Applied Physics Laboratory Manual

(as per 2018 syllabus)

For B.Tech.
B.Tech. I/II Semester
Jain University

Name of the Student : _____________________________

Section and Branch : _____________________________
Roll No. or U S N : _____________________________

Department of Physics
School of engineering and technology
Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagaram Dist.
562 112
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Laboratory Instructions

1. The students should bring the laboratory manual, observation book,

calculator etc., for each practical class.

2. The students should come to the laboratory with a good preparation to

conduct the experiment.

3. The recording of the details of the measurements, tabulation of readings

and calculations must be first done in the observation book. The student

should get the same acknowledged by the concerned teacher. Later the

observations have to be transferred to the manual and again it should be

signed by the concerned teacher. The student must submit the record in

the following week for correction.

4. Any student failing to get the results evaluated in the same laboratory

class will lose the Internal Assessment Marks for that experiment.

5. The student shall be responsible for the apparatus issued and shall take

necessary precautions in using them.

6. At the end of the semester, a laboratory test will be conducted.

7. Strict discipline should be maintained inside the laboratory.

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Index Sheet

(Student)
Signature

Signature
Conduction

(Staff)
Sl. Page

date
Name of the Experiment
No. number

1 Torsional pendulum 4

2 Zener diode characteristics 6

3 Stefan’s law 8

Series and Parallel

4 10
resonance

5 B-H Curve 12

6 Planck’s constant 14

7 Laser diffraction 16

8 Fermi energy 18

9 Band gap of semiconductor 20

10 Dielectric constant 22

Average

Date: Signature
(Staff Incharge)

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Observations:
Diagram

Mass of the circular plate M = ……………… Kg

Radius of the circular plate R = (Circumference/ 2π )= ……………… m
Mass of the rectangular plate M = ……………… Kg
Length of the rectangular plate L = ………………. m
Breadth of the rectangular plate B = …………………. m
Length of the wire between the chuck nuts l = ……………. m
Radius of the given wire r = ………………m

Table: To find the time period (T)

Moment of Time taken for 10 Period

Body Axis Inertia I() oscillations ‘t’ sec T = t / 10 T2 I /T 2
Kg-m2 t1 t2 (t1+t2)/2 sec Kg-m/s2
Perpendicular
to its plane
I1 =

M ( L2 + B 2 )
12
=

Perpendicular ML2
Rectangular plate

to its length I2 =
12
=

Perpendicular MB 2
to its breadth I3 =
12

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1. TorsionAL Pendulum
Aim: To determine the moment of inertia of an irregular body and also to determine the rigidity
modulus of the material of the wire by setting up a torsional pendulum.

Apparatus: Rectangular plate, circular disc, irregular plate, stands with clamp, stop clock and
experimental material wire.

 I  2
Formula: I o =  2  To kgm2
 T  mean
8πl  I  Nm −2
4  2 
η=
r  T  mean
where,

I o is the Moment of inertia of irregular body (Kgm2)

T0 is the time period of oscillation of the irregular body about a given axis (sec).
I is the Moment of Inertia of the regular body on a given axis (Kgm2).
T is the time period of oscillation of regular body on a given axis (sec).
η is the Rigidity Modulus of the material of the suspension wire (Nm-2).
l is the length of the wire between the chuck nuts m.
r is the Radius of the suspension wire in m.

Procedure: The masses of the given rectangular plate and circular plate are determined using
weighing balance. The length L, breadth B of the rectangular plate and radius R of the circular
plate are measured. The moment of inertia of these two bodies are calculated for different axes
using the equations given in the table. The rectangular plate is suspended with the help of
chuck nuts to the experimental wire with its axis perpendicular to the plane of the rectangular
plate. Then the plate is set into torsional oscillations and its period for 10 oscillations is
calculated. For the same rectangular plate, the time period is obtained in two other axes viz., an
axis perpendicular to the length and an axis perpendicular to breadth. Then the experiment is
repeated for circular disc with definite axis viz, perpendicular to its plane and along the

 I 
 2
diameter. Then the time period is noted for 10 oscillations. Then mean value of  T  is
calculated.
The time period is noted for 10 oscillations for the irregular body whose moment of
inertia about an axis is calculated using the given formula.
The diameter of the wire is measured by using screw gauge and length of the wire
between chuck nuts is measured using the scale. The rigidity modulus (η ) of the wire is
calculated using the given formula.
Result:
The moment of inertia of an irregular body is =……………………………kgm2

The rigidity modulus of the given wire is = ………………………N/m2

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Perpendicular MR 2
to its plane I4 =
2
=
Circular plate

Along the MR 2
diameter I5 =
4
=

2
Mean I / T = ……………………

Time taken for 10 Period Moment of Inertia

Body Axis oscillations ‘ t ’ sec T0 = t / 10  I  2
Io=  2 
× To
t1 t2 (t1+ t2)/2 sec  T  mean
Perpendicular
to its plane
Irregular body

Diameter of the given wire (d):

Trial No. PSR HSD CHSD TR=PSR+(CHSDXLC) Radius of the given wire
1
2 d
r=
3 2
=…….m
Mean d=……………………m
Calculations:
(1) Moment of Inertia of the irregular body (Perpendicular to the plane)

 I  2
I0 =  2  × To
 T  mean
= …………………… kgm2
(2) Rigidity modulus of the given material wire

8πl  I 
η=  
r 4  T 2  mean
−2
= …………. Nm

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Observations:
Circuit diagram

Forward bias Reverse bias

VF (Volts) IF (mA) VR (Volts) IR (mA)

0 0
0.2 0.1
0.4 1
0.6 2
0.65 3
0.7 4
0.75 5
0.8 6
0.85

0.9

Calculations:

The Forward knee voltage (VK) = ……………V

Slope of the linear part of the forward

AB
curve =
BC
=…………

1
Forward resistance of zener diode =
Slope

=………….Ω

The Zener breakdown voltage (VR) = ……….. V

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2. Zener Diode Characteristics

Aim: To study the I-V characteristics of a Zener diode, and hence determine the Knee
voltage and Breakdown voltage.
Apparatus: Zener diode, Power supply, voltmeter and ammeter.
Formula:
AB
Slope of the linear part of the forward curve =
BC
1
Forward resistance of zener diode = Ω
Slope
Procedure: The N-Type and P-Type sections of the given zener diode are identified. The black
band marked on the zener diode represents N-type section. The measuring electrical
instruments are checked for good working conditions. The circuit connections are made as
shown in the circuit diagram. For every characteristic, before the circuit is closed, the
potentiometer knobs must be set to read minimum.
Forward Bias
The P-type section and the N-type section of the zener diode are connected to the
positive and negative terminals of the battery respectively. The power supply is switched
on and the applied forward voltage VF is increased in suitable steps from zero volt to a
maximum of 1V and the corresponding currents through the diode are noted. The readings
are tabulated. A plot of IF versus VF is made in the first quadrant choosing a suitable scale.
Knee voltage (VK) is calculated from the X-intercept is obtained by extrapolating the linear
portion of the curve. The slope of the linear part of the curve is calculated and forward
resistance (RF) of the diode is calculated using the calculated slope.
Reverse Bias
The P-type section and the N-type section of the zener diode are connecting to the negative and
positive terminals of the battery respectively. The power supply is switched on and the applied
reverse voltage VR is increased in suitable steps from zero volt to a maximum of 5V
and the corresponding reverse currents (IR) through the diode are noted. The readings are
tabulated. A plot of IR Vs VR is made in the third quadrant choosing a suitable scale.
Breakdown voltage VB is calculated from the X-intercept is obtained by extrapolating the linear
portion of the curve.
Results:
The Forward knee voltage (VK) = ……………… V
The Forward resistance (RF) = ………………….Ohms
The Zener breakdown voltage (VR) = …………….. V

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Observation:
Circuit diagram

Trail V I (mA) V P = VI
R= Ω log10 P log10 R
No. volt ampere I watt
1 1
2 2
3 2.5
4 3
5 3.5
6 4
7 4.5
8 5
9 5.5
10 6

Calculation:
AB
The slope of the curve =S = =……………………
BC

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3. Stefan’s Law
Law
Aim: To verify Stefan’s law of Black-body radiation by studying the variation power dissipated
across the bulb as a function of resistance.

Apparatus: Electric bulb, rheostat, power supply, voltmeter and ammeter etc.

Formula: E = σ T4

E is the rate at which the energy emitted from the unit surface area of a Black-Body Wm-2.
σ is Stefan’s constant Wm-2K-4.
T is the Absolute temperature in K.
Procedure: The electrical connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. The voltage
source is set to a zero before switching on the kit. The voltage across the bulb is varied in
suitable steps by varying the knob and the corresponding current is also noted. Using the data
of V and I the power (P) dissipated across the bulb and the resistance of the bulb filament (R)
are determined. Log P and Log R are also determined. The readings are tabulated. A plot of Log
P versus Log R is made. The plot must be a straight line. The Slope of the curve is determined
which verifies the Stefan’s law of black- body radiation.

[Note: The bulb in the experiment is analogous to a blackbody. The bulb emits radiation when
heated electrically so as a black body when heated. Thus the power dissipated across the bulb
(P) is nothing but the emissive power (E). Higher the temperature (T) of the filament higher will
be the resistance resulting in high dissipation of energy. Thus ‘T’ could be replaced by ‘R’ in the
Stefan’s law. Thus we get

P ∝ R 4 ⇒ P = CR 4 Here is C is a constant of proportionality, taking Logarithm on both the

sides we get

Log P = Log C + 4 Log R

This is of the form Y= c + m X. Thus the slope of the curve obtained by plotting Log P against
Log R verifies Stefan’s law of Black body radiation.]

Result: The slope of the straight line is given by ………………… and hence the Stefan’s law is
verified.

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Observation
Circuit diagram

Resistance R = 100 Ω; Capacitance of capacitor= C = 0.1 µF

Frequency Series Parallel Series Circuit:

f Current Current
Resonance frequency f r = ………….Hz
KHz (I ) mA (I ) mA
1
1 Inductance L= =
2
4π f r2 C
2

3
= ……………… H
4
5
Bandwidth ∆f = f 2 − f 1
6
7
= ………………….Hz
8
9 fr
10 Quality Factor Qf =
f 2 − f1
11
12 = ………………….
13
14 Parallel Circuit:
15
16 Resonance frequency f r = ………….Hz

1
Inductance L= =
4π f r2 C
2

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4. Series and Parallel Resonance

Aim: To study the frequency response of a series and parallel LCR circuits and hence the
determination of Coefficient of self induction of the inductor used, resonant frequency, band
width, and quality factor of the circuit

Apparatus: An audio signal generator, Resistor, capacitor, inductor and milli-ammeter.

1
Formula: Coefficient of self Induction L= H
4π f r2C
2

Here C is capacitance of the capacitor in F, and fr is the resonant frequency in Hz.

Bandwidth ∆f = f 2 − f 1 Hz
Here f1 and f2 are the lower and upper cutoff frequencies or half power frequencies in Hz.

fr
Quality Factor Qf =
f 2 − f1
Procedure:

Series LCR circuit

Circuit connections are made as shown in the figure. The AC signal generator is switched on.
The current is measured as a function of frequency from 100Hz to 20 KHz in suitable steps. The
readings are tabulated. A plot of Current against Frequency is plotted. The frequency
corresponding to maximum current (Resonant frequency) is determined from the graph. The
co-efficient of self inductance is calculated using the above formula. The Band width and Quality
factor are determined using the values of Half power frequencies determined as shown in the
model graphs.

Parallel LCR circuit

Circuit connections are made as shown in the figure. The AC source is switched on. The current
is measured as a function of frequency from 100Hz to 20 KHz in suitable steps. The readings
are tabulated. A plot of Current against Frequency is plotted. The frequency corresponding to
maximum current (Resonant frequency) is determined from the graph. The co-efficient of self
inductance is calculated using the above formula.

Result:
Series LCR:
Resonance Frequency (fr)=……………… Hz
Inductance (L) = ……………..H
Bandwidth (∆f ) = …………… Hz
Quality Factor (Q f ) = ……………….
Parallel LCR:
Resonance Frequency (fr)=………………. Hz
Inductance (L) = ……………. H

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Observation:
Circuit diagram

A
Point H (X) B (Y)

A B
B
I C
C F G H
D
E
E

F D

Vertical gain set in CRO= SV= V/cm

Horizontal gain set in CRO = SH = V/cm

OB (B co-ordinate of point B) =

OC (H co-ordinate of point C) =

Length of the coil= L=0.033 m, Number of turns= 300, P= 65 Ω

Area of the Hysteresis loop = A =…………………….sq. cm

0 .5 N
Energy Loss= E = Sv S H A = J/cycle/m3
PL
N (OC ) S H
Coercive field = H C = = A turns m −1
PL

Remnant Induction= B0 = 0.5 (OB ) SV = Wb m −2

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5. B-
B-H Curve
Aim: To study Hysteresis property of the given magnetic material and hence to determine a)
Energy loss /cycle/ unit volume b) Remnant Flux Density and c) Coercive Field Strength.

Apparatus: Specimen, B-H Curve tracer unit, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).

Formula:
0 .5 N
Energy loss is determined using the formula E= S v S H A J/ per cycle/unit volume,
PL
Where N is the Number of turns in the coil (300), P is the resistance in series with the coil
(65Ω), L = Length of the coil (0.033m) and SH and SV are the horizontal, vertical sensitivities
of the CRO and A= Area of the loop.
N (OC ) S H
The Coercive field is determined from the formula H C = A turns m −1
PL
The Remnant flux density = B0 = 0.5 (OB ) SV Wb m −2

Procedure: Initially the following settings are made for CRO. The CRO is switched on and is set
to X-Y mode. The bright spot is adjusted to the centre of the display with the help of Horizontal
and Vertical shift knobs. Both the channels (X-Channel (Horizontal,CH1) and Y-Channel
(Vertical, CH2 ) are set to AC mode.
One terminal of the magnetizing coil is connected to point C of the main unit and the other
terminal to any of the point between V1 to V3 (V3 is recommended). Outputs X & Y of the main
unit are connected respectively to CH1 & CH2 of the CRO. IC probe and the Supply (P.S) are
connected to the main kit. The main kit is switched on. The resistance (P) is set for maximum
value with the help of the given knob. With no specimen, the horizontal gain of the C R O is
adjusted until a convenient X deflection is obtained on the CRO display. Specimen is inserted
through the coil such that it touches only the probe at the centre not the conducting tracks.
The Y gain of the CRO is adjusted to get appropriate Loop. Trace the loop on the graph paper
by reading coordinates of the points A, B, C, D, E, F on the loop in CRO and area of the loop is
measured.
0 .5 N
a) Energy loss is determined using the formula E= Sv S H A J/ per cycle/unit
PL
volume,
b) OC is measured from the graph. The Coercive field is determined from the formula
N (OC ) S H
HC = A turns m −1
PL
c) OB is measured from the graph. The Remnant flux density is determined using the
formula
B0 = 0.5 (OB ) SV Wb m −2

Result: The Energy loss in the specimen= …………………..J/cycle/cubic meter

The Remnant Induction=……………….Wb m-2
The Coercive field = ……………….A turns m-2

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Observation:
Circuit diagram

Energy of Frequency of the

Wavelength Knee Voltage Radiation Radiation
LED Color VK λ
(λ in nm) (VK in Volts) E=e VK ν = c/λ
(J) (Hz)

1 Blue 346

2 Green 538

3 Yellow 568

4 Red 630

5 IR 940

(Vk λ)mean =

e(Vk λ ) mean
h=
A c
Energy ’E’
= Js
C B

Frequency ’ν’

AB
The Slope of the Curve = Planck’s constant = h = =………………. =………………....Js
BC

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6. Planck’s Constant
Aim: To determine the Planck’s constant using light emitting diodes.
Apparatus: Light Emitting Diodes of 5 different wavelengths, power supply and multimeter.
Formula: E = hν J
e(Vk λ ) mean
h= JS
c
Here E is the energy of the photon, J
h is Planck’s constant, Js
ν is the frequency of the radiation s-1.

Procedure: Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Power supply is
switched on and using a digital peak reading voltmeter the voltage (Vk) across the LED is
measured and recorded in table for given color LED light. This is repeated for the other four
LEDs. Energy of the light radiation is calculated using the equation E= e Vk. Here ‘e’ is the
charge on electron 1.6 x 10-19C. The frequency of the light radiation is determined using ν =
Cλ. Here ‘C’ is the velocity of light (3 x 108 ms-1) and ‘λ’ is the wavelength of light emitted. A
plot of energy against frequency is made. According to Planck’s Quantum theory the energy and
frequency relationship for the radiation is given by E=hν. Here ‘h’ is Planck’s constant. Thus, the
slope of the curve gives the Planck’s constant.

[Note: LED is P-N junction made of heavily doped transparent semiconductor. When it is
forward biased, if the applied voltage is higher than the knee voltage then electrons and holes
from N and P sections recombine in the depletion region resulting in the emission of photons.
Thus LED glows with characteristic wavelength which depends on the composition and condition
of the semiconductor material used. When the applied voltage is equal to the turn on voltage
the LED just glows and the energy of the photons emitted is equal to the energy acquired by
the electron from the electric field. Thus energy of the photon can be calculated from the turn
on voltage knowing the wavelength of the emitted radiation a plot of energy versus frequency
can be made. Thus the Planck’s constant can be determined.]

Result: The Planck‘s Constant is given by

By graph, h=_____________ Js
By calculation, h=_____________ Js

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Observations:

Tabular column:

Distance from central

Order of maximum (m) Mean distance
Sl. No. spectrum Xn = (XL+ XR)/ 2 θn (deg) λ(m)
(n) LHS (XL) RHS (XR) (m)

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

Mean λ=…………..(m)
Calculations:

Distance between the grating and screen, f = 0.8 m

x
The angle of diffraction, θ = tan-1 f
=………………. (deg)

The distance between two consecutive rulings on grating K = 500 LPI

K
No of lines per meter on grating, N= …………
2.54 ×10 − 2
1
Grating constant, C= = ………..m
N
θ
2C sin
The wavelength of given laser source, λ= 2
n

λ =……………m

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7. Laser diffraction
Aim: To Determination wavelength of given laser light

Apparatus: Diffraction grating, Laser source, grating stand, screen.

Formula:

θ
2C sin
λ= 2
n

Where , C, is grating constant (m)

Θ, is the angle of diffraction(deg)
n, is order of diffraction
λ, is the wavelength of the laser light used (m)

The angle of diffraction θ is given by

x
θ = tan-1
f
Where, ‘x’ is the distance between the central maxima and secondary maxima.
‘f ‘ is the distance between the image and the grating.

Procedure:
The laser source is placed on a table and switched on. The leveling screws of the laser are
adjusted such that the laser beam exactly falls on center of graph sheet placed on the screen,
which is placed at about 1m from the laser source. The diffraction grating is now placed on
grating stand close to the laser source. The diffracted laser spots are observed on either side of
central maximum. The central maximum is very bright and as the order of diffraction increases
the brightness decreases. The center of various spots of the diffraction pattern are marked
using a pencil, then the graph sheet is removed from the screen and the distances between
central maxima and various diffracted spots are measured on either side of central maximum.
Diffraction angles are calculated for various orders of diffraction. The wavelengths of laser for
various orders of diffraction are calculated using given formula and the average wavelength is
obtained.

Result: Wavelength of the given laser source is λ=…………m

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Observations:
Circuit diagram

To determine the variation of Resistance with Temperature:

Temperature (T)
Sl. Current Voltage Resistance
No. (mA) (mV) (Ω)
ºC K
Room
1
Temp
2
3
4
5
6
7

Electron density of copper, n = 8.484x1028/kg mol.

Charge on electron, e = 1.602x10-19 C.
Constant for copper, A= 11.57x10-6.
Radius of the given copper wire, r = 0.165x10-3 m.
Length of the copper wire, L = 2.2 m.
Mass of electron, m = 9.1x10-31 kg.

Slope of the graph, ΔR = ………..

ΔT
2 2
 ne 2 πAr 2   ΔR 
E F =   ×  
 L 2m   ΔT 

= ……………. eV

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8. Fermi energy
AIM: To determine the Fermi energy and Fermi temperature of a given conductor by studying
resistance variations at different temperatures.

APPARATUS: Copper coil, thermometer, test tube, beaker, digital milli voltmeter, digital milli
ammeter, constant current source.

FORMULA:
The Fermi energy of a given conductor is
2 2
 ne 2 πAr 2   ΔR 
E F =   ×   J.
 L 2m   ΔT 

Where, n = Electron density of copper, per kg mol.

e = Charge on electron, C.
A = Constant for copper.
r = Radius of the given copper wire, m.
L = Length of the copper wire, m.
m = Mass of electron, kg
ΔR = Slope of the graph obtained on plotting Resistance versus
ΔT
Temperature.
Procedure:
1) The experimental wire whose resistance and Fermi energy has to be determined is wound
over an insulating tube; it is taken in a test tube along with a thermometer and immersed in a
water bath.
2) The two ends of the coil is connected to a constant current source through a milli ammeter
and milli voltmeter as shown in the circuit diagram.
3) The coil immersed in water bath is heated to a steady temperature say about 80º C.
4) Note down the voltage and current values for different cooling temperatures starting from
77ºC to 52ºC in steps of 5ºC.
5) Replace the hot water by cold water and note down voltage and current reading for room
temperature.
6) Calculate the resistance of the coil for each temperature.
7) Plot the graph of resistance versus temperature and hence calculate the slope.
8) Calculate the Fermi energy and the Fermi temperature of the given conductor using the
above relation.

Results:

The band gap of the given semiconductor is found to be ___________ eV.

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Observations:
Circuit diagram

Junction Voltage (V)

0 Temperature (K)

To determine the dependence of Junction Voltage on Temperature:

Forward constant current IF = 0.1 mA

Sl. Temperature Temperature Junction

No. (ºC) T (K) Voltage (V)

1 Room Temp

Calculations:

The intercept value on Y-axis = ………………… Volts.

The band gap of the given semiconductor is

E G = e Yint ercept
=…………J
=…………eV

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9. Band gap of a Semiconductor

Semiconductor
AIM: To determine the energy gap of the given semiconductor.

APPARATUS: Semiconductor diode, thermometer, liquid paraffin, beaker, test tube.

FORMULA:
The band gap of the given semiconductor is
E G = e Yint ercept
where, ‘e’ is electronic charge of electron.
‘Yintercept’ is intercept in the Y-axis by extrapolated straight in the graph

Procedure:
1) Liquid paraffin is taken in a beaker.
2) The beaker is then heated by means of a stove. While the heating is in progress, the
following connections are made.
3) The milli ammeter is connected between A and B, the voltmeter is connected between C and
D as shown in circuit diagram.
4) The p-side lead of the semiconductor is connected to E and the n-side lead is connected to F.
5) The mercury bulb of the thermometer is tied to the semiconductor and it is inserted carefully
into a test tube.
6) The test tube is then slowly placed into the paraffin bath.
7) Once the temperature reading in the thermometer becomes 150 0C, the heating is stopped.
8) Note down the forward voltage across the semiconductor as read by the voltmeter starting
from 1500C to room temperature in steps of 10ºC.
9) The forward current IF is maintained constantly at 0.1 mA by adjusting the knob, every time
the readings are recorded.
10) A graph is plotted by taking temperature in absolute degrees along X-axis and junction
voltage along Y-axis as shown in graph.
11) A straight line is obtained which is extrapolated to cut the Y-axis (Y intercept). Then the Eg
in eV is calculated using given formula.

Result:

The band gap of the given semiconductor is found to be ___________ eV.

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Observations:

Length of the dielectric material = l = 114 mm

Breadth of the dielectric material = b = 5 mm
Thickness of the dielectric material = d = 75 µm
Area of the dielectric material, A = l × b = ………………..m2
Permittivity of free space = ε 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12 F /m

Time R= 100 KΩ, C2= 208 µF From graph:

T Voltage across Capacitor (V)
sec T1 / 2 = …………..s
Charging Discharging
0
5 Dielectric constant of the dielectric
10 dT1 / 2
Material is given by= K=
15 0.693ε 0 AR
20
25 K=
30
35
40
45
50 K=
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90

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10.
10. Dielectric Constant
Aim: To determine the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the given capacitor by the
method of charging and discharging.

Apparatus: Power supply, capacitor, resistor, voltmeter.

Formula: Dielectric constant of the dielectric material

dT1 / 2
K=
0.693ε 0 AR
Here d = Thickness of dielectric material (m)
T½ = Time required for 50% charge or discharge (s)
A = area of the dielectric material (m2)
R = Resistance of resistor in series with the capacitor (Ω)

Procedure: The terminals of the capacitor are shorted using a wire to remove the charges that
are already stored.

Charging mode: Circuit connections are made as shown in the figure. The voltage across the
capacitor for time T=0 is noted as zero. The Toggle switch is closed to position A to initiate
charging of the capacitor and simultaneously a timer is started. The voltage (V) across the
capacitor is noted for every 5 seconds until the voltage across the capacitor becomes almost
constant. The readings are tabulated.

Discharging mode: The stop-clock is reset to zero. The voltage across the capacitor
corresponding to time T=0 is noted. Now the toggle switch is closed to position B to initiate
discharging of the capacitor and simultaneously the timer is started. The voltage (V) across the
capacitor is noted for every 5 seconds until the voltage across the capacitor becomes almost
constant. The readings are tabulated.

A plot of Voltage (V) against Time (T) is made on the same graph for both charging and
discharging of the capacitor. Two intersecting curves are obtained as shown in the figure. The
time corresponding to the intersection of the curves called T½ is determined. It is the time
required to charge a capacitor to a value half the maximum amount of charge. Given the
length (l) and breadth (b) of the dielectric material the area (A) is calculated. Given its
thickness (T), the dielectric constant of the material of the given capacitor is calculated using
the formula

dT 1
2
K=
0.693ε 0 AR

Result: Dielectric constant of the dielectric material is, K=

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Sample Viva-
Viva-Voce Questions
1. STEFAN’
STEFAN’S LAW

1. What is a black body?

2. Define emissive power and absorptive power of a blackbody.
3. State Stefan’s law.
4. Define radiation.
5. What is a perfect black body?
6. Identify the black- body in this experiment? Give reason.
7. Explain the distribution of energy in a black body radiation spectrum.
8. Define resistance and power.
9. Explain the verification of Stefan’s law.

2. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS

1. What is an inductor?
2. Define resistance?
3. Define impedance, Inductive reactance and capacitive reactance.
4. Define impedance offered by inductance in an AC circuit.
5. Define impedance offered by capacitance in an AC circuit.
6. Explain acceptor and rejecter circuits?
7. Explain resonance in electrical circuits.
8. Define the natural frequency of an LCR circuit.
9. What is the total impedance in LCR circuit? How does it vary with frequency in case of
both Series and Parallel LCR circuits.
10. What is potential difference across the resistor at resonance?
11. Define Q factor. Enumerate its importance.
11. Define bandwidth.
11. What are the conditions for resonance in the case of parallel resonance circuit?
14. What are the applications of LCR resonant circuits?

3. B.H.CURVE

1. What is a magnetic field?

2. Define magnetizing force (H).
3. Define magnetic induction (B).
4. Define Tesla
5. Define Magnetic Hysteresis.
6. Mention the types of magnetic materials
7. What is Coercivity?
8. What is Retentivity?
9. What is relative permeability?
10. What is Hysterisis loss?
11. What is relative permeability?
12. What is magnetic susceptibility?
13. Distinguish Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials.

4. PLANK’S CONSTANT

1. What is LED?
2. How does LED emit the light?
3. Why does LED emit the light in forward bias only?
4. What is knee voltage?

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 School of engineering and technology

5. What is turn-on Voltage? Describe its use in determining the energy of the radiation
emitted by the LED?
6. Why does knee voltage different for different color LED?
7. How does Knee voltage vary with wavelength?
8. Explain Planck’s radiation law.
9. Describe the importance of Planck’s constant.
10. Explain the principle of the experiment.

5. LASER DIFFRACTION
DIFFRACTION

1. What is diffraction?
2. What is Laser?
3. What is grating?
4. What is grating constant?
5. What are the properties of laser?

6. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

1. What are dielectric materials? Define dielectric constant of a material.

2. What is the Physical meaning of Dielectric constant?
3. Define Polarization. What are different mechanisms of Polarization?
4. Name some of the Dielectric materials? Mention its uses?
5. What is a capacitor? Mention the different types of capacitors?
6. Mention the type of capacitor used in the experiment.
7. Explain the term T ½
8. What is the role of the resistor in the circuit?
9. Define Farad.

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