x) – 9

∆y = 12 (x + ∆x)2 + 23 (x + ∆x) – 9 – y

∆y = 12 (x2 + 2x ∆x + ∆x2) + 23 (x + ∆x) – 9 – (12x2 + 23x – 9)

∆y = 12x2 + 24x ∆x + 12 ∆x2 + 23x + 23 ∆x – 9 – 12x2 – 23x + 9 Combine like terms

∆y = 24x ∆x + 12 ∆x2 + 23 ∆x
24x x 12 x2 23 x
= lim 0 x

x (24x 12 x 23)
= lim 0 x

x (24x 12 x 23)
= lim 0 x

= lim 0 + +

= 24x + (0) + 23

= 24x + 23 Ans

6) y = (x - 3)2 Simplify first the function

(x – 3)2 = x2 – 6x + 9
solution:

y = x2 – 6x + 9

+ y = (x + )2 – 6(x + )+9

= (x + )2 – 6(x + )+9–y

= (x + )2 – 6(x + ) + 9 – (x2 – 6x + 9)

= x2 + 2x ∆x + ∆x2– 6x – 6 + 9 – x2 + 6x – 9

= 2x ∆x + ∆x2– 6
2x x x2 – 6
= lim 0 x

x(2x x– 6)
= lim 0 x

x(2x x– 6)
= lim 0 x

= lim 0 +

= 2x + (0) – 6

= 2x – 6 Ans

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 RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION
In this section we give most of the general derivative formulas and properties used when taking the derivative of a
function. Examples in this section concentrate mostly on polynomials, roots and more generally variables raised to
powers.

1) CONSTANT RULE:

(c) = 0

This equation means that the derivative of any constant number is zero. (C is constant)

Example:

1) (3) = 0 2. (58) = 0 3. (1,000) = 0

2) IDENTITY FUNCTION RULE:

(x) = 1

The derivative of any variable (x, y, z, t, u, v and etc) is equal to 1.

Example:

1. (u) = 1 2. (t) = 1 3. (z) = 1

C is a constant coefficient
(cu) = c
of u.
The derivative of any variable with a given coefficient is equal to its coefficient.

Example: Variables such as t, u, v are differentiable function of x

1. (2x) 𝑑
. (10u)
𝑑𝑢
= (x) 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(x) = 1 = 10 (u) (u) = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 (1)
= 10 (1)
=2 Ans.
= 10 Ans.
𝑑
3. (5x) 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 . (1,000 z)
𝑑𝑧
=5 Ans
= 1,0000 Ans.

3) POWER RULE:

(un) = nu(n-1)

Example: Variables such as t, u, v are differentiable function of x.

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝟏. (x2) 𝟐. (t5) 𝟑. (z7)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒛

Given: u = x ;n = 2 Given: u = t ;n = 5 Given: u = z ;n = 7

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=nu(n-1) =nu(n-1) =nu(n-1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
=2 x(2-1)
𝑑𝑥
(x) = 1 =5 t(5-1)
𝑑𝑡 (t) = 1 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =7 z(7-1)
𝑑𝑧

=2 x(1) (1) =5 t(4) (1) =7 z(6) (1)

=2x Ans. =5t4 Ans. =7z6 Ans.

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 (cun) = ncu(n-1) C is a constant coefficient
of u.
Example: Variables such as t, u, v are differentiable function of x.

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝟏
𝟏. (3x5) 𝟐. (10t3) 𝟑. ( z8)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝟐

Given: Given: Given:

u=x ;n = 5 ;c = 3 u=t ;n = 3 ;c = 10 u=z ;n = 8 ;c = 1/2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=ncu(n-1) =ncu(n-1) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 =ncu(n-1) 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
=5(3)(x)(5-1) =3(10)(t)(3-1) 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 =8(1/2)(z)(8-1) 𝑑𝑧
=15 x4 Ans. =30 t2 Ans.
=4z7 Ans.

𝟒 𝒅
𝒅
𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟑 𝟓. 𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Given: Given:

u=t ;n = 4/3 ;c = 12 u=x ;n = 2 ;c = 𝟐

𝑑𝑢
=ncu(n-1)
𝑑𝑢
=ncu(n-1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
=(4/3)(12)(t)(4/3 - 1)
𝑑𝑡
=2( 𝟐)(x)(2-1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

=16 t1/3 Ans. =2 𝟐 x Ans.

= +

Example: Inverse Function (Fraction)

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION: RECALL:

𝒅 𝟏
𝟏.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
Simplify first the function: 𝑿𝒏
= x-n
Given: 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐
= x-2
𝒙𝟐
u=x ;n = 2
𝑑
𝑛
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥 2)
= 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑑𝑥
Then, Derive.
=
𝑥 2+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= nu(n-1) ;n=-2 u=x
𝟐 𝑑𝑥
= Ans.
𝒙𝟑 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
=(-2)(x-2 – 1) = x-n
𝑑𝑥 𝑿𝒏

𝟏
=-2 x-3 x-3 =
𝒙𝟑
𝟐
= Ans.
𝒙𝟑

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 𝒅 𝟑
𝟐.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:

Given: Simplify
𝒅 𝟑
u=x ;n = 3
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑
𝑛 𝑑𝑢
= =
𝑑
( 𝑥 3)
𝑢𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 3)(3) 𝑑𝑥
= Then, Derive.
𝑥 3+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
=
𝟗
Ans. = ncu(n-1) ;n=-2 ;u=x c=3
𝒙𝟒 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
=(-3)(3)(x-3 – 1)
𝑑𝑥

=-9 x-4
𝟗
= Ans.
𝒙𝟒

4) SUM RULE

(u + v) = + or +

Example: Variables such as t, u, v are differentiable function of x.

𝟏. 𝐲 = (5x4 + x3) 𝟐. 𝒚 =(3x3 + x2 – 5x +4)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (5x4) + (x3) = (3x3) + (x2) – (5x) + (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=4(5)(x4-1) + 3(x3-1) = 3(3)(x3-1) + 2(x2-1) – 5 + 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
= 20x3 + 3x2 Ans =9x2 + 2x – 5 Ans
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟑. 𝒚 = (x3/2 – x1/2)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (x3/2) – (x1/2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (3/2)(x3/2 – 1) – (1/2)(x(1/2 – 1) )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 1
= x1/2 – x -1/2 Ans
𝑑𝑥 2 2

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 5) PRODUCT RULE

(uv) = +v or +

Example:

𝟏. 𝐲 = (5x4)(x3)

Given:
Derivative of u = 5x4 Derivative of v = x3
𝑑𝑢
u = 5x4 = 20x3 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (5x4) (x3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
v = x3 = 3x2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =4(5)(x4 – 1) =3(x3 – 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
=𝒖 + v 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 20x3 = 3x2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑦
=(5x4)(3x2) + (x3)( 20x3)
𝑑𝑥 y = (5x4)(x3) Simplify
𝑑𝑦
=15x6 + 20x6 y = 5x7
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=35x6 Ans = 7(5)(x7-1) 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
= 35x6 Ans.
𝒅𝒙

𝟐. 𝒚 = (3x-2)(4x4/3)

Given:

u = 3x-2
𝑑𝑢
= -6x-3 Derivative of u = 3x-2 Derivative of v = 3x4/3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
v = 3x4/3
𝑑𝑣
= 4x1/3 (3x-2) (3x4/3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝒖
𝒅𝒙
+v
𝒅𝒙
=(-2)(3)(x-2–1) =(4/3)(3)(x4/3 – 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=(3x-2)(4x1/3) + (3x4/3)( -6x-3) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 4x1/3
𝑑𝑥 = -6x-3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=12x-5/3 – 18x-5/3
𝑑𝑥
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
= -4x-5/3 or Ans.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟓/𝟑
y = (3x-2)(4x4/3) Simplify

y = 12x(-2)+(4/3)

y = 12 x-2/3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=(-2/3)(12)(x(-2/3) – (1))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝟒
= -4x-5/3 or Ans.
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟓/𝟑

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 6) QOUTIENT RULE

= or

Example:

𝟏
𝟏. 𝒚 =
𝒙+𝟏
Given:
Derivative of u = 1 Derivative of v =x + 1
𝑑𝑢
u=1 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑑
(1) (x + 1)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
v=x+1 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
=0 = (x) + (1)
𝒅𝒖
𝒗 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝒗𝟐
= 1+ 0
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 1)(0) (1)(1)
= 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 1)2 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 0 1
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 1)2

𝑑𝑦 1
= Ans.
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 1)2

𝟒 𝒙
𝟐. 𝐲 =
𝟓 𝒙

Given: Derivative of u =4+x Derivative of v =5 - x

𝑑𝑢
u=4+x =1 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (4 + x) (5 – x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
v=5–x = -1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 = (4) + (x) = (5) – (x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
= =0+1 =0–1
𝒗𝟐

𝑑𝑦 (5 𝑥)(1) (4 𝑥)( 1) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= =1 = -1
𝑑𝑥 (5 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (5 𝑥 ) (4 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (5 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 5 𝑥 4 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (5 𝑥)2

𝒅𝒚 𝟗
= Ans.
𝒅𝒙 (𝟓 𝒙)𝟐

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 MORE EXAMPLES USING THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

Using the Power rule

𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(un) = nu(n-1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

1. y = (x2 + 1)2
u =( x2 + 1) Alternative solution:
u= (x2 + 1) ;n = 2
𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑
(x2) +
𝑑
(1) y = (x2 + 1)2 Simplify
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (2x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 y = x4 +2x2 +2
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒖
= 2x2 -1 + 0
𝑑𝑥
= nu(n-1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 = (x4) + (2x2) + 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 2x
= 2(x2 + 1)(2x) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 4(x4-1) +2(2)(x2-1) + 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (2x2 + 2)(2x) 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑥
= 4x3 + 4x Ans.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 4x3 + 4x Ans.
𝒅𝒙

2. y = (x2 + 2x)4 3. y = (6x + 5)6

u = (x2 + 2x) ;n = 4 u = (6x + 5) ;n = 6

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= (2x + 2) =6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = nu(n-1)
= nu(n-1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 6(6x + 5)6-1 (6)
= 4(x2 + 2x)(4-1) (2x + 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 = 36(6x + 5)5 Ans.
=(x2 + 2x)3 (8x + 8) Ans. 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Using the Quotient rule

𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(un) = nu(n-1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐 𝟒
1. y = 1. y =
𝒙𝟐 𝟒
(𝒙 𝟐)
(𝒙 𝟐)

Given: Given:
u = (x2 – 4) v = (x – 2) 𝑑𝑢
u = (x2 – 4) = 2x
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑑𝑣
𝒗𝟐 v = (x – 2) =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝒙 𝟐) (𝒙𝟐 𝟒) (𝒙𝟐 𝟒) (𝑥 2) 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐 =
𝒗𝟐
𝑑𝑦 (𝒙 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙) (𝒙𝟐 𝟒)(𝟏) (𝒙 𝟐)(𝟐𝒙) (𝒙𝟐 𝟒)(𝟏)
= 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐 𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐

𝑑𝑦 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 𝟒)
= 𝑑𝑦 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 𝟒)
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐

𝑑𝑦 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟒 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟒
= 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐 𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐

𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝟒
= Ans. 𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐 = Ans.
𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 𝟐)𝟐

College of Industrial, Information Technology and Engineering Differential Calculus 10

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Engr. Jude M. Asejo
 Using the Product rule:
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝒖𝒅𝒗 𝒗𝒅𝒖
(uv) = 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 + v 𝒅𝒙 or +
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟏. 𝒚 = (x2 + 3)(x3 – 5) SOME SOLUTIONS ARE LIKE THIS:

Given: 𝟏. 𝒚 = (x2 + 3)(x3 – 5)

u = (x2+ 3) v = (x3 – 5) Given:

𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝑑𝑢
𝒖 +v u = (x2+ 3) = 2x
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑣
= (x2+ 3) (x3 – 5) + (x3 – 5) (x2 + 3) v = (x3 – 5) = 3x2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
= (x2+ 3)( 3x2) + (x3 – 5)(2x) =𝒖 +v
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3x4 + 9x2 + 2x4 – 10x = (x2+ 3)( 3x2) + (x3 – 5)(2x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦
= 5x4 + 9x2 – 10x Ans. = 3x4 + 9x2 + 2x4 – 10x
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
= 5x4 + 9x2 – 10x Ans.
𝒅𝒙

𝟐. 𝒚 = (x2 + 1)3(x3 – 1)2

Given:

u = (x2+ 1)3 v = (x3 – 1)2

𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
=𝒖 +v Recall the Power rule
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝑑𝑦
= (x2 + 1)3
𝑑
(x3 – 1)2 + (x3 – 1)2
𝑑
(x2+ 1)3 (un) = nu(n-1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑦
= (x2 + 1)3 ( )(𝑥 3 – )( x 2 ) + (x3 – 1)2 ( )(x 2 + )2 ( x)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (x2 + 1)3 (6x5 – 6x2) + (x2 – 1)2 (x2 +1)2 (6x)
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
= (x2 + 1)3 (6x5 – 6x2) + 6x(x2 – 1)2 (x2 + 1)2 Ans.
𝒅𝒙

You can also answer the problem above like this,

2. y = (x2 + 1)3(x3 – 1)2 u = (x2 + 1)3 v = (x3 – 1 )2

Given: 𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
(un) = nu(n-1) (un) = nu(n-1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑢
u = (x2 + 1)3 = 6x (x2 +1)2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 = 3(x2 +1)3-1 (2x) = 2(x3 – 1)2-1 (3x2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
v = (x3 – 1)2 = (6x5 – 6x2) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 = 6x (x2 +1)2 = 6x2(x3 – 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
=𝒖 +v 𝑑𝑣
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 6x5 – 6x2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (x2 + 1)3 (6x5 – 6x2) + (x3 – 1)2 6x (x2 +1)2
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
= (x2 + 1)3 (6x5 – 6x2) + 6x(x3 – 1)2(x2 +1)2 Ans.
𝒅𝒙

College of Industrial, Information Technology and Engineering Differential Calculus 11

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Engr. Jude M. Asejo
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Problem set #2 (Derivative of a function using the delta, )

Name: ___________________________________
Course & year: ____________ Score: _________

Answer the following problem Sets: Place your answer in a long/short bond paper (No back to back solution)

Evaluate the following Derivatives using the delta,

1. y = x

2. y = 10x + 8

3. y = 4x2 – 6x

4. z = t2 – 7t + 5

5. y = (x + 6)(5x + 2)

6. y = (2x – 5)2

7. y = (x+ 4)(x – 3)2

1
8. r =
𝑢 1

9. y = 𝑥

10. y = 𝑥 8 tips to answer prob. 10, use the conjugate method.

College of Industrial, Information Technology and Engineering Differential Calculus 12

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Engr. Jude M. Asejo
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Problem set #3 (Derivatives - Rules for Differentiation)

Name: ___________________________________
Course & year: ____________ Score: _________

Answer the following problem Sets: Place your answer in a long/short bond paper (No back to back solution)

Evaluate the following Derivatives using the rules for Differentiation.

1. y = 3x2 – 8x – 2 11. y =
𝑥
2𝑥 1

2. y = 9x3 + 2x2 – 3x + 10 (3𝑥 5 3𝑥)

12. y =
𝑥3
3. y =4x7/4 + 2x3/2 + 3x4/3
(𝑥 2 1)
13. y =
3 (𝑥 2 1)
4. z =
𝑡3
(3𝑥 2 4𝑥)4
14. y =
5. y = (6x5)(3x8) (4𝑥 2 3)

(𝑥 1)3 (𝑥 2)
6. y = (x2/3)(2x4/3) 15. y =
(𝑥 3)

7. r = (u2 – 2)2

8. y = (3x2 – 4x + 1)5

9. p = (7q – 2)(4q3 + 5)

10. y = (5x + 3)4 (2x – 5)3

College of Industrial, Information Technology and Engineering Differential Calculus 13

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Engr. Jude M. Asejo