Gas Power or Air Standard Cycles

Dr. Veershetty Gumapure

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal

1
 Gas Power or Air Standard Cycles

Objectives
• Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which the working fluid remains a
gas throughout the entire cycle.
• Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles.
• Review the operation of reciprocating engines.
• Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Otto, Diesel, Stirling, and Ericsson cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the Brayton cycle with regeneration; and
the Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration.
• Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law analysis of gas power cycles.
• Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles.
 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLES

Most power-producing devices operate on cycles.

The cycles encountered in actual devices are difficult to analyze because of the presence of
complicating effects, such as friction, and the absence of sufficient time for establishment of the
equilibrium conditions during the cycle

To make an analytical study of a cycle feasible, we have to keep the complexities at a manageable level
and utilize some idealizations

Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle closely but is made up totally of internally
reversible processes.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
operating between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally reversible, and unsuitable as a realistic model.

Modeling is a
powerful The analysis of many
engineering tool complex processes can be
that provides reduced to a manageable
great insight and level by utilizing some
simplicity at the idealizations.
expense of some
Thermal efficiency of heat engine
loss in accuracy.
 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLES

The ideal cycles are internally reversible, but, unlike the Carnot
cycle, they are not necessarily externally reversible.
Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal cycle, in general,
is less than that of a totally reversible cycle operating between
the same temperature limits. However, it is still considerably
higher than the thermal efficiency of an actual cycle because
of the idealizations utilized.
The idealizations and simplifications in the analysis of power cycles:

1. The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, the working fluid
does not experience any pressure drop as it flows in pipes or devices
such as heat exchangers.
2. All expansion and compression processes take place in a quasi-
equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are well
insulated, and heat transfer through them is negligible.

On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the

area enclosed by the process curve
represents the net work of the cycle.

On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the

area enclosed by the cyclic curve
to the area under the heat-addition
process curve represents the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Any modification that increases
the ratio of these two areas will
also increase the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
 THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS VALUE IN ENGINEERING

The Carnot cycle can be executed in a closed system (a piston–cylinder device) or a steady-
flow system (utilizing two turbines and two compressors, and either a gas or a vapor can
be utilized as the working fluid. The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle that can be
executed between a heat source at temperature TH and a sink at temperature TL,
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally
reversible processes: isothermal heat addition,
isentropic expansion, isothermal heat rejection,
and isentropic compression.
For both ideal and actual cycles: Thermal
efficiency increases with an increase in the
average temperature at which heat is supplied to
Insulated
the system or with a decrease in the average Source,
cover
Sink,
temperature at which heat is rejected from the T1 Q1-2 T3
Q3-4 Ai
A
system. ir [1] r
Piston
[4] Piston
Piston [2]
[2]

[3] Piston [3]

Isothermal Isentropic Isothermal Isentropic

heat supply expansion heat rejection compression
 THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS VALUE IN ENGINEERING
Working of Carnot cycle
The thermodynamic processes that a Carnot cycle undergoes
in a closed system (piston-cylinder device)
Process 1-2: Isothermal (constant temperature) heat supply
In this process, heat Q1-2 is supplied to the working fluid (air or any gas) isothermally at
temperature T1 from an external heat source. The piston moves from position 1 to position
2, increasing the volume from V1 to V2. The pressure decreases fromP1to P2.
Process 2-3: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion
During this process, the cylinder is completely insulated and the working fluid is allowed to
expand isentropically utilizing its own internal energy. The pressure and temperature of
the working fluid decreases to P3 and T3 respectively. The piston reaches the bottom dead
centre (BDC) at the end of this process.

Process 3-4: Isothermal (constant temperature) heat rejected

The working fluid rejects the heat, Q3-4, isothermally at a constant temperature T3 to an
external sink as the piston starts moving towards the top dead centre (TDC). The pressure
increases to P4 and volume decreases to V4.
Process 4-1: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) compression
During this process, the working fluid is compressed isentropically to the initial state P1, V1
and T1. The work is done on the working fluid and internal energy increases. The cycle is
completed at the end of this process.
 THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS VALUE IN ENGINEERING

Limitations of Carnot Cycle

 In practice, it is not possible to devise isothermal heat transfer processes. It

requires very large heat exchangers and the piston movement be restricted
to infinitesimally small steps (quasi- static).

 The processes are not reversible in reality.

 The compression and expansion processes undergo reversible adiabatic

(isentropic) processes, which require the piston to move rapidly so that there
is no time for the heat transfer to occur.
 AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
The actual gas power cycles are rather complex. To reduce the analysis to a
manageable level, we utilize the following approximations, commonly known as
the air-standard assumptions:

Air standard assumptions

1. The working fluid is air, which continuously
circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as a
ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally
reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process from an external source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process
that restores the working fluid to its initial state.

Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to be

air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25°C).
Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are
applicable.
 TERMINOLOGY FOR RECIPROCATING DEVICES

The following is some terminology we need to understand for reciprocating engines—typically piston-
cylinder devices. Let’s look at the following figures for the definitions of top dead center (TDC), bottom
dead center (BDC), stroke, bore, intake valve, exhaust valve, clearance volume, displacement volume,
compression ratio, and mean effective pressure.

Reciprocating Engines
• Spark-ignition (SI) engines
• Compression-ignition (CI) engines

Bore: It is the diameter of the piston

Top dead centre (TDC): It is the position
of the piston when it forms the smallest
volume in the cylinder.

Bottom dead centre (BDC): It is the position of the piston when it

forms the largest volume in the cylinder.

Stroke: It is the distance between the top dead centre (TDC)the piston can
travel in one direction.
Intake valve: It allows the air or air-fuel mixture to be drawn into the cylinder.

Exhaust valve: It allows the combustion products to be expelled from the cylinder
 TERMINOLOGY FOR RECIPROCATING DEVICES
Clearance volume: The Clearance Volume is the minimum volume
formed in the cylinder when the piston is at the Top Dead Centre (TDC).

Displacement volume: The Displacement Volume (or Stroke Volume) is

the volume equal to the difference in total volume and clearance volume of
the cycle.
Swept volume: When the piston moves from TDC to BDC, the volume
displaced by the piston is called Swept Volume

Compression ratio: The compression ratio r of an engine is the

ratio of the maximum volume to the minimum volume formed in
the cylinder.
V max VBDC
r 
V min VTDC
The mean effective pressure (MEP): It is a fictitious pressure that, if
it operated on the piston during the entire power stroke, would
produce the same amount of net work as that produced during the
actual cycle.
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

Otto cycle consists of two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) and two isochoric (reversible
constant volume) processes. The cycle was proposed by Frenchman Beau de Rochas in
1876 in Germany. Otto cycle is named after Nikolaus A Otto, who built a successful four-
stroke engine in 1876 in Germany. It is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating
engines
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

Four-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution
Two-stroke cycle
The two-stroke engines are
1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution
generally less efficient than
their four-stroke counterparts
but they are relatively simple
and inexpensive, and they have
high power-to-weight and
power-to-volume ratios.

Schematic of a two-stroke
reciprocating engine.

T-s diagram of the ideal Otto cycle.

 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

The air-standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the spark-ignition combustion
engine.

Process 1-2: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) compression

Air is compressed isentropically from its initial pressure P1 and volume V1 to P2 and V2
respectively. The temperature increases from T1 to T2.

Process 2-3: Isochoric (reversible constant volume) heat addition

At the end of the isentropic compression, heat is supplied to the air from an external source at
constant volume. The temperature of the air rises to T3 and the pressure increases to P3

Process 3-4: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion

The high pressure and temperature is now allowed to expand isentropically thus doing the work.
The pressure and temperature decreases to P4 and T4 respectively.
Process 4-1: Isochoric (reversible constant volume) heat rejection
At the end of the isentropic expansion, the heat is rejected by the air thus attaining the initial
pressure and temperature P1 and T1 respectively. This completes the Otto cycle.
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

Thermal Efficiency of the Otto cycle:

Wnet Qnet Qin  Qout Qout

 th     1
Qin Qin Qin Qin

Now to find Qin and Qout.

Apply first law closed system to process 2-3, V = constant.

Thus, for constant specific heats,

Qnet , 23  U 23
Qnet , 23  Qin  mCv (T3  T2 ) 15
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

Apply first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant.

Thus, for constant specific heats,

Qnet , 41  U 41
Qnet , 41  Qout  mCv (T1  T4 )
Qout  mCv (T1  T4 )  mCv (T4  T1 )

The thermal efficiency becomes

Qout
 th , Otto  1
Qin
mCv (T4  T1 )
 1
mCv (T3  T2 )
16
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

The thermal efficiency

(T4  T1 )
 th , Otto  1
(T3  T2 )
T1 (T4 / T1  1)
 1
T2 (T3 / T2  1)
Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so

Since V3 = V2 and V4 = V1, we see that

T2 T3

T1 T4
or
T4 T3
 17
T1 T2
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

The Otto cycle efficiency becomes

T1
 th , Otto  1
T2
Is this the same as the Carnot cycle efficiency?

Since process 1-2 is isentropic,

where the compression ratio is r = V1/V2 and

1
 th , Otto  1  k 1
r
18
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle depends
on the compression ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid. The
thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle increases with both the compression ratio

1
 th , Otto  1 
r k 1

At room temperature, k
1.4 for air, 1.3 for carbon
Thermal efficiency of the
dioxide, and 1.2 for ethane.
ideal Otto cycle as a
function of compression
ratio (k = 1.4).

We see that increasing the compression ratio increases the thermal efficiency. However, there is a limit on
r depending upon the fuel. Fuels under high temperature resulting from high compression ratios will
prematurely ignite, called autoignition, produces an audible noise, which is called engine knock.

Autoignition in spark-ignition engines cannot be tolerated because it hurts performance and can cause
engine damage. The requirement that autoignition not be allowed places an upper limit on the compression
ratios that can be used in spark ignition internal combustion engines.
 Mean Effective Pressure (pm or mep)
Wnet Qnet Qin  Qout
pm (mep)    (1)
Vs V1  V2 V1 1  V2 / V1 

Qin  Q2 3  mCv T3  T2 

Qout  Q4 1  mCv (T 4T1 )
mRT1 V2 1
V1  
P1 V1 r

On substitution into Eqn. (1);

k
k
k

20
 (2)
k

As the processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic

k
k k

As the process 2-3 is isochoric;

21
On substitution into Eqn. (2),

22
Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

23
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the compression stroke, eliminating the
possibility of autoignition (engine knock). Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to
operate at much higher compression ratios than SI engines, typically between 12 and 24.

The fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the piston approaches TDC
and continues during the first part of the power stroke.
Therefore, the combustion process in these engines takes place over a longer
interval.

Because of this longer duration, the

combustion process in the ideal Diesel
cycle is approximated as a constant-
pressure heat-addition process. In fact, this
is the only process where the Otto and the
Diesel cycles differ.

24
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES

The air-standard Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the
Diesel combustion engine

Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection

The P-v and T-s diagrams are

25
 THE WORKING OF DIESEL CYCLE

Process 1-2: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) compression

During this process, the air from initial state is compressed isentropically to pressure P2
and temperature T2. The volume is decreased from V1 to V2

Process 2-3: Isobaric (reversible constant pressure) heat supply

At the end of the isentropic compression, heat is supplied to the air at constant pressure
from an external source. The temperature increases from T2 to T3. The supply of heat is
continued till the point 3 is reached. This point is called ‘cut-off’ point. The volume
increases from V2 to V3.

Process 3-4: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion

At point 3, the supply of heat is ‘cut off’ and the air is allowed to expand doing the
work. The pressure and temperature decreases to P4 and T4 respectively. The volume
increases to V4.

Process 4-1: Isochoric (reversible constant volume) heat rejection

At the end of isentropic expansion, the heat is rejected from the air to an external sink,
thus bringing the pressure and temperature of the air to its initial state. This completes
the Diesel cycle. 26
 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DIESEL CYCLE

Wnet Qout
Thermal efficiency  th , Diesel   1
Qin Qin

Now to find Qin and Qout.

Apply the first law closed system to process 2-3, P = constant.

Thus, for constant specific heats

Qnet , 23  U 23  P2 (V3  V2 )
Qnet , 23  Qin  mCv (T3  T2 )  mR(T3  T2 )
Qin  mC p (T3  T2 ) 27
 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DIESEL CYCLE

Apply the first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant (just as we did
for the Otto cycle)

Thus, for constant specific heats

Qnet , 41  U 41
Qnet , 41  Qout  mCv (T1  T4 )
Qout  mCv (T1  T4 )  mCv (T4  T1 )
The thermal efficiency becomes
Qout
 th , Diesel  1
Qin
mCv (T4  T1 )
 1
mC p (T3  T2 ) 28
 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DIESEL CYCLE
The thermal efficiency becomes

Cv (T4  T1 )
 th , Diesel  1
C p (T3  T2 )
1 T1 (T4 / T1  1)
 1
k T2 (T3 / T2  1)
What is T3/T2 ?
PV PV
3 3
 2 2 where P3  P2
T3 T2
T3 V3
  rc
T2 V2

where rc is called the cutoff ratio, defined as V3 /V2, and is a measure of the duration
of the heat addition at constant pressure. Since the fuel is injected directly into the
cylinder, the cutoff ratio can be related to the number of degrees that the crank
rotated during the fuel injection into the cylinder. 29
 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DIESEL CYCLE

What is T4/T1 ?

PV PV
4 4
 1 1 where V4  V1
T4 T1
T4 P4

T1 P1

Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so

1 1  PV 4 4  PV
k k k k
PV 2 2 and PV 3 3

Since V4 = V1 and P3 = P2, we divide the second equation by the first equation
and obtain

30
 Therefore, 1 T1 (T4 / T1  1)
 th , Diesel  1
k T2 (T3 / T2  1)
1 T1 rck  1
 1
k T2 (rc  1)
1 rck  1
 1
r k 1 k (rc  1)

* What happens as rc goes to 1? Sketch the P-v diagram for the Diesel cycle
and show rc approaching 1 in the limit.

31
 COMPARISION OF OTTO AND DIESEL CYCLE

 Diesel
1  1 rck  1 
 1  k 1  
 

 
1
recall, Otto  1 
const cV r  rc  1 
k r k 1

Note the term in the square bracket is always larger

than one so for the same compression ratio, r, the
Diesel cycle has a lower thermal efficiency than the
Otto cycle

Note: CI needs higher r compared to SI to ignite fuel

When rc > 1 for a fixed r, th , Diesel  th , Otto. But, since rDiesel  rOtto ,  th , Diesel  th , Otto
.

32
Comparison of the Otto and the Diesel Cycle

 ηOtto > ηDiesel for the same compression ratio

 Diesel engines burn the fuel more completely since they

usually operate at lower rpm and air-fuel ratio is much higher
than ignition-spark engines

 Diesel engines compression ratios are typically between 12

and 24, whereas spark-ignition (SI) engines are between 7
and 10. Thus a diesel engine can tolerate a higher ratio since
only air is compressed in a diesel cycle and spark knock is
not an issue

33
 Dual combustion cycle
(Limited pressure cycle/Semi-Diesel cycle/Mixed cycle)

34
 OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

The air-standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the spark-
ignition combustion engine.

The air-standard Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the Diesel
combustion engine
 Dual combustion cycle
(Limited pressure cycle/Semi-Diesel cycle/Mixed cycle)

 In early compression ignition engines the fuel was injected when the piston
reached top dead centre and thus combustion lasted well into the expansion
stroke.

 The air standard Diesel cycle thus does not simulate exactly the pressure and
volume variation in an actual modern compression ignition engine.

 In modern engines the fuel is injected before the top dead centre (about 15o).

 The dual combustion cycle is the closer approximation to the modern

compression ignition engine in which some part of the heat is added to the air
at constant volume and remainder at constant pressure.

36
 Dual combustion cycle

p Q3-4 T
p3 3 4
4
Rev. Adia. T4
Q2-3

p2 3
2 T3 s= C

2 5
T2
5
Q s=C
5-1

T1
1 1
s1 s5 s
V2 V1 V

Process
Process 1-2: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) compression
Process 2-3: Isochoric (constant volume) heat supply
Process 3-4: Isobaric (constant pressure) heat supply
Process 4-5: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion
Process 5-1: Isochoric (constant volume) heat rejection 37
 Dual combustion cycle

Process 1-2: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) compression

In this process, the air is compressed in the cylinder isentropically from its initial
state P1, V1 and T1 to P2, V2 and T2 respectively.

Process 2-3: Isochoric (constant volume) heat supply

At the end of isentropic compression, the heat is added to air at constant volume.
This increases the pressure and temperature of air to P3 and T3 respectively.

Process 3-4: Isobaric (constant pressure) heat supply

After the point 3 is reached, the heat is added to air at constant pressure till the point
4 is reached. The point 4 is called ‘cut-off’ point at which the supply of heat to the
air is stopped. The pressure and temperature increases to P4 and T4 respectively.

Process 4-5: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion

At point 4, the supply of heat is cut off and the air is allowed to expand doing the
work. The pressure and temperature decreases to P5 and T5 respectively.

Process 5-1: Isochoric (constant volume) heat rejection

At the end of isentropic expansion, the heat is rejected from the air to an external
sink and the air is brought back to its initial state. This completes the dual
combustion cycle 38
Thermodynamic analysis of dual combustion cycle

Heat supplied: Qin  mCv (T3  T2 )  mCp (T4  T3 )

Heat rejected: Qout  mCv (T5  T1 )

Efficiency:
Qout mCv (T5  T1 )
  1  1
Qin mCv (T3  T2 )  mC p (T4  T3 )

(T5  T1 )
  1
(T3  T2 )  k (T4  T3 )

T1T5 / T1   1
  1
T2 T3 / T2   1  kT3 T4 / T3   1
39
 Thermodynamic analysis of dual combustion cycle …

Let’s define the volume ratios: Q3-4

p3 3 4
Q2-3 Rev. Adia.
V1
Compression ratio: r  p2 2
V2

5
V4
Cut-off ratio: rc 
Q
5-1
V3 1

V2 V1 V
V5
Expansion ratio: re 
V4

From the above relationship, we obtain: r  rc re

P3
Explosion or pressure ratio:  
p2
40
 Thermodynamic analysis of dual combustion cycle …
Process 1-2: Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) compression
k 1
T2  V1 
    r k 1  T2  T1r k 1
T1  V2 
Process 2-3: Isochoric or reverse constant volume heat supply
T3 P3
    T3  T2  T1r k 1
T2 P2
Process 3-4: Isobaric or reverse constant pressure heat supply

T4 V4
  rc  T4  T3rc  T1r k 1rc
T3 V3
Process 4-5: Isentropic or reverse adiabatic expansion
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
T5  V4   V4 / V3  r  r 
       c   T5  T4  c 
T4  V5   V1 / V3  r r
k 1 k 1
 rc   rc 
 T5  T4    T1r rc  
k 1
 T1rc 
k
41
r r
 Thermodynamic analysis of dual combustion cycle …
T1T5 / T1   1
  1
T2 T3 / T2   1  kT3 T4 / T3   1
On substituting

T r  1
  1  k 1 1 c
k

T1rc   1  kT1r k 1 rc  1

1  rc  1 
k
dual  1  k 1  
r    1  k rc  1
Observe that:
1. For rc = 1, we will get expression for efficiency of Otto cycle.
2. For α = 1, we will get expression for efficiency of Diesel cycle
1  rc  1 
k
1
Otto  1   Diesel  1  k 1  
r
k 1
r  c  k r  1 42
 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles

 The important variable factors which are used as the basis for
comparison of the cycles are compression ratio, peak pressure,
heat addition, heat rejection and the net work.

 In order to compare the performance of the Otto, Diesel and Dual

combustion cycles, some of the variable factors must be fixed.

 Comparison of these three cycles is made for the same

compression ratio, same heat addition, constant maximum
pressure and temperature, same heat rejection and net work output.

 This analysis will show which cycle is more efficient for a given
set of operating conditions.

43
 Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition

5 6 6” 6'
1-2-3-4 Otto cycle, From the T-s diagram
1-2-3'-4' Diesel cycle and
Area 5-2-3-6 = Area 5-2-3'-6’ = Area 5-2-2"- 3"-6“
1-2-2"-3"-4" Dual cycle.
Qin-Otto=Qin-Diesel=Qin-dual

Area 5-1-4-6 < Area 5-1-4”-6”< Area 5-1-4’-6’

Qout-Otto< Qout-Dual < Qout-Diesel
Qout
 1   Otto   Dual   Diesel
Qin
44
 Same Compression Ratio and Heat Addition
 From the T-s diagram, it can be seen that Area 5-2-3-6 = Area 5-2-3'-6’ = Area 5-2-
2"- 3"-6" as this area represents the heat input which is the same for all cycles.

 All the cycles start from the same initial state point 1 and the air is compressed from
state 1 to 2 as the compression ratio is same.

 It is seen from the T-s diagram for the same heat input, the heat rejection in Otto
cycle (area 5-1-4-6) is minimum and heat rejection in Diesel cycle (5-1-4'-6') is
maximum..

 Consequently, Otto cycle has the highest work output and efficiency.

 Diesel cycle has the least efficiency and Dual cycle having the efficiency between
the two.

 One more observation can be made i.e., Otto cycle allows the working medium to
expand more whereas Diesel cycle is least in this respect. The reason is heat is
added before expansion in the case of Otto cycle and the last portion of heat
45
supplied to the fluid has a relatively short expansion in case of the Diesel cycle
Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection

Qout QoutOtto  Qout Diesel

  1
Qin QinOtto  Qout Diesel
Qout
 1   Otto   Dual   Diesel
Qin
Heat supplied in the Otto cycle is more than that of the Diesel cycle.
Hence, it is evident that, the efficiency of the Otto cycle is greater than the
efficiency of the Diesel cycle for a given compression ratio and heat rejection
46
Same Peak Pressure, Peak Temperature and Heat Rejection

QoutOtto  Qout Diesel

Qout
Qout Diesel  QoutOtto  1    Diesel   Dual  Otto
Qin

Therefore, the Diesel cycle efficiency is greater than the Otto cycle efficiency when
both engines are built to withstand the same thermal and mechanical stresses
47
Problem 1 Tutorial
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 100 kPa and 17°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is
transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Accounting
for the variation of specific heats of air with temperature, determine (a) the
maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle, (b) the net work
output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the
cycle

Solution: An ideal Otto cycle is considered. The maximum temperature and

pressure, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective
pressure are to be determined

Assumptions:
1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
3 The variation of specific heats with
temperature is to be accounted for.
Analysis
(a) The maximum temperature and pressure in an Otto cycle occur at
the end of the constant-volume heat-addition process (state 3). But first
we need to determine the temperature and pressure of air at the end of
the isentropic compression process (state 2),

From property table

Process 1-2 (isentropic compression

of an ideal gas):
Process 2-3 (constant-volume heat addition):
 (b) The net work output for the cycle is determined either by finding the
boundary (P dV) work involved in each process by integration and
adding them or by finding the net heat transfer that is equivalent to the
net work done during the cycle. We take the latter approach. However,
first we need to find the internal energy of the air at state 4:
Process 3-4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):

Process 4-1 (constant-volume heat rejection):

Thus
(c) The thermal efficiency of the cycle

Under the cold-air-standard assumptions (constant specific heat values

at room temperature), the thermal efficiency

which is considerably different from the value obtained above.

Therefore, care should be exercised in utilizing the cold-air-standard
assumptions.
(d) The mean effective pressure is determined from its definition,
 Problem 2
Tutorial
An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air as the working fluid.
The state of air at the beginning of the compression process is 95 kPa and 20°C. If the
maximum temperature in the cycle is not to exceed 2200K, determine
(a) the thermal efficiency and
(b) the mean effective pressure. Assume constant specific heats for air at room
temperature
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are
Cp= 1.005 kJ/kg·K, Cv= 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and
k = 1.4
Analysis (a) Process 1-2 : Isentropic compression

Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition

54
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion

55
(b) the mean effective pressure.

56
 Problem 3 Tutorial
The compression ratio of a single cylinder engine operating on limited pressure cycle is 8. The
maximum pressure in the cycle is limited to 55 bar. The initial pressure and temperature of air is
1 bar and 270C. Heat is added during the constant pressure process up to 3% of the stroke.
Assuming the diameter and stroke of the cylinder as 25 cm and 30 cm respectively, determine
(i) work done per cycle (ii) air standard efficiency and (iii) power developed, if number of
working cycles are 200 per minute.

Analysis: Dual Cycle

r = V1/V2=8
P3=P4=55 bar=55x105 N/m2
P1= 1 bar =1x105 N/m2
T1= 27 ºC= 300K
V4-V3=0.03Vs
d= 25 cm =25x10-2 m
L = 30 cm = 30x10-2 m

To determine:
Work done per cycle
Air standard cycle efficiency
57
Power developed
Stroke volume, Vs

Clearance volume, V2
V1 V2  Vs Vs Vs 0.01473
r   1   V2  
V2 V2 V2 r 1 8 1
V2  2.104 10 3 m3

Cut-off ratio, rc

V4 0.03Vs 0.03Vs 0.03Vs

rc  1   rc  1   rc  1
V3 V3 V3 V3
0.01473
 rc  0.03  3
 1  1.21
2.104 10 58
Total volume, V1

Process 1-2 (Isentropic or reversible adiabatic compression)

k
p2  V1 
    r k  P2  P1 r k  1105  81.4
P1  V2 
 P2  18.38 105 N / m 2
k 1
T2  V1 
    r k 1  T2  T1 r k 1  300  81.41
P1  V2 
T2  689.22 K

Explosion ratio, α:
59
 Air standard efficiency, η:
1  rc  1 
k
dual  1  k 1  
r    1  k rc  1

1  2.99 1.211.4  1 
dual  1  1.41  
8  2.99  1  1.4  2.991.21  1
dual  0.5593  55.93%

For process 2-3 (Isochoric or constant volume heat supply)

For process 3-4 (Isobaric or constant pressure heat supply)

V3 V4 V 
  T4  T3  4   T3rc  T 4  2060.76 1.21
T3 T4  V3 
T4  2493.52 K 60
Heat supplied, Qsup:
Qin  Q23  Q34  Cv (T3  T2 )  C p (T4  T3 )
Qin  0.718 103  (2060.76  689.22)  1.005 103  (2493.52  2060.76)
 Qin  1419.69 103 J

Net work done, W:

Wnet
  Wnet  Qin  0.5596 1419.69 103
Qin
Wnet  794.03 103 J / cycle

Power developed, P:
Wnet N 794.03 103  200
P 
60 60
 P  2646.77 103 J / s(W )
61
62