KISS Resources for NSW Syllabuses & Australian Curriculum

® KEEP IT SIMPLE SCIENCE

keep it simple science Physics Module 3

Waves & Thermodynamics

WORKSHEETS
Worksheet 1 The Nature of Waves
Fill in the blank spaces. Student Name...........................................
Waves carry a)................................... without the Frequency is the number of l)................................
transfer of b)................................ “Mechanical” per second. The SI unit is the m)................. (........)
waves require a c)............................. to travel in.
Examples are d)...................... and ............................ n).............................. is the time for one complete
“Electromagnetic” waves do not need a medium vibration. This is the o).................................... of
and can travel in a e)....................... Examples frequency.
include f).................... and ................................
Velocity is the speed of the wave and is equal to
A g).......................... wave is when the vibration and p)....................... multiplied by q)...........................
the movement of energy are h).................................
....................................... On the graph of a wave, showing Displacement v
In a Longitudinal Wave, the vibration and the Time, the vertical scale shows the
energy movement are i)........................................... r)..................................... of the wave, while the
........................................... horizontal allows you to read the value of the
s).................................. and then easily calculate the
j)................................. is the distance from crest to t)......................................................
crest.
For waves travelling at the same velocity,
Amplitude is the k)................................................ increasing the frequency would
................................................. u)............................... (increase/decrease) the
v)................................., and vice-versa.

Worksheet 2 Practice Problems

Wave Equation 1 Student Name...........................................
Example Problem 2. An earthquake shockwave travels through rock at
A sound wave has a period of 2.00x10-3 s. a velocity of 2,500 ms-1. Its frequency is 0.400 Hz.
(= 0.002s) Sound travels in air at a velocity of 330ms- What is the wavelength?
1.
a) What is the frequency of the wave?
b) Find the wavelength.
3. What is the wavelength of a sound wave with
Solution frequency 1200Hz? Sound travels in air at 330ms-1.
a) f =1/T
= 1 / 0.002
= 500Hz (i.e. 500 vibrations per sec.)
4. An ocean water wave in deep water travels at a
b) V=fλ velocity of 6.50ms-1. Its period is 16.0s.
330 = 500 x λ a) What is the frequency?
λ = 330 / 500
= 0.66m (i.e. 66cm from crest to crest)
b) Wavelength?
TRY THESE
1. a) Find the velocity of a sound wave in water if it
vibrates 280 times per second and has a wavelength
of 5.20m. c) As the wave enters shallower water it keeps the
same frequency but slows down to only 2.20 ms-1.
b)What is the period of this wave? What happens to the wavelength?

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® Worksheet 3 Practice Problems

keep it simple science More Wave Equation Student Name...........................................

1. 4. When a guitar string is plucked, a wave vibration

a) Red light has a wavelength of 7.00x10-7m, and runs back and forth through the string. The string
travels at 3.00x108ms-1. What is the frequency? is 0.96m long and it is found that exactly 8
complete wavelengths fit along the string at a time.
The vibration frequency is 384Hz. How fast do the
waves travel through the string?
b) Blue light has a wavelength of 3.00x10-7m and
travels at the same speed. What is the frequency?

2. 5.
Radio signals travel at the speed of light. X-rays are very short wavelength EM waves which
(3.00x108ms-1) A radio station has a frequency of travel at the speed of light. If the wavelength is
530 kHz (=530,000Hz). 1.50x10-11 metre,
a) What is the period of the waves? a) find the frequency.

b) What is the wavelength?

b What is the period of the X-rays?

3.
Compare the frequency of a radio wave 2.50m long,
with one 2.50cm long.
(Assume they both travel at the speed of light)
Remember, for full marks in calculations, you must show
FORMULA, NUMERICAL SUBSTITUTION,
APPROPRIATE PRECISION and UNITS

Worksheet 4 Practice Problems

Reading Wave Graphs Student Name...........................................
The graph shows 3 different waves “P”, “Q” and “R”.
For each wave;
i) What is the Amplitude?
ii) State the (approx) displacement at time t=0.03s
iii) What is the Period of each wave?
iv) What is the Frequency of each wave?
v) Given that wave “P” has a wavelength of 0.50m, calculate its velocity.
vi) Waves “Q” & “R” both travel with a velocity of 9.5ms-1. Find their wavelengths.

P
0.1

Q
Displacement (m)

Time (s)
0

0.05 0.1
R
-0.1

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® Worksheet 5 Test-Style Questions section 1

keep it simple science Student Name...........................................
Multiple Choice 8. (4 marks)
Differentiate between:
1. a) mechanical and EM waves.
Sound waves are best described as:
A. mechanical and transverse.
B. electromagnetic and transverse.
C. mechanical and longitudinal.
D. electromagnetic and longitudinal.
b) transverse and longitudinal waves.
2. B
Which measurement in this
diagram (A,B,C or D)
correctly shows the D
A
“amplitude” of the wave?
C
3. 9. (5 marks)
In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium: A sound wave with frequency 400Hz travels through
A. vibrate perpendicular to the direction of energy water at 1,500 ms-1. Show working:
flow. a) calculate the wavelength.
B. move randomly in all directions.
C. vibrate parallel to the direction of energy flow.
D. move with the energy from one place to another.

4.
If the period of a wave is 4 seconds, then its
frequency is:
A. 0.25 Hz b) calculate the wave’s period.
B. 0.4 Hz
C. 4.0 Hz
D. 1/16 Hz

5.
3
displacement

The period of this

wave is:
(mm)

A. 0.8s 2.0 10. (5 marks) 3

B 1.6s The graph
displacement

0 1.0 time describes a wave

C. 3 mm
(s) in the ocean. time (s)
D. 6 mm
(m)

-3 20
10
a) What is the
6. frequency of the
-3
If a sound wave has a velocity of 330ms-1, and its wave?
frequency is 660Hz, then its wavelength must be: Explain your answer.

A. 990 m B. 2.0m C. 0.5m D. 330m

Longer Response Questions

Mark values shown are suggestions only, and are to give b) Given that the wave travels at 12.5ms-1, find the
you an idea of how detailed an answer is appropriate. wavelength. Show your working.
Answer on reverse if insufficient space.

7. (4 marks)
a) How do we perceive different frequencies of
i) sound?

ii) light?

b) How do we perceive different amplitudes of

i) sound?

ii) light?

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® Worksheet 6 Wave Behaviour

keep it simple science
Student Name......................................
Guided Notes. (Make your own summary)

1. 4.
When waves strike the boundary of a different Outline a technological application of wave
medium, 3 things (at least) can occur: (list) reflection with sound or radio waves.

2. 5. Which 3 things about a wave undergo a change

a) What is the “Law of Reflection”? during refraction.

What does NOT change?

6. (see graph at bottom of page)

b) How must the angles be measured? Find the resultant of these 2 waves by adding the
displacements at the circled points, then join the
“sum” points with an even curve.

If these are sound waves, what would you hear?

3. 7.
Sketch the pattern of reflection of light from a: a) What is diffraction?
a) concave mirror.

b) Explain how diffraction often leads to

interference patterns.

b) convex mirror
8.
Define “resonance in a mechanical system”.

for Q6
+ve
Displacement
-ve

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® Worksheet 7 Sound Waves

keep it simple science Fill in the blank spaces. Student Name....................................
Sound waves are a)................................. and “Echoes” occur when sounds
b).................................... A sound wave i).................................. Some animals use
consists of a series of high pressure echoes for j)................................ Humans
c)................................ and lower pressure use the technology of k)...............................
d)........................................ travelling through for “depth sounding” and
the medium. l).......................................................................

In air, the speed of sound is about When 2 or more waves coincide, they will
e).......... ms-1, but it is much interfere with each other. The
f)............................... (higher/lower) in water
m)............................ wave can be found by
or in solids such as metals.
adding together the separate wave
The “pitch” of a sound is related to the n)..............................................
g)............................... of the wave. The
amplitude of the wave determines the
h)............................. of the sound we hear.

Worksheet 8 Standing Waves in Strings

Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
1. The diagram shows a steel wire under tension 2. This nylon string carries standing waves at a
which is vibrating with a fundamental standing wave. velocity of 2,400ms-1. The string is 80cm (0.80m)
The wire is 1.20m long. The velocity of the wave in long. The diagram shows one of the harmonics of a
this wire is 3,800ms-1. standing wave vibrating in the string.

Length = 1.2m

a) Which harmonic is this?

a) What is the wavelength of this standing wave? b) What is the wavelength of this wave?

c) What is the frequency?

b) Calculate the frequency of the wave.

c) i) Sketch the pattern of the 3rd harmonic standing

wave.

d) What would be the frequency of the 1st harmonic

(fundamental) wave?

ii) What is the wavelength of the 3rd harmonic?

iii) What is its frequency?

e) What is the frequency of the 12th harmonic?

iv) What is the period of the 3 harmonic wave?

d) Find the wavelength & frequency of the 10th

harmonic standing wave in this wire.

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® Worksheet 9 Standing Waves in Pipes

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided. Student Name......................................
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
Q1. Q2.
a) In a pipe open at both ends, where must the a) In a pipe closed at one end, where must the
nodes & anti-nodes be located, when a standing nodes & anti-nodes be located, when a standing
sound wave is produced? sound wave is produced?

b) Sketch the first 4 harmonic standing wave b) Sketch the first 4 harmonic standing wave
patterns in a pipe open at both ends. patterns in this pipe, and name them.

1st 1st
harmonic

2nd ..............
harmonic

3rd ..............
harmonic

4th ..............
harmonic

c) Given that this pipe is 1.80m long, and that c) Given that this pipe is 1.80m long, and that
sound travels in air at 330ms-1, find the wavelength sound travels in air at 330ms-1, find the wavelength
and frequency of each of these waves. and frequency of each of these waves.

Q3.
Based on any patterns you can see between Q1 & Q2, how do the frequencies of corresponding harmonics
compare, between open & closed pipes of the same length?

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® Worksheet 10 Sound Beat Waves

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
1. 2.
What is the “beat frequency” when sound waves In which of the cases in Q1 would the “beat” be
interact, if the individual wave frequencies are: unlikely to be detected by human ears? Explain.

a) 384Hz and 380Hz?

3.
b) 1,148Hz and 1,156Hz? Two sound waves are producing a “beat” sound
with a period of 0.5s.

a) What is the frequency of the beat?

c) 512Hz and 530Hz?

b) One of the sound waves has a frequency of

614Hz. What are the possibilities for the frequency
d) 2,400Hz and 2,392Hz? of the other wave?

Worksheet 11 Doppler Effect

Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
In all cases,
1. take the velocity 3.
In the formula f’ = f ( vw +/- vo ) of sound in air You are travelling north at a velocity of 15ms-1 in an
( vw +/- vs) = 330ms-1 open car. An ambulance is racing south on the
same street at 30m-1. Its siren is emitting sounds at
what are the “rules” for deciding when to use “+” or frequency 8,200Hz. What frequency do you hear:
“-” signs?
a) as it approaches?

2.
You are standing still on a street when a fire engine
approaches at 25ms-1. Its siren is emitting a
screaming sound at a frequency of 5,600Hz. b) after it goes by & recedes from you?
What frequency do you hear:

a) as it approaches?

4.
A frequency analyser in a fixed position records
that the sound of a low-flying jet aircraft has a
frequency of 850Hz as it approaches. It is known
b) after it goes by & recedes from you? that the engine actually emits sound at 450Hz.
What is the plane’s velocity?

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® Worksheet 12 Images in a Concave Mirror

keep it simple science
Student Name......................................
Construct “ray diagrams” to predict the nature of the image formed in each case.
diag. 1

Object 2F F
Q1.
Comparing diag. 1&2, what happens to
the size of the image as the object gets
closer to the mirror?
(but still beyond 2F)

diag. 2

Object 2F F

Q2.
What size is the image when
the object is located at 2F?

diag. 3

2F F

Q3.
What happens when the
object is between 2F and F?
diag. 4
2F F

Q4.
What happens when the object is at the focal point?
diag. 5
Try to verify this by experiment. 2F F

diag. 6
2F F

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® Worksheet 13 Images in a Convex Mirror

keep it simple science
Student Name......................................
Construct “ray diagrams” to predict the nature of the image formed in each case.
reflective surface

diag. 1
Object F 2F

diag. 2
Object F 2F
Use this series of diagrams
to draw at least 2 general
conclusions about the
images in a convex mirror.

diag. 3
Object F 2F

Worksheet 14 Snell’s Law

Refactive Index
Student Name......................................
Answer in the spaces provided. of air, n = 1.00
(on reverse, if insufficient room) 3. Using a laser beam and a fish tank filled with
1. In an experiment, a student sent a beam of light water, the refractive index of the water was found
into a block of clear plastic. The angle of incidence to be 1.33.
was measured as 50o. The angle of refraction was a) At what incident angle must the beam strike the
33o. water to produce an angle of refraction of 32.5o?
a) Find the refractive index of the plastic. b) At what velocity does the laser beam travel in
b) If light travels in air at 3.0x108ms-1, find its water?
velocity in the plastic.

4. Window glass has a refractive index of 1.50.

2. Light travels through a diamond at only a) Find the velocity of light in this glass.
1.25x108ms-1. b) If a light ray strikes the glass surface at right angles
a) Find the refractive index of diamond. (i.e. along the normal line) what is the value of the angle
b) If a ray of light strikes a diamond surface at an of incidence?
angle of 40o from the normal, find the angle of c) Calculate the angle of refraction for this situation.
refraction as the ray enters the diamond. d) How do you interpret this result?

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® Worksheet 15 Reflection & Refraction

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided. Student Name......................................
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
When a wave meets the boundary between one Refraction occurs when waves go from one medium
medium and another, any of 3 things can occur: the into another. The waves may change in
wave’s energy can be absorbed, or the wave can be l)......................................., and ........................... and
a)............................... or ....................................... ................................. For example, when light goes
from air into glass its speed m).........................., and
The Law of Reflection simply states that the angle its n)............................ gets shorter (although
of b).................................. equals the angle of o).............................. does not change). It also
c)................................ The angles must be measured changes direction, going p)..................... the normal.
from the wave “ray” to the d)....................................
This is an imaginary line which is e).......................... Snell’s Law describes the direct relationship
to the boundary. between the sine ratios of the angles of
q).......................... and ................................... This
Concave mirrors reflect light into a f).......................... ratio is called the r)...................... ................. It is also
point and can produce enlarged images, such as in equal to the ratio between the s)...............................
a reflecting telescope. of the wave in the 2 different mediums.

A g)............................. mirror reflects light outwards. When a light ray is going from a “slower” medium
This produces images which are h)............................, into a “faster” one, the ray will refract
but have a wider field of view. A practical use for t)................................. the normal. As the angle of
this mirror is i)........................................................... incidence increases, so will the angle of refraction,
until the refracted ray u)..............................................
In communications, reflection is useful for long- of the boundary. The angle of incidence at which
distance radio reception. Some radio wavelengths this happens is called the v)...............................
reflect from the j)...................................... layer in the angle. At angles of incidence greater than this
upper atmosphere, and are “bounced” around the angle, w).........................................................................
curvature of the Earth. Satellite “dishes” and occurs, and the ray stays within the “slower”
k)........................................... antennas use reflection medium. This property is used in optical fibre
to focus wave signals into the receiver. technology to ensure that x)..................................
beams stay within the fibres.

Worksheet 16 Total Internal Reflection

Answer in the spaces provided. Student Name......................................
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
1. a) Diamond has a refractive index of 2.40. Find the 3. Light travelling inside a plastic block strikes the
critical angle for a light ray inside diamond. boundary at an angle of incidence = 48.6o. The
refracted ray is seen to run exactly along the
boundary between plastic and air.
a) What is the critical angle?

b) Describe what would occur (no calculation

required) if light inside a diamond hit the boundary b) What is the value of the refractive index for this
at an angle of incidence of: plastic?
i) 20o ii) 30o

2. a) What is the critical angle for glass, if n= 1.50?

c) At what velocity does light travel in this plastic?

b) Describe (no calculation) what happens when light
inside the glass strikes the boundary at angle of
incidence:
i) 40o ii) 41.8o iii) 45o

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® Worksheet 17 Images Formed by Lenses

keep it simple science
Student Name......................................
Construct “ray diagrams” to predict the nature of the image formed in each case. In each case, imagine
viewing the object from the left side, through the lens.

diag.1

2F F F Object 2F

diag.2

2F F F Obj 2F

diag.3

2F F F 2F Obj

diag.4

2F F Obj F 2F

diag.5

2F F F 2F Obj

diag.6

2F F Obj F 2F

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® Worksheet 18 Inverse Square Law

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
Student Name......................................

Simpler Problems More Difficult Problems

Many problems involving the brightness-distance These will need a more formal mathematical approach.
relationship do not need the full calculation
treatment. They can be solved using the inverse Note on Units of Measurement
The "brightness" or intensity of light can be measured in
square idea as a ratio.
a variety of units such as watts per square metre (Wm-2).
However, to keep this worksheet as simple as possible,
The basic idea is this: most brightness values are expressed as just "units".
With distances, just be consistent with units.
• If distance is doubled, brightness will DECREASE
by 2² (ie decrease by a factor of 4) to ¼ of original. 6.
When viewed from point A, a spot-light's apparent
• If distance is tripled, brightness will decrease by a brightness is 20 units. When viewed from point B
factor of 3² (ie 9 times) to one-ninth of original. the same light has an apparent brightness of only 5
units. The distance from the light to point A is
• If distance is HALVED (decreased by a factor of 2) 100m. What is the distance to point B?
then brightness must INCREASE by 2² = 4 times
brighter.

• If you went 10 times closer, brightness must

increase by 10² i.e. 100 times brighter.

Question 1.
By what factor would the apparent brightness of a
light source change when viewed from a point 5
times further away? 7.
When viewed from 3.25 km away, a car's headlights
have a brightness of 5.77 units. How bright will
they be when viewed from 1.40 km?
2.
When viewed from Earth, a star has a brightness of
10 units. Where would you have to be for it's
brightness to be 40 units?

3. 8.
At distance D, a street light's brightness is 32 units. A lighthouse has a measured brightness of 15 units
What would the brightness be when viewed from when viewed from a distance of 5.5 km. How far
distance 4D? from the light does an observer need to be for the
apparent brightness to be 6.2 units?

4.
At distance "d" from a lighthouse, its brightness is
8 units. What would be its brightness at distance
d/5 ? 9.
Just above the atmosphere (before any light is
absorbed by the air) the intensity of the Sun’s light
is measured to be 1,620 Wm-2 (watts per m2). The
Earth is (on average) 150 million km from the Sun.
What is the intensity of light on planet Mercury
5. which orbits just 58 million km (av.) from the Sun?
Two lights have the same apparent brightness when
viewed from a certain point. However, light "X" is
known to be 3 times further away than light "Y".
How do their luminosities compare?

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® Worksheet 19 Specific Heat Capacity

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
1. Calculate the amount of heat energy involved to: 2. Calculate Final Temperature (nearest degree) if:

a) heat 5kg of water from 20oC to 50oC. a) 2.50kg of water at 20oC absorbs 72,000 J of heat.
cwater = 4,180 Jkg-1K-1

b) 50 kJ of energy was extracted from 8.0kg of

water at 25oC.
b) cool 400g of water from 95oC to 10oC.

c) heat a swimming pool containing 560 tonnes of c) 1 L of water (= 1kg mass) at 4oC absorbs 10,000J.
water (1 tonne = 1,000kg) from 12oC to 28oC.

d) heat 100g of copper (c = 390 Jkg-1K-1) from 10oC to

its melting point, 1,085oC. d) a 5.00kg lump of steel at -25oC absorbs 20,000J.

e) cool a 100 kg car engine (steel, c = 450 Jkg-1K-1) e) 20.0g of ethanol (c = 2,440 Jkg-1K-1) at 30oC loses
from 120oC to 20oC. 1.2kJ.

Worksheet 20 Latent Heat

Answer in the spaces provided. (on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
Data: refer to the table of Latent Heat values in KISS notes.
1. 2.
How much energy is required to: A 3.5kg block of ice at -20oC is to be converted to
a) convert 5.2kg of water at 100oC to steam at steam at 100oC. To calculate the heat energy
100oC ? required, you’ll need to do 4 different energy
calculations.
a) List these 4 “component” calculations.

b) melt a 25kg ingot of lead without any change of

temperature?

b) OK, now do the calculation for each and add

c) be extracted from 0.50kg of water at 0oC to them up! (SHCice = 2,050Jkg-1K-1)
freeze it to ice at 0oC ?

d) melt a small iceberg (100 tonnes) without a

change of temperature?

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® Worksheet 21 Thermal Conductivity

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided.
(on reverse, if insufficient room) Student Name......................................
3.
1.
An engineer is designing a “heat exchange” device
Find the rate of heat flow (watts) through a
to be made from copper tubes with walls just 3mm
rectangular plate of aluminium (k = 237 Wm-1K-1)
thick. (That’s the distance the heat must conduct
which has dimensions of 20mm x 50mm. It is 10mm
through the walls of each tube.) The temperature
thick (that’s the distance of heat flow) and the
difference from inside to outside of the tubes is
temperature difference is 75oC top to bottom.
90K. The rate of heat exchange required is 50 kW.
(ie 50,000 joules per sec.) (kcopper = 401Wm-1K-1)

What total area of copper tubes is required to

achieve the required rate of heat exchange?

2.
An arctic pond with a surface area of 875m2 is
frozen over in winter. The ice is 10cm thick. The
temperature of the water under the ice is 0oC. The
air temperature is -20oC. How much heat energy
would conduct through the ice in 24 hours?
(kice = 0.25Wm-1K-1)

Worksheet 22 A Few Random Practice Questions

Answer in the spaces provided. Student Name......................................
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
3. A lighthouse is viewed from 10km and its light
1. Use the “Principle of Superposition” to sketch the intensity (brightness) measured to be 0.1 units.
approximate resultant of the 3 waves shown. How bright would it appear if viewed from 1 km?
Explain your answer.
displacement

4. a) What factors control the velocity of waves in a

time
stretched string or wire?

b) Once these factors are set, what determines the

pitch of sound produced by the plucked string?

2. 5. Predict the path of this light ray

With a water wave, a “crest” is where water has plastic.
after it strikes the boundary. n = 1.40
displaced upwards, and a “trough” where it Explain your reasoning, and show
displaced downwards, as the wave moves through. any working.
Explain, in similar terms, what happens to air
particles as a sound wave passes. 40o
air

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Worksheet 4
Worksheet 1 wave P Q R
a) energy b) matter i) A = 0.15 m 0.10 m 0.05 m
c) medium d) sound & water waves ii) d = 0.1 m -0.1 m -0.05 m
e) vacuum f) radio, light, UV, etc iii)T = 0.08 s 0.16 s 0.04 s
g) Transverse h) at right angles iv) f = 12.5 Hz 6.25 Hz 25 Hz
i) in the same line j) Wavelength
k) maximum displacement, from equilibrium position v) v = f λ = 12.5 x 0.50 = 6.25 ms-1
l) waves / complete vibrations vii) λ = v / f
m) Hertz (Hz) n) The Period wave Q: = 9.5 / 6.25 wave R; = 9.5 / 25
o) reciprocal p) frequency = 1.5 m = 0.38 m

Worksheet 5
q) wavelength r) amplitude
s) period t) frequency
u) decrease v) wavelength 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C

7. a) i) different pitch. ii) different colour.

Worksheet 2 b) different loudness. ii) different brightness.
1. a) v=fλ b) T = 1 / f
= 280 x 5.20 = 1 / 280 8.
= 1460 m. = 0.00357 s a) Mechanical waves require a “medium” substance to
(3.57 x10-3 s) travel in. EM waves do not, and so can travel in vacuum.
2. v=f λ b) Transverse waves vibrate at right angles to the
2,500 = 0.400 x λ direction of energy movement. In a longitudinal wave, the
λ = 2,500 / 0.400
vibration is back-and-forth in the same direction as the
= 6,250 m (6.25 x103 m)
energy flow.
3. v= fλ
330 = 1200 x λ 9.
λ= 330 / 1200 a) v=f λ
= 0.275 m (2.75 x 10-1m) 1,500 = 400 x λ
λ = 1,500 / 400 = 3.75 m.
4 a) f = 1 / T f = 1 / 16 = 6.25x10-2 Hz b) T = 1/f = 1/400 = 0.0025 = 2.5x10-3 s.
b) v = f λ
6.50 = 6.25x10-2 x λ 10.
λ = 6.50 / 6.25x10-2 = 104 m
a) from graph, T = 16 s. and f = 1/T
c) v=f λ
2.20 = 6.25x10-2 x λ = 1/16 = 6.25x10-2 Hz
λ = 2.20 / 6.25x10-2 = 35.2 m b) v = f λ
Wavelength has become a lot shorter as the wave 12.5 = 6.25x10-2 x λ
entered shallower water. λ = 12.5 / 6.25x10-2 = 200 m.

Worksheet 3 Worksheet 6
1. a) v = f λ, f = v / λ = 3.00x108 / 7.00x10-7 1.
= 4.29x1014 Hz Some energy is absorbed. (becomes heat energy)
b) f = v / λ Some may be reflected.
= 3.00x108 / 3.00x10-7 Some may be refracted.
= 1.00x1015 Hz
2.
2.a) T = 1 / f = 1/ 53,000 =1.89x10-5 s. a) angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
b) λ = v / f b) Angles must be measured from the “ray” of the wave
= 3.00x108 / 53,000 = 5.66x103 m. (over 5 km!) to the normal line (perpendicular to the surface).

3. 2.50 m wave: f = v / λ 3.
= 3x108 / 2.50 = 1.20x108 Hz a) Concave mirror
2.50 cm wave: f = v / λ
= 3x108 / 0.0250 = 1.20x1010 Hz
comparison: The frequency of the 2.5cm wave is 100 times
higher than the 2.5m wave. (Makes sense: 100X shorter
wavelength --> 100X higher frequency)
b) Convex mirror Focus
4. Since 8 complete wavelengths fit in 0.96m, then
λ = 0.12 m
v = f λ = 384 x 0.12 = 46 ms-1

5. a) f = v / λ = 3.00x108 / 1.50x10-11
= 2.00 x 1019 Hz
b) T = 1 / f = 1 / 2x1019 = 5.00x10-20 s.
“Virtual”
Focus

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Worksheet 6 (cont.) Worksheet 8
1.
4. a) L = λ / 2 so λ = 2.40m
SONAR uses pulses of sound waves to measure & b) v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 3,800 / 2.40 = 1,853 Hz
map the floor of the ocean. The reflections of the c) i)
sound “ping” allow depths to be measured by the
time taken for the “echo” to be returned.

5.
When a wave enters a new medium & refracts it
changes its ii) L = 3 λ / 2 so λ = 2L / 3 = 2 x 1.20 / 3 = 0.80 m
• velocity • wavelength
• direction (unless striking along the normal) iii) v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 3,800 / 0.8 = 4,750 Hz
Frequency does NOT change.
iv) T= 1 / f = 1/4,750 = 2.1 x 10-4 s.
6.
λ/2
d) For vibrating strings, L = n.λ
so λ = 2.L / n = 2 x 1.20 / 10 = 0.24 m

v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 3,800 / 0.24 = 15,833 Hz

2.
a) Harmonic number = number of antinodes (for strings)
Therefore, this is 4th harmonic.
The amplitude is large, then becomes smaller. You λ / 2, so λ = 2.L / n = 2 x 0.8 / 4 = 0.40 m
b) L = n.λ
would hear a drop in loudness.
c) v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 2,400 / 0.4 = 6,000 Hz
7.
a) Diffraction is when the part of a wavefront which d) 1st harmonic: L = n.λλ / 2, so λ = 1.6 m
gets through a gap in a barrier acts like a point v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 2,400 / 1.6 = 1,500 Hz
source of waves. The waves radiate out in a semi-
circular pattern. λ/2
e) L = n.λ
so λ = 2.L / n = 2 x 0.8 / 12 = 0.133 m
b) This leads to interference when 2 (or more)
diffraction points cause spreading wavefronts to v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 2,400 / 0.133 = 18,000 Hz
cross each others’ paths. Where the waves
superimpose on each other, interference patterns Worksheet 9
emerge as waves add together. 1.
a) Must have anti-nodes at each end, one or more nodes
8. inside.
Resonance is when small inputs of energy, when
applied at the “natural frequency” of a mechanical b)
system, increase the amplitude of a KE-PE
oscillation. 1st

Worksheet 7 2nd

a) mechanical b) longitudinal
c) compressions d) rarefactions
e) 330 f) higher 3rd
g) frequency h) loudness / volume
i) reflect j) navigation / hunting prey
k) SONAR
l) detecting fish / submarines 4th
m) resultant n) amplitudes

λ / 2 so λ = 2.L / n
c) For open pipes: L = n.λ

1st harmonic: λ = 2 x 1.80 / 1 = 3.60 m

v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 3.60 = 91.7 Hz

...cont.

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Answer Section
Worksheet 9 (cont.) Worksheet 10
1.
1.
c) continued.
fbeat = | f2 - f1 |
2nd harmonic: λ = 2 x 1.80 / 2 = 1.80 m
a) fbeat = 384 - 380 = 4 Hz
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 1.80 = 183 Hz
b) fbeat = 8 Hz
3rd harmonic: λ = 2 x 1.80 / 3 = 1.20 m
c) fbeat = 18 Hz
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 1.20 = 275 Hz
d) fbeat = 8 Hz
4th harmonic: λ = 2 x 1.80 / 4 = 0.90 m
2. The beat in part (c) has a period of about 0.06s.
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 0.90 = 367 Hz This is unlikely to be heard as a distinct beat by
human ears because the fluctuations of volume are
2. too rapid.
a) Must be a node at closed end and anti-node at open
end. One extra node is added for each harmonic. 3.
a) f = 1 / T = 1 / 0.5 = 2 Hz
b) There are no even numbered harmonics, so names are
as shown. b) 612Hz or 616Hz

1st
harmonic Worksheet 11
1.
For velocity of observer:
3rd +ve if approaching the source,
harmonic -ve if receding from source.
For velocity of source:
-ve if approaching the observer,
5th +ve if receding from observer.
harmonic
2.
a) f’ = f ( vw +/- vo ) vo = zero
( vw +/- vs) vs = -25 m/s
7th
harmonic
f’ = 5,600 x (330 + 0) / (330 - 25) = 5,600 x 330/305
λ / 4 so λ = 4.L / n
c) For pipes closed at one end: L = n.λ = 6,059 Hz
b) vo = zero, vs = +25
1st harmonic: λ = 4 x 1.80 / 1 = 7.20 m
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 7.20 = 45.8 Hz
f’ = 5,600 x (330 + 0) / (330 + 25) = 5,600 x 330/355
= 5,206 Hz
3rd harmonic: λ = 4 x 1.80 / 3 = 2.40 m
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 2.40 = 138 Hz
3.
5th harmonic: λ = 4 x 1.80 / 5 = 1.44 m a) vo = +15, vs = -30
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 1.44 = 229 Hz f’ = 8,200 x (330 + 15) / (330 - 30) = 8,200 x 345/300
7th harmonic: λ = 4 x 1.80 / 7 = 1.03 m
= 9,430 Hz
b) vo = -15, vs = +30
v = λ.f so f = v / λ = 330 / 1.03 = 320 Hz f’ = 8,200 x (330 - 15) / (330 + 30) = 8,200 x 315/360
3.
= 7,175 Hz
Comparing the 1st & 3rd harmonics, it is apparent that
closing one end of a pipe reduces the frequency of each 4. vo = zero, vs = ?? f’ = 850 f = 450
corresponding harmonic to half of that in a pipe open at
both ends. Substituting into formula gives:
850 = 450 x (330 + 0) / (330 - vs)
so, 330 -vs = 450 x 330 / 850
-vs = 174.7 - 330
vs = 155 ms-1 (about 560 km/hr)

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Worksheet 12 All constructions are approximate.
diag. 1
Image is

Real
Object Inverted
image Diminished
Q1.
The image remains diminished, but
gets larger as the object gets closer
to the mirror.

diag. 2 Image is

Real
Object 2F Inverted
image Diminished

Q2.
The image is the same size as the
object Image is

diag. 3 Real
Inverted
Same size

image
Q3.
The image is magnified larger,
but still real & inverted Image is
diag. 4 image Real
2F Inverted
F
Enlarged

Q4.
No image can form because
rays are parallel. Rays are parallel.
diag. 5
No image forms.
Try to verify this by experiment. 2F F

Image is

Virtual
diag. 6 Upright
Enlarged
2F F

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Worksheet 13 All constructions are approximate.
Image is:
Virtual
Upright
Diminished

diag. 1
Object image F 2F

Image is:
Virtual
Upright
Diminished diag. 2
Object image F 2F

Conclusions: Image is:

Virtual
1. Images in a convex mirror are always Upright
virtual, upright & diminished. Diminished diag. 3
2. As the object is brought closer to the Object image F 2F
mirror the image size increases.

Worksheet 14
1.
θ1 = n2sinθ
n1sinθ θ2 (medium 1 = air, 2 = plastic)

a) 1 x sin50 = n2 x sin33
so n2 = sin50 / sin33 = 1.41

b) v = c / n = 3.00x108 / 1.41 = 2.13x108 ms-1.

2.
a) n = c / v = 3.00x108 / 1.25x108 = 2.40 Worksheet 15
a) reflected or refracted b) incidence
b) θ1 = n2sinθ
n1sinθ θ2
c) reflection d) normal
θ2
1 x sin40 = 2.40 x sinθ
θ2 = sin40 / 2.40 = 0.2678 e) perpendicular f) focal
sinθ
∴ θ2 ≅ 16o g) convex h) smaller/diminished
i) driver’s side mirror j) ionosphere
3. k) microwave
a) θ1 = n2sinθ
n1sinθ θ2 l) direction, wavelength & velocity
θ1 = 1.33 x sin32.5 = 0.7146
1 x sinθ m) slows down n) wavelength
∴ θ1 ≅ 46o o) frequency p) towards
q) incidence & refraction r) refractive index
b) v = c / n = 3.00x108 / 1.33 = 2.26x108 ms-1. s) velocities t) away from
u) goes along the edge v) critical
4. a) v = c / n = 3.00x108 / 1.50 = 2.00x108 ms-1.
w) Total Internal Reflection
b) 0o
θ1 = n2sinθθ2 x) laser
c) n1sinθ
1 x sin00 = 1.50 x sinθ
θ2
∴ sinθ θ2 = 0 / 1.50 = 0 ∴ θ2 = 0
The angle of refraction is zero. ie along the normal.

d) In this case there is NO change of direction!

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Worksheet 16 7. I1.r12 = I2.r22
1.
a) In air or vacuum: sin θc = 1 / n1
I1 x 1.42 = 5.77 x 3.252
I1 = 5.77 x 3.252 / 1.402 = 31.1 units
so sin θc = 1 / 2.40 = 0.41666
∴ θc = 24.6o
b) i) It is below the critical angle, so the light will
8. I1.r12 = I2.r22
refract out of the diamond into the air.
6.2 x r12 = 15 x 5.52
ii) This is beyond the critical angle, so total internal
r12 = 15 x 5.52 / 6.2 = 73.2
∴ r1 = 8.6 km
reflection will occur. The light will reflect back inside
the diamond.
9. I1.r12 = I2.r22
2.
a) sin θc = 1 / n1 I1 x 582 = 1,620 x 1502
so sin θc = 1 / 1.50 = 0.6666666 I1 = 1,620 x 1502 / 582
∴ θc = 41.8o = 10,835 Wm-2
b) i) Refracts out into the air.
ii) At the critical angle light will run along the Worksheet 19
boundary. 1.
iii) T.I.R. will occur. ΔT = 5 x 4,180 x 30 = 627,000 J
a) Q = mcΔ
= 627 kJ added
3. b) Q = mcΔΔT = 0.400 x 4,180 x 85 = 142,120 J
a) 48.6o (by definition of the critical angle) = 142 kJ removed
b) sin θc = 1 / n1 ΔT = 560,000 x 4,180 x 16
c) Q = mcΔ
so sin48.6 = 1 / n1 = 37,452,000,000 J
n1 = 1 / sin48.6 = 1.33 = 3.75 x 1010 J added
c) v = c / n = 3.00x108 / 1.33 = 2.26x108 ms-1. ΔT = 0.1 x 390 x 1,075 = 41,925 J
d) Q = mcΔ
= 41.9 kJ added
Worksheet 17 Next Page
ΔT = 100 x 450 x 100 = 4,500,000 J
e) Q = mcΔ
= 4.5 MJ
Worksheet 18
1. Decrease to 1/25 as bright. 2. ΔT
Q = mcΔ so ΔT = Q / mc

2. To be 4X brighter, must get closer by factor of 2. a) ΔT = Q / mc = 72,000 / 2.50 x 4,180

i.e. half the distance away from it. = 6.89oC ie approx 7oC rise.
o
Final temp about 27 C.
3. 1/16 as bright = 2units
b) ΔT = Q / mc = 50,000 / 8.0 x 4,180
4. at 1/5 distance will be 25X brighter.
8x25=200units. = 1.5oC temp. fall
Final temp 23.5oC.
5. “X” is 3x further away, so its luminosity must be
9 times “Y”’s. c) ΔT = Q / mc = 10,000 / 1.0 x 4,180
= 2.4oC ie approx 2oC rise.
6. I1.r12 = I2.r22 Final temp about 6oC.
It is best to always make the “unknown” no.1, so
point “B” is at distance r1. d) ΔT = Q / mc = 20,000 / 5.00 x 450
= 8.89oC ie approx 9oC rise.
5 x r12 = 20 x 1002 o
Final temp about -16 C.
r12 = 20 x 10,000 / 5 = 40,000
r1 = 200 m e) ΔT = Q / mc = 1,200 / 0.020 x 2,440
= 24.6oC ie approx 25oC fall.
(makes sense... twice as far... 1/4 as bright) o
Final temp about 5 C.

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Worksheet 17 All constructions are approximate.

diag.1 Image is
image
Real
Inverted 2F F F Object 2F
Enlarged

Image is
diag.2
Virtual
image Upright
2F F F Obj 2F Diminished

Image is
diag.3
Real
image
Inverted
Diminished 2F F F 2F Obj

Image is
diag.4 image
Virtual
Upright 2F F Obj
Enlarged

diag.5 Image is

Virtual 2F
Upright
F image Obj
Diminished

Obj
Image is
diag.6
Virtual
Upright 2F image F 2F
F
Diminished

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Worksheet 20
Note: from Q2.
It is always a bit of a surprise to find out what huge
1. amounts of heat energy might be flowing through
a) For water, LHvap = 2,265,000 Jkg-1. things we perceive as very cold.
For 5.2kg water, Q = 5.2 x 2,265,000
= 11,778,000 J (11.8 MJ) This heat would, of course, be flowing upwards into
the air and cooling the pond.
b) For lead, LHfus = 23,000 Jkg-1.
For 25kg of lead, Q = 25 x 23,000 3. Q = k A ΔT
= 575,000 J (575 kJ) t d ΔT
so A = Q.d / t.k.Δ
= 50,000 x 0.003 / 1x401x90
c) For water, LHfus = 334,000 Jkg-1. = 0.0417 m2.
For 0.50kg water, Q = 0.50 x 334,000 (That’s equivalent to a flat sheet of copper only
= 167,000 J (167 kJ) about 20 x 20 cm, and 3mm thick. The lesson here
is that, with excellent conductors like copper, huge
d) For water, LHfus = 334,000 Jkg-1. amounts of energy can flow through relatively small
For 100 T water, Q = 100,000 x 334,000 areas very quickly.)
= 33,400,000,000 J
= 3.34 x 1010 J Worksheet 22
2. 1.
a)
• Energy to warm ice from -20C to 0C.
• Latent heat to melt the ice at 0C.
• Energy to heat water from 0C to 100C.
• Latent heat to vaporise water to steam at 100C.
displacement

time
b)
Energy to warm ice from -20C to 0C.
Q = mcΔ ΔT = 3.5 x 2,050 x 20 = 143,000 J
Latent heat to melt the ice at 0C.
Q = 3.5 x 334,000 = 1,169,000 J
Energy to heat water from 0C to 100C.
resultant (approx)
Q = mcΔ ΔT = 3.5 x 4,180 x 100
= 1,463,000 J 2. With a sound wave, a “compression” is where air
Latent heat to vaporise water to steam at 100C. particles are pushed together, and a “rarefaction” is
Q = 3.5 x 2,265,000 = 7,927,500 J where they are spread apart more, as the wave
moves through.
Total energy = 10,702,500 J (about 10.7 MJ)
3. At 1/10 the distance the lighthouse would appear
Note: The latent heat components are by far the 100 times brighter. 0.1 x 100 = 10 units.
biggest of all these energies required.
4. a) The tension force and the mass per unit of
By now you might understand that a joule of length (“linear density”) determine velocity in the
energy is a very small amount. That’s why very string or wire.
large numbers keep appearing. b) Length.

Worksheet 21
1. 5.
Q = k A ΔT so Q/t = 237 x (0.02x.05) x 75 / 0.01 Note that the angle given is not the correct angle of
t d = 1,778 W (or Js-1) incidence. (Angle of incidence must be measured
from the normal) So, angle of incidence = 50o
2.
time = 24 hr = 24 x 60 x60 = 86,400 s. Next, check if incident angle is greater than critical:
sin θc = 1 / n1 = 1 / 1.4 = 0.7142 So, θc = 46o.
Q = k A ΔT
t d Incident angle is greater than the critical angle, so
ΔT.t / d = 0.25 x 875 x 20 x 86,400 / 0.10
so Q = k.A.Δ light will undergo T.I.R., and reflect back inside the
= 3.76 x 109 J plastic block. (at angle of reflection = 50o)

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