Engineering Drawing

Practice

Politecnico di Torino  DIGEP

March 17th, 2020

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1 Forewords

2 Practice assignments
Practice #1  Projections
Practice #2  Projections
Practice #3  Projections
Practice #4  Sections
Practice #5  Sections
Practice #6  Dimensions
Practice #7  Dimensions
Practice #8  Drawings from assembly
Practice #9  Drawings from assembly
Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances
Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

3 Tolerance tables

4 Solutions
Practice #1
Practice #2
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Practice #3
Practice #4
Practice #5
Practice #6
Practice #7
Practice #8
Practice #9
Practice #10
Practice #11

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Forewords

Forewords

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 Forewords

Use of the document I

In the following pages are presented the practice drawings.

The 3D objects are assigned using a wide range of representation:
axonometric views, ortographics projections of single parts or of assemblies.
In addition to the drawing representation, the 3D model has been
incapsulated into this pdf le on the position marked by the following
gure:

Click
to activate
3D content

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 Forewords

Use of the document II

To properly see the 3D content, Acrobat Reader ® is required. To my

knowledge it is the only pdf viewer able to properly represent 3D models
and it supports all the Windows platforms, Mac OS and even Android.
For Linux users, instructions are available on internet regarding how to
download and install adobereader-enu:i386 version 9.5.5.
Should you nd a dierent pdf viewer (possibly multiplatform) please notify
me.
These slides were developed and tested under Linux/Acrobat Reader 9 and
were also tested on Windows 10 and Mac OS with the latest Acrobat
Reader DC where they worked properly.
It is convenient to modify the Acrobat Preferences as follows: Edit 
Preferences  3D&Multimedia and select the rst tickbox of the right
panel to activate the option Enable playing of 3D content, because in this
way the 3D content will be activated immediatly when you click over it.

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 Forewords

Use of the document III

Should the option remain disabled, Acrobat will display a conrmation

dialog to ask if the 3D content should be trusted for the current session
only or also for every following access to the document.
To activate the 3D content it is required to click on it. Left clicking inside
the 3D area and dragging will rotate the component, a right click will
display the 3D context menu where the most important entries are:

Tools: it contains the list of view manipulation commands and at the

bottom the Show toolbar (or Hide toolbar) option.

Views: a complete set of views is preloaded into the pdf, Front, Back,
Left, Right, Top, Bottom and Isometric.

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 Forewords

Use of the document IV

When enabled, the toolbar is displayed just above the 3D object, when the
mouse is over it and the commands to manipulate or select the views can
be accessed through the buttons there represented.
The models are oriented in the 3D space so that the principal views are
corresponding to the ortographic projections of the solutions. At least for
the initial assignments.
Remember that the tangent lines are shown in the 3D models to
distinguish the dierent topologies of the surfaces, even when cylindrical
features are perfectly tangent to planar surfaces. In the drawings these
lines must not be represented.

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 Forewords

Printing

This document is intended to be used as an Information Technology

resource, so printing should be limited to the following pages:

practice 4.1, pag.31,

practice 4.2, pag.33,

practice 5.4, pag.47,

practice 7.1, pag.55,

practice 7.2, pag.57,

practice 10, pag.79,

practice 11, pag.92.

because the dimensions of these parts must be measured on the sheet.

In the printing options select Fit to printable area, Autorotate and
center and paper size A4. The scale factor of the printer should results to
be 219%.

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Practice assignments

Practice assignments

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 Practice assignments Practice #1  Projections

Assignment for practice #1

Draw the orthographic projections (with front view, top view and view from
left or right) of the following four parts represented in axonometric view.
For the representation, use the scale 1:1.
The arrow denes the direction along which to project the front (main)
view.

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 Practice assignments Practice #1  Projections

Part 1-1

40
39
9

22

92
16
P
29
Click
20
to activate
3D content
16

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 Practice assignments Practice #1  Projections

Part 1-2

50

32

15

17 R9 20
26

18
Click
to activate
20

90
3D content
P 40

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 Practice assignments Practice #1  Projections

Part 1-3

52
34
12

9
6

33 13
4
24

50 33

20

20
99 4x
7
52

15
24
21

70
Click
P
to activate
35

40

3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #1  Projections

Part 1-4
25 40

9
10

50
R5
50
R1
R1 36
30

9
9

19 8 20
9 R5 P Click
16
38 to activate
2x
45 31 3D content
69

The orientation of the Isometric view of the part diers from the 3D model
in order to properly represent the dimensions.

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 Practice assignments Practice #2  Projections

Assignment for practice #2

Draw the orthographic projections (with front view, top view and view from
left or right) of the following three parts represented in axonometric view.
For the representation use the following scales:

1:2 for part 1,

1:1 for parts 2 and 3.

Choose appropriately the principal view.

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 Practice assignments Practice #2  Projections

Part 2-1

64 174

2x
22
10
108
57
32

50

50

82
35
16

5
Click
x4
12 2
114 2
44
to activate
3D content

ational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #2  Projections

Part 2-2

R9
5
30°
R7

6
0

11
50

32

28

13
22
2x
10
6
Click
R82 6
to activate
108 53

28
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #2  Projections

Part 2-3

16
6 13
R14

7
R6
9

38

R19 °
49

15

13
R22 36
Click
12

8 to activate
19
22 13
3D content
57
28

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 Practice assignments Practice #2  Projections

Part 2-3  Main sketch solution

(R1 R81 7
4+ R6
R6
7) R14

13

7
R6
15°

13
49

36
19

18
R 22
22

57

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 Practice assignments Practice #3  Projections

Assignment for practice #3

Draw the orthographic projections of the following three parts represented

in axonometric view.
Represent with:

front, top and left views the parts #1 and #2,

front, top and alerttight views the part #3.

Use scale 1:1 for all parts.

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 Practice assignments Practice #3  Projections

Part 3-1

32
6
19

30°
30°

30
°
37

13
18

54

67
11

33

Click
41
to activate
82 13
26
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #3  Projections

Part 3-2

56
82
37
14 22
20 2x 15

3
6
5
R2

19 35
19

90
21

°
2x
R1
6

57 0
14
Click
R30 to activate
16

3D content

Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #3  Projections

Part 3-3

24

29
43 12
16
24
R19

°
45
°

5
°
10

45
4
7

41°

24
14 19
32

1
R4
14
14

11

57
45
7

° 14

19
24
19

R5
R29
Click
67
53
to activate
3D content

Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #3  Projections

Part 3-3 alternative drawing

In this slide the part's dimensions have been colored accordingly to the
plane they belong to.
24

29
43 12
16
24

R19

°
45
°

5
°

10
45

4
7

41°

24
14 19
32

1
R4

14
11
14

57
45
7

° 14

19

24
19

R5
R29

53

67

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 Practice assignments Practice #3  Projections

Part 3-3 how to draw the llet

The llet is tangent to a line of known position and orientation and passing
through a known point.

9
R1

19

R1
9

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Forewords I

In the following practice assignment sections could be used.

The encapsulated 3D models, in addition to the standard views, now
contains section entries inside the Views menu.
By choosing a section view, the model will be oriented accordingly, a
translucent section plane will be displayed and the intersection contour will
be displayed in red color.
To view the entire section plane it could be required to reduce the zoom
factor and by orientating the part it will be more eectively shown its
position and orientation.
The model is exported from Solidwork through File, Save As, Save as
Adobe Portable Document Format (*.pdf ), Save as 3D PDF. Clicking on
the Option button a window will show the 3DPDF exporter options that
are basically two: Accuracy and Use lossy compression on tesselation.

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Forewords II
Because only full sections can be performed inside the pdf reader, for those
parts that require half sections or aligned sections it is also shown the 3D
sectioned part in addition to the 3D full model. The cut surfaces are
colored dierently, typically in red.

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Forewords III
The pdf exporter saves the model in PRC format wich is a tesselated
format: only the external surfaces of the part are saved, but not the inside
volume. And these surfaces are approximated by triangulation. Accuracy
set a Cordal error and Lossy compression improves the compression
rates availing more imprecise geometry.
This is to say that in the sections all the parts will appear as empty shells,
because the pdf format is able to contain only tesselated formats (PRC or
U3D).

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-1 assignment I

The following drawing representes a

support in a 1:2 scale.
Make the drawing of the part with
the principal view and the two
sections identied by the assigned
section planes.
Dimensions are to be taken directly Click
from the drawing. to activate
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-1 assignment II

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-2 assignment I

Draw the following part in

orthographic projection.
Represent the principal view and an
half section projected laterally using
the section plane sketched below.
Dimensions are to be taken directly
from the drawing, considering scale Click
1:1. to activate
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-2 assignment II

30°
A

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-2 assignment III

Pdf 3D supports only full plane sections and then half sections cannot be
represented. This slide presents the cut model with the sectioned surfaces
colored in red.

Click
to activate
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-3 assignment I

Draw in orthographic projection the

following part.
Represent the principal view and an
half section projected laterally using
the section plane sketched below.
Dimensions are to be taken directly
from the drawing.
Click
Choose a proper scale.
to activate
Fillets R2.
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-3 assignment II

0
18
R40 20
5
92
2x
27

28
12
8

°
45
R7
27
4x

34
82

80

93
R7

72
R7

203
11
8
20

35
8
26
0

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-3 assignment III

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-4 assignment I

Draw in orthographic projection the

following bushing represented in
dimensioned axonometry.
Represent the principal view with
only an half section, using scale 1:1
Click
to activate
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-4 assignment II

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #4  Sections

Part 4-4 assignment III

72
24
2,5
x4
5
8
75
62
50
42
38 14
4

25

28
15

32
42
7

48

50
65 27
2,5
1x45° x45

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Practice #5  Assignment

Make the drawing of the following three mechanical parts, choosing the
proper views and sections.
Choose the appropriate scale for the representation of the parts.

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Part 5-1

120

66
16

12

R3

43
31
7

3x 10

86
90 spaced

3x 19

Click
to activate
28

35 3D content
50

RKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Part 5-2

10
4
30
72

15 20

56
103
36

3
15
17°

32
Click
16 to activate
42

14
3D content
32
56
20

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Part 5-3

19 38
48
19 19
40

16
10
°
60

16 19

20 13
5

R13
49
Click
10
5 to activate
41
12
13 38 3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Part 5-4 assignment I

Make the drawing of the following

mechanical part, represented in scale
1:1, choosing the proper principal
views and the required sections.
The dimensions of the part must be
measured directly on the drawing. Click
to activate
3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Part 5-4 assignment II

Click
to activate
3D content
Remember to apply the conventional representation of aligned section for the left view.

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 Practice assignments Practice #5  Sections

Part 5-4 assignment III

R2

R5
R4
Tangent

16
R5

R2
4

6
R5

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 Practice assignments Practice #6  Dimensions

Practice #6  Assignment

Make the drawing of the following three mechanical parts choosing

appropriately the views, the required sections and the scale. The drawings
must be dimensioned.
Note: the dimensions represented in the assignments are not optimized
then it is required to choose an appropriate dimensioning layout.
From this practice on, the views in the 3D models will not be related to the
relative positioning of the views of the drawings.

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 Practice assignments Practice #6  Dimensions

Part 6-1 I

95 2x 16

27 38
140

20

30
105

22
50
60°

3x45°

38 9 75

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 Practice assignments Practice #6  Dimensions

Part 6-1 II

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #6  Dimensions

Part 6-2 I
100
15 70
12
46

13
*
R9
32

45°

R9 23
°
*
R9 12

90

10
78
38°
50 60°
64
40

R1
R6 6
18

6
68 * Parallel

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 Practice assignments Practice #6  Dimensions

Part 6-2 II

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #6  Dimensions

Part 6-3

70

25
20

8
60
10
3x

55
15

21
20

62 8
12
4x

0
10

12 Click
50
R50 R20
to activate
70
12
0 3D content

l Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #7  Dimensions

Practice #7  Assignment

Draw in orthographic projection  with the appropriate views and sections 

and fully dimension the two mechanical parts represented below, in scale
1:2.
For part #1 (bushing) the drawing shows only the overall dimensions; for
part #2 (pulley), in addition to the overall dimensions the dimensions of
the standard features have been added.
All the other dimensions must be taken from the assigned drawings,
considering the scale ratio.
Adopt the scale 1:1 for the representation of the two parts.

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 Practice assignments Practice #7  Dimensions

Part 7-1 I

9
0
R2

18
80

116
3x45°

2x45° 120 116

Scale 1:2

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 Practice assignments Practice #7  Dimensions

Part 7-1 II

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #7  Dimensions

Part 7-2 I

67
5 17 3 31
34°

158

R3
1x45°

Scale 1:2

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 Practice assignments Practice #7  Dimensions

Part 7-2 II

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Practice #8  Belt tightener

Make the dimensioned drawings of all the non-unied parts, in the most
appropriate views and sections (minimum number of views sucient for a
complete representation of the parts).
Part list:

Base

Support

Shaft

Bushing

Pulley

Spacer

Add the appropriate chamfers and llets where required.

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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Isometric exploded view with dimensions I

45
7

28
3
R17
22 2
4
26 8

8
6

1:5
16
8

44
8

12

20
60
3
8
6 22 0,7
4

1 R10 16 7
3
7
56

3
40 5
7 DIN6799
22
26
°

8
60

40

64 12
80

4x M5x12 ISO4762

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Isometric exploded view with dimensions II

08 Screw M5x12 ISO4762 4

07 Retaining ring 7 DIN6 799 2
06 Pulley 1
05 Spacer 1
04 Bronze Bushing 1
03 Shaft 1
02 Support 2
01 Base 1

N. Description Q.ty
Bill of Materials

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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Isometric exploded view with dimensions III

In the assembly drawing on pag. 60 the thread is shown on the four screws
using a trick of the CAD system. The thread is simplied down to a
parallel set of revolved triangular undercuts in order to create a simple
geometry, not too much GPU intensive and not too large to save on the
disk. The threads inside the holes of the support are fully represented.
A note regarding the 3D assembly models: considering as example the
assembly of pag. 63 it's possible to right click on the 3D model and select
Show model tree. On the left, a side panel opens to show a tree view of
the assembly structure (just extend a few leaves). By right clicking over a
single component name is then possible to set the following properties:
Hide/Show, Isolate, Zoom to part, Transparent . . . . This allows to better
understand the part positioning.

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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Isometric exploded view with dimensions IV

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Base and Support

Click Click
to activate to activate
3D content 3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Shaft and Bronze Bushing

Click Click
to activate to activate
3D content 3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #8  Drawings from assembly

Spacer and Pulley

Click Click
to activate to activate
3D content 3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Practice #9  Vee Support I

The assembly drawing below shows an adjustable V-shaped support, the

kind used to support cylindrical parts on mill tables.
Body n.1 is clamped on the milling machine table.
The threaded Shaft n.2 is adjusted in height by rotating the Cylindrical nut
n.4 (its outer surface is knurled for improved grip  do not represent the
knurling on the drawing).
The Screw n.5 prevents the rotation of the Shaft n.2 because its elongated
cylindrical tip engages in a vertical slot made on the radial surface of the
Shaft.
The upper end of the threaded Shaft has a precise hole where the
replaceable V-shaped support n.3 is inserted.
Considering the dimensions shown in the drawing, make the dimensioned
drawings of the following parts: (1) Body, (2) Shaft, (3) V-shaped support,
(4) Cylindrical nut.

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Practice #9  Vee Support II

Note: assembly drawings are targeted to show the functioning of the

assembly, parts relative positioning, fastening devices, etc. . . and to identify
each component in the bill of material. Their purpose is NOT to provide
the information required to manufacture parts (geometry, dimensions,
tolerances, roughness . . . ), because for this purpose the part drawings are
intended to. Hence, the following drawing has been dimensioned for a
dierent intent: to avoid the long and tediuos task of retrieving the
dimensions from the printed paper.
A proper example of assembly drawing is represented on pag. 73, where the
dimensions represented are those referred to the interfaces and are required
for showing to the end user how this (sub)assembly will be positioned and
connected to the rest of the larger machine and how it works (stroke
length).
Add the appropriate chamfers and llets where required.

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Practice #9  Vee Support III

In the following 3D models the 3D thread geometry has been represented

for demonstration purposes only. In the assembly only the visible threads
were shown.
Notice that adding the 3D modelling of the helical cut of the thread makes
the model more GPU intensive and increases of about 89%÷727% the
dimension of the prc le with respect to the le with the cylindrical surface
only. For this reason 3D models of threads are seldom made.

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Dimensioned assembly sketch I

60
90°
36
25
3 2

13

24
3 UNI 149-A 1.6

M36x2

45
4

46

50
18 50

4
95

22

76
42

5 16
1

40

3
12
46
60
17
34

22
46

12

32
1x45°
47 47 R2
124
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Dimensioned assembly sketch II

05 Screw M10x18 ISO4028 1

04 Cylindrical nut 1
03 Vee Support 1
02 Shaft 1
01 Base 1

N. Description Q.ty
Bill of Materials

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Dimensioned assembly sketch III

Click
to activate
3D content
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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Example of assembly drawing

3
25

90°
2
119

4
145

5
1

124
60

12

47 47

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Base and Shaft

Click Click
to activate to activate
3D content 3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #9  Drawings from assembly

Vee support and Cylindrical Nut

Click Click
to activate to activate
3D content 3D content

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Practice #10  Assignment I

The assembly represents a spring return pneumatic actuator

(microcylinder), consisting of an externally threaded Body n.1, in which the
Shaft n.3 slides with the Seal n.6. The Stopper n.2 is mounted inside the
body and performs the following functions:

shaft centering,

end of stroke position,

centering of the spring n.4,

venting of the air contained in the right chamber.

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Practice #10  Assignment II

The cylinder body is screwed into a mechanical support and locked with
the Ring nut n.7.
The left chamber is connected to the air supply system through a duct
built into the support. To make this connection airtight, the gasket n.5 has
been positioned on the body.
Through the left hole the working uid reaches the rear chamber of the
cylinder and then moves it.
Taking the measurements from the drawing on page 79, make the
dimensioned drawings of the following parts specifying the appropriate
dimensional tolerances:

1 Body: chamber diameter with tolerance Ø16H7; diameter tted with

Stopper with tolerance Ø17,5H8.

2 Closure: external diameter Ø17,5p7; hole diameter Ø5H7.

3 Shaft: stem diameter Ø5f7; external diameter of piston Ø16f7.

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Practice #10  Assignment III

4 Make the assembly drawing, complete with the bill of materials

(without representing the gasket, spring, O-Ring and the nut).

Add the appropriate chamfers and llets where required.

Calculate minimum clearance/interference of the following ts: Φ16H7/f7,
Φ17.5H8/p7 and report the calculations and the graphic representation of
the tolerance elds on a drawing sheet.
The diagrams can be done freehand following the layout shown on page 85.

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Practice #10  Assignment IV

A
4 A-A

A 5 6 7 1

Scale 2:1

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Practice #10  Assignment V

07 Spring 1
06 Nut 1
05 Gasket sealing 1
04 O-Ring 1
03 Piston shaft 1
02 Stopper 1
01 Body 1

N. Description Q.ty
Bill of Materials

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Practice #10  Assignment VI

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Body and Stopper

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Piston shaft and O-Ring

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Gasket sealing, Nut and Spring

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Fit characterization I

Assigned t: Φ5H7/f7 between Stopper hole and Shaft.

From tables:

Φ5: IT 7 = 12 µm,
H7: Ei = 0 µm lower hole deviation,
f7: es = −10 µm upper shaft deviation.
TOLERANCE GRADES
Basic dimension µm
Beyond Up to IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9
- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25
3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30
6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36
10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43
18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Fit characterization II

UPPER DEVIATIONS es [ µm] LOWER DEVIATIONS ei [ µm]

Basic dimension All tolerance grades IT5, IT6 IT7 IT8 IT4→IT7 <IT3, >IT7 All tolerance grades

Beyond Up to a b c cd d e ef f fg g h js j k m n p r s
- 3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 -2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14

esi = ± IT2
3 6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 0 -2 -4 +1 0 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19
6 10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -25 -18 -13 -8 -5 0 -2 -5 +1 0 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23
10 14
-290 -150 -95 -50 -32 -16 -6 0 -3 -6 +1 0 +7 +12 +18 +23 +25
14 18

With IT and foundamental deviations it is possible to calculate1 :

Es = Ei + IT = 0 + 12 = +12 µm
ei = es − IT = −10 − 12 = −22 µm
Limit dimensions:

Hole Φ5H7: Dmin = 5 mm, Dmax = 5.012 mm,

Shaft Φ5f7: dmin = 4.978 mm, dmax = 4.99 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Fit characterization III

Clearance/Interference condition:

in MMC hole is bigger than shaft (Dmin > dmax ), then the minimum
clearance occur;

in LMC hole is bigger than shaft (Dmax > dmin ), then the maximum
clearance occur.

This is characterized as a clearance t.

Clearance calculation:

Gmin = (Dmin − dmax ) = 5 − 4.99 = 0.01 mm;

Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 5.012 − 4.978 = 0.034 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #10  Dimensional tolerances

Fit characterization IV

12
Clearance Interference
Min 10 
H7
Max 34 
Φ5H7/f7 Basic size line
Gmax

0
Gmin

-10.0
Units: µm
f7 Fit type: Clearance

-22.0

1
For holes IT = Es − Ei , for shafts IT = es − ei
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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Practice #11-12  Description I

The basic composition of an overhead conveyor is: a bridge that runs on

two rails mounted on the ceiling, on appropriate pillar brackets, a trolley
that moves orthogonally to the bridge and a winch attached to the trolley
for lifting loads (possible application: moving sheet metal rolls inside a
plant).

The assembly shown on page 92 represents one of the free wheels of the
overhead conveyor.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Practice #11-12  Description II

The shaft (1) shown in the drawing is xed (welded to the bridge) and has
only the function of supporting the wheel. At its end are mounted two
radial ball bearings (2) and around them rotates the wheel (5) which will
be guided by the rail mounted on the ceiling.
Two covers (6 and 7) close both sides of the wheel in order to lock the
outer rings, protect the rolling elements and contain the lubricating grease.
The axial constraint of the bearings (2) permits an axial clearance of the
inner rings, limited between the shaft shoulder and a retaining ring (9),
while the outer rings are locked by the cover centrings (6) and (7).
Two spacers are placed between the rings of the two bearings, one internal
(3) and one external (4), to ensure proper axial positioning and locking.
When the covers are fastened using the screws (8), the axial clearance
between external bearing rings and cover centrings must be zeroed. The
ange of the internal cover (6) contacts the hub surface, while the external

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Practice #11-12  Description III

cover ange (7) should maintain a non-zero clearance with the wheel hub
surface.
The peelable gasket (11) is positioned under the ange of the external
cover (7). It allows the bearings to be blocked axially and recovers the
most part of the ange/hub clearance in order to avoid ange plastic
deformation under the screw axial load.
Inside the internal cover (6) there is a seat for the lubricant seal (10).

N. Description Q.ty
1 Shaft 1
2 Bearing 30 BC 03 UNI 5417 2
3 Inner spacer 1
4 Outer spacer 1
5 Wheel 1
6 Internal cover 1
7 External cover 1
8 Screw ISO4762 M6x20 6
9 Retaining ring 30 DIN 471 1
10 Gasket 40x62x8 HMSA 10 (SKF) 1
11 Peelable gasket 1

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Practice #11-12  Description IV

A 66
46
R4
26
A-A

11

8 6 12
R8

10

62 H8
18

41
202
154

148

72
88

84

40 h9

30
9

2
3
5

R45
A

Scale 1:2

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Practice #11-12  Description V

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Assignment

Make the drawings of the following components, complete with dimensions,

dimensional and geometrical tolerances and roughness:

Practice 11: Wheel (5), shaft (1) represented with partial view as in
gure, spacers (3 and 4),

Practice 12: internal cover (6) and external cover (7).

This document also contains the following embedded les:

3D models of Bearing (2) and Gasket (10)

model and drawing of the Internal cover (6) for dimensioning

with CAD,

Catalogue with assembly recommendation for the gasket.

Right click on the paper clip icon and select Save embedded le to disk.
19 agosto 2020

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Shaft and Inner Spacer

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Wheel and Outer Spacer

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Internal and external cover

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Bearing and retaining ring

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Gasket and Peelable gasket

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Functional requirements: radial ts I

Under the operating conditions, the bearings are subject to a (main) load
with a xed vertical direction indicated by the P letter in the gure on
page 89. This denes the bearing ts:

The outer ring rotates about the (heavy) load and must therefore be
mounted with a slightly forced t.

The inner ring is stationary with respect to the load direction and can
be coupled to the shaft with a less forced t to facilitate assembly.

From the bearing catalogue the following tolerances can be obtained:

inner ring bore Φ300−0.01 , outer ring diameter Φ720−0.013 .
The spacer 3 of the inner rings must be easily mounted and achieve a
good centering.

Spacer 4 must be easily mounted and precisely centered externally

with the housing.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Functional requirements: radial ts II

The following dimensional tolerances should be considered on the tting

diameters of shaft and hub:

Mating parts Fit type Drawing tolerance Fit characteristics Ref.

Transitional with small
Shaft / Bearing inner ring clearance and small Shaft Φ30g6 Imax = 3 µm, Gmax = 20 µm a1
interference
Shaft / Int. spacer 3 Clearance Spacer bore Φ30F8 Gmin = 27 µm, Gmax = 73 µm a2
Transitional with large
Bearing external ring /
Wheel hub
interference and small Hub bore Φ72N7 Imax = 39 µm, Gmax = 4 µm a3
clearance
Wheel hub / Cover Centring diameter
centrings / Ext. spacer 4
Clearance
Φ72e8
Gmin = 21 µm, Gmax = 97 µm a4

Insert roughness values that are a function of the prescribed tolerance

ranges. For the gasket seat on the shaft apply Ra = 0.4 µm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization I

Given the following tables:

TOLERANCE GRADES
Basic dimension µm
Beyond Up to IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9
- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25
3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30
6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36
10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43
18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52

UPPER DEVIATIONS es [ µm] LOWER DEVIATIONS ei [ µm]

Basic dimension All tolerance grades IT5, IT6 IT7 IT8 IT4→IT7 <IT3, >IT7 All tolerance grades

Beyond Up to a b c cd d e ef f fg g h js j k m n p r s
- 3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 -2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14
esi = ± IT2
3 6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 0 -2 -4 +1 0 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19
6 10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -25 -18 -13 -8 -5 0 -2 -5 +1 0 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23
10 14
-290 -150 -95 -50 -32 -16 -6 0 -3 -6 +1 0 +7 +12 +18 +23 +25
14 18

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization II

Assigned t: Φ30−00.01/g6 between Shaft and Bearing inner ring hole.
IT6(φ30)=13 µm, es = −7 µm,
ei = es − IT6(φ30) = −7 − 13 = −20 µm
Dmin = 29.99 mm, Dmax = 30 mm
dmin = 29.98 mm, dmax = 29.993 mm
MMC: (Dmin < dmax ) → interference
LMC: (Dmax > dmin ) → clearance
This is a transitional t.
Imax = (dmax − Dmin ) = 29.993 − 29.99 = 0.003 mm
Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 30 − 29.98 = 0.02 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization III

Assigned t: Φ30−00.01/g6 between Shaft and Bearing inner ring hole.

Clearance Interference
0
Φ30−00.01/g6 Basic size line Min  
0 -7.0 Max 20 3
−0.01
Imax
Gmax

-10.0 g6
Units: µm
-20.0
Fit type: Transitional

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization IV

Assigned t: Φ30F8/g6 between Shaft and Internal spacer 3.

IT8(φ30)=33 µm, Ei = +20 µm,
Es = Ei + IT8(φ30) = +20 + 33 = 53 µm
IT6(φ30)=13 µm, es = −7 µm,
ei = es − IT6(φ30) = −7 − 20 = −27 µm
Dmin = 30.02 mm, Dmax = 30.053 mm
dmin = 29.98 mm, dmax = 29.993 mm
MMC: (Dmin > dmax ) → clearance
LMC: (Dmax > dmin ) → clearance
This is a clearance t.
Gmin = (Dmin − dmax ) = 30.02 − 29.993 = 0.027 mm
Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 30.53 − 29.98 = 0.073 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization V

53

F8
Clearance Interference
Min 27 
Max 73 
Gmax

20

Units: µm
Gmin

Fit type: Clearance

Φ30F8/g6 Basic size line
-7.0

g6

-20.0

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization VI

Assigned t: Φ72N7/Φ72−00.013 between Bearing external ring and Wheel

hub
IT7(φ72)=30 µm, Es = −20 + ∆ = −20 + 11 = −9 µm,
∆ = IT7(φ72) − IT6(φ72) = 30 − 19 = 11 µm
IT6(φ72) = 19 µm,
Ei = Es − IT7(φ72) = −9 − 30 = −39 µm
Dmin = 71.961 mm, Dmax = 71.991 mm
dmin = 71.987 mm, dmax = 72 mm
MMC: (Dmin < dmax ) → interference
LMC: (Dmax > dmin ) → clearance
This is a transitional t.
Imax = (dmax − Dmin ) = 72 − 71.961 = 0.039 mm
Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 71.991 − 71.987 = 0.004 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization VII

0
Φ72N7/−00.013 Basic size line Clearance Interference
0 Min  
-9.0 −0.013
Gmax

Max 4 39
-13.0
Imax
N7 Units: µm
Fit type: Transitional

-39.0

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization VIII

Assigned t: Φ72N7/e8 between Wheel hub/Ext. spacer 4.
IT7(φ72)=30 µm, Es = −20 + ∆ = −20 + 11 = −9 µm,
∆ = IT7(φ72) − IT6(φ72) = 30 − 19 = 11 µm
IT6(φ72) = 19 µm,
Ei = Es − IT7(φ72) = −9 − 30 = −39 µm
IT8(φ72)=46 µm, es = −60 µm,
ei = es − IT8(φ72) = −60 − 460 = −106 µm
Dmin = 71.961 mm, Dmax = 71.991 mm
dmin = 71.894 mm, dmax = 71.94 mm
MMC: (Dmin > dmax ) → clearance
LMC: (Dmax > dmin ) → clearance
This is a clearance t.
Gmin = (Dmin − dmax ) = 71.961 − 71.94 = 0.021 mm
Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 71.991 − 71.894 = 0.097 mm.
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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization IX

Φ72N7/e8 Basic size line

-9.0

N7

Clearance Interference

-39.0 Min 21 
Max 97 
Gmin
Gmax

-60.0

Units: µm
Fit type: Clearance

e8

-106.0

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Functional requirements: axial dimensions

The tolerances of the components must be dened in order to satisfy the

following requirements:

the clearance between the outer cover ange and the wheel hub is
+1.5
between +0.5 mm,
+0.6
the snap ring must be mounted with a clearance of +0.1 mm,

the clearance between the inner ball racings and the spacer should be
+0.05
−0.01 mm, to avoid axial preloads.
The corresponding tolerance stack-ups are listed starting from page 112.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#1 Cover ange stack path

- +
d5

d1 d2 d3 d2 d4

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#1 Cover ange rst attempt stack-up

Goal: g = 0+0.51.5
d1 , d3 , d4 , d5 rst attempt tolerances from ISO2768-m.
d2 tolerances from bearing manufacturer catalog.
First attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d1 : centring lenght + 6.1 + 5.9 0.2
d2 ?: bearing width + 19 + 18.88 0.12
d3 : external spacer width + 18.2 + 17.8 0.4
d2 ?: bearing width + 19 + 18.88 0.12
d4 : centring width + 5.1 + 4.9 0.2
d5 : hub width - 66.7 - 67.3 0.6

Total: + 0.7 - 0.94 1.64

Goal: + 1.5 + 0.5 1
Dierence: + 0.8 + 1.44

? xed tolerance dened by the supplier.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#1 Cover ange 2nd attempt stack-up

Tolerance range reduction.

Second attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d1 : centring lenght + 6.1 + 5.9 0.2
d2 ?: bearing width + 19 + 18.88 0.12
d3 : external spacer width + 18.02(−0.18) + 17.98(+0.18) 0.04 (−0.36)
d2 ?: bearing width + 19 + 18.88 0.12
d4 : centring width + 5.1 + 4.9 0.2
d5 : hub width - 66.84(−0.14) - 67.16(+0.14) 0.6 (−0.28)

Total: + 0.38 - 0.62 1 (−0.64)

Goal: + 1.5 + 0.5 1

Dierence: + 1.12 + 1.12

d1 , d4 : 0.2 mm on centring lenght is adequate for standard manufacturing.

d3 : bearing spacers are usually manufactured with high precision thickness
tolerance. Grinding is often used.
d5 : hub tolerance must then be reduced.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#1 Cover ange nal stack-up

Recovery has been done completely on spacer beacuse it is the most easy
to handle during manufacturing.

Final attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d1 : centring lenght + 6.1 + 5.9 0.2
d2 ?: bearing width + 19 + 18.88 0.12
d3 : external spacer width + 19.14(+0.12) + 19.1(+0.12) 0.04
d2 ?: bearing width + 19 + 18.88 0.12
d4 : centring width + 5.1 + 4.9 0.2
d5 : hub width - 66.84 - 67.16 0.6

Total: + 1.5 - 0.5 1.64

Goal: + 1.5 + 0.5 1
Dierence: 0 0

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Partial results for the drawings

The following tolerances must be added to the drawings:

d1±0.1 centring length of the outer cover,

the width of the external spacer could be dimensioned as d3 = 18++11..114 ,
but it could be more manageable to write it as: d3 = 19.1+0 0.04 ;
d4±0.1 centring length of the inner cover,
d5±0.16 wheel hub width.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#2 Retaining ring stack path

- +

d3

d6

d2 d2

d7

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#2 basic dimensions
The basic (nominal) value for d7 is the sum of 2 · d2 , d3 and the width of
the retaining ring groove.
The ring 30 DIN 471 has a thickness of d6 = 1.5h11 = 1.50−0.06 mm and
the groove is dg = 1.6H13 = 1.6+
0
0.14
mm.

d7 = 2d2 + d3 + dg = 2 · 19 + 19.1 + 1.6 = 58.7 mm

Notice that only the basic value has been calculated and that dg tolerance
is not part of the tolerance path.
Tolerances for rst attempt calculation:

d6 = 1.50−0.06 mm from ring standard DIN 471. Fixed.

d7 = 58.7±0.3 mm from ISO 2768-m.
The stack contains again d2 and d3 dimensions. The tolerance of a
functional measure, already dened in a previous analysis, which becomes
part of a subsequent stack-path, must NOT be changed, otherwise the
previous analisys is invalidated.
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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#2 Retaining ring 1st attempt tolerance stack

First attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d6 ?: ring thickness - 1.44 - 1.5 0.06
d7 : groove position from shaft shoulder + 59 + 58.4 0.6
d2 ?: bearing width - 18.88 - 19 0.12
d3 •: external spacer width - 19.1 - 19.14 0.04
d2 ?: bearing width - 18.88 - 19 0.12

Total: + 0.7 - 0.24 0.94

Goal: + 0.6 + 0.1 0.5
Dierence: - 0.1 - 0.34

? tolerance xed by supplier. • xed  already dened in a previous

tolerance stack-up.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#2 Retaining ring nal attempt tolerance stack

Second attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d6 ?: ring thickness - 1.44 - 1.5 0.06
d7 : groove position from shaft shoulder + 58.9(−0.1) + 58.74(+0.34) 0.16
d2 ?: bearing width - 18.88 - 19 0.12
d3 •: external spacer width - 19.1 - 19.14 0.04
d2 ?: bearing width - 18.88 - 19 0.12

Total: + 0.6 + 0.1 0.5

Goal: + 0.6 + 0.1 0.5
Dierence: 0 0

All recovery on d7 because it is the only one that can be modied.

Result for the drawing: d7 +0.14 .
+0.3

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#3 Spacer stack path

d3

d8
g
- +

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

#3 Spacer 1st attempt stack-up analysis

First attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d3 ?: outer spacer width + 19.14 + 19.1 0.04
d8 : inner spacer width - 19.08 - 19.12 0.04

Total: + 0.06 - 0.02 0.08

Goal: + 0.05 - 0.01 0.06
Dierence: - 0.01 + 0.01

Second attempt
+ U.D.L. + L.D.L
Dimension - L.D.L. - U.D.L Tolerance
d3 ?: outer spacer width + 19.14 + 19.1 0.04
d8 : inner spacer width - 19.09(−0.01) - 19.11(+0.01) 0.02

Total: + 0.05 - 0.01 0.06

Goal: + 0.05 - 0.01 0.06
Dierence: 0 0

? dened in a previous stack-up. Result for drawing: d8 = 19.1±0.01 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Tolerance stack-up summary

The following tolerances were provided by standards or components
suppliers:

d2 = 190−0.12 Bearing width

dg = 1.6H13 = 1.6+0 0.14 Ring groove width

The following tolerances were calculated:

d1 = 6±0.1 External cover centring

d3 = 19.1+0 0.04 Outer spacer width

d4 = 5±0.1 Internal cover centring

d5 = 67±0.16 Wheel hub width

d7 = 58.7++00..314 Retaining ring groove position

d8 = 19.1±0.01 Inner spacer width

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Fit characterization with geometrical tolerances I

Basic size line

Φ72N7/e8
Es Es DLMC ≡ Dmax

Hole IThole

Ei
Tghole Tghole
DMMC ≡ Dmin DVC = DMMC − Tghole
DVC dVC = dMMC + Tgshaft
Gmin Gmin = DVC − dVC
dVC
Gmax Gmin = (DMMC − dMMC ) − (Tgshaft + Tghole )
Tgshaft Tgshaft
es dMMC ≡ dmax Gmax = DLMC − dLMC = Dmax − dmin

Shaft ITshaft

ei dLMC ≡ dmin

Gmax = Dmax − (IThole + Tghole ) − Gmin − (Tgshaft + ITshaft )

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Fit characterization with geometrical tolerances II

Possible paths:

1 Impose same Gmin , Gmax , make an hypothesis for Tghole and Tgshaft
and calculate a reduced dimensional tolerance for hole and shaft.

2 Impose same Gmin , IThole , ITshaft , make an hypothesis for Tghole and
Tgshaft and calculate the resulting, larger, Gmax .
3 Impose same Gmax , IThole , ITshaft , make an hypothesis for Tghole and
Tgshaft and calculate the resulting, smaller, Gmin .
Tghole + Tgshaft < Gmin .

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization Hub/(Spacer, covers)

Φ72N7/e8 Basic size line

-9.0

N7

Clearance Interference

-39.0 Min 21 
Max 97 
Gmin
Gmax

-60.0

Units: µm
Fit type: Clearance

e8

-106.0

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Geometrical t characterization Hub/(Spacer, covers) I

Hypothesis:

Dmax is maintained accordingly to the dimensional tolerance

specication Φ72N 7;

IThole , ITshaft are maintained from dimensional characterization;

Tghole = 0 because it is the datum for the wheel and { will be
applied on the datum hole.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Geometrical t characterization Hub/(Spacer, covers) II

Following path 3, the amount of the previous clearance is equally divided:

Tgshaft = 10 µm (Ref. b1 ).
T
The maximum angular deviation α = arctan lg of the axis inside the
Tgshaft location tolerance is:
0.01
α1 = arctan = 0.03◦ for Outer spacer
19.1
0.01
α2 = arctan = 0.095◦ for External cover
6
0.01
α3 = arctan = 0.115◦ for Internal Cover
5

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Dimensional t characterization Inner spacer/Shaft

53

F8
Clearance Interference
Min 27 
Max 73 
Gmax

20

Units: µm
Gmin

Fit type: Clearance

Φ30F8/g6 Basic size line
-7.0

g6

-20.0

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Geometrical t characterization Inner spacer/Shaft

Hypothesis:

dmax is maintained accordingly to the dimensional tolerance

specication Φ30g 6;

IThole , ITshaft are maintained from dimensional characterization;

Tgshaft = 0 because it is the datum for the shaft and { will be
applied on the dimension.

Following path 3, the amount of the previous clearance is equally divided:

Tgshaft = 20 µm (Ref. b2 ).
T
The maximum angular deviation α = arctan lg of the axis inside the
Tgshaft location tolerance is:
0.02
α = arctan = 0.06◦ for Inner spacer
19.1

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Inner and outer spacer roughness

Inner spacer Φ30F 8 has an IT8 tolerance. The maximum compatible

roughness is Ra 1.25.
Outer spacer Φ72e 8 has an IT8 tolerance. The maximum compatible
roughness is Ra 1.25.

For both rings, the important contact surfaces are the two front
surfaces and a proper roughness must be prescribed there. For the
total width d3 = 19.1 mm the tolerance is 0.04 mm. Checking on the
ISO IT/tolerance table it results that the tolerance for that diameter is
corresponding an IT grade between IT8 and IT9. Considering IT8, on
the IT/roughness table it results Ra = 1.25 as a compatible value.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Fastener holes I

the position tolerance for the holes can be calculated applying the xed
fasteners formula, because it is appropriate for the cap screw assembly used
in this design:
DMMC − V
Tpos =
2

The screw is M6, the passing through hole is Φ6.6 then Tpos = 0.3 mm (ref
b3 ). It is applied to all cover holes and their threaded counterparts on the
wheel.
The thread tolerance for the holes used in the wheel to x the covers is set
to 7H (screwing lenght Long, medium precision, without coating).
The screw head is embossed of 0.5 mm below the external surface of the
covers and the total screw lenght is 26 mm. Considering the thickness of
the covers, the screwing lenght is Lscrewing = 16.5 mm.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Fastener holes II

Remembering that the M6 coarse pitch is p = 1 mm the drilling and

tapping depths can be calculated as:

T = Lscrewing + 2 ÷ 3p = 16.5 + 2 · 1 = 18.5 ' 19 mm

H = T + 3 ÷ 6p = 19 + 4 · 1 = 23 mm

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

Internal cover

The front mating surface is the primary datum. A very low atness
(0.005 mm) and a limited roughness ( Ra = 0.8) have been chosen in order
to obtain a minimum of solid lubricant retainment (grease) considering the
sealing enforced by direct surface to surface contact without gasket b4 .
The same should be applied to the wheel counterpart surface, but being
the wheel symmetrical and then assemblable both ways the same
prescriptions must be applied to the two surfaces interfacing the covers.
Passthrough hole of the cover is Φ44, the diameter of the shaft is Φ41. A
position tolerance of Φ1 is applied, well below the dierence of diameters.
For the seat of the gasket, the supplier requires a tolerance of H8. The
chamfer at the edge of the seat should be 1.5 ÷ 2.5 × 30◦ .
A location tolerance of Φ0.2 has been applied to the cylindrical seat in
order to maintain the coaxiality. The value is slightly smaller than what
was required by the gasket catalogue.

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 Practice assignments Practice #11  Stack-ups and geometrical tolerances

External cover
Between the external cover ange and the wheel surface a peelable gasket
must be applied.
Supposing:

Cr = (30 ÷ 35)%
HL = 1.1 ± 0.1 mm
HCmax = HLmax (1 − CRmin ) = 1.2 × 0.7 = 0.84 mm
∆ = (HLmin − Cs ) − HCmax = (1 − 0.1) − 0.84 = 0.06 mm

Considering that a surface planarity of 0.005 mm has already been applied

to the wheel surfaces, for the sealing with cover without gasket, then
0.055 mm of planarity are still available for this surface.
A planarity of 0.05 mm has been applied to the surface of the cover datum
(ref. b5 ).
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Tolerance tables

Tolerance tables

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 Tolerance tables

Tolerance grades

Dimensional class TOLERANCE GRADES

[mm] Tolerances [ µm] Tolerances [mm]

Beyond Up to IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 IT18
- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 0.1 0.14 0.25 0.4 0.6 1 1.4
3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 0.12 0.18 0.3 0.48 0.75 1.2 1.8
6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 0.15 0.22 0.36 0.58 0.9 1.5 2.2
10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 0.18 0.27 0.43 0.7 1.1 1.8 2.7
18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.84 1.3 2.1 3.3
30 50 1.5 2.5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 0.25 0.39 0.62 1 1.6 2.5 3.9
50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 39 46 74 120 190 0.3 0.46 0.74 1.2 1.9 3 4.6
80 120 2.5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 0.35 0.54 0.87 1.4 2.2 3.5 5.4
120 180 3.5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 0.4 0.63 1 1.6 2.5 4 6.3
180 250 4.5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 0.46 0.72 1.15 1.85 2.9 4.6 7.2
250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 0.52 0.81 1.3 2.1 3.2 5.2 8.1
315 400 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 0.57 0.89 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.7 8.9
400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 0.63 0.97 1.55 2.5 4 6.3 9.7
500 630 9 11 16 22 32 44 70 110 175 280 440 0.7 1.1 1.75 2.8 4.4 7 11
630 800 10 13 18 25 36 50 80 125 200 320 500 0.8 1.25 2 3.2 5 8 12.5
800 1000 11 15 21 28 40 56 90 140 230 360 560 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.6 9 14
1000 1250 13 18 24 33 47 66 105 165 260 420 660 1.05 1.65 2.6 4.2 6.6 10.5 16.5
1250 1600 15 21 29 39 55 78 125 195 310 500 780 1.25 1.95 3.1 5 7.8 12.5 19.5
1600 2000 18 25 35 46 65 92 150 230 370 600 920 1.5 2.3 3.7 6 9.2 15 23
2000 2500 22 30 41 55 78 110 175 280 440 700 1100 1.75 2.8 4.4 7 11 17.5 28
2500 3150 26 36 50 68 96 135 210 330 540 860 1350 2.1 3.3 5.4 8.6 13.5 21 33

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 Tolerance tables

Foundamental deviations for shafts

Basic size UPPER DEVIATIONS es [ µm] LOWER DEVIATIONS ei [ µm]

[mm] All tolerance grades IT5, IT6 IT7 IT8 IT4→IT7 <IT3, >IT7 All tolerance grades

Beyond Up to a b c cd d e ef f fg g h js j k m n p r s t u v x y z za zb zc
- 3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 -2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 +18 +20 +26 +32 +40 +60
3 6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 0 -2 -4 +1 0 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 +23 +28 +35 +42 +50 +80
6 10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -25 -18 -13 -8 -5 0 -2 -5 +1 0 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23 +28 +34 +42 +52 +67 +97
10 14 +40 +50 +64 +90 +130
-290 -150 -95 -50 -32 -16 -6 0 -3 -6 +1 0 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 +33
14 18 +39 +45 +60 +77 +108 +150
18 24 +41 +47 +54 +63 +73 +98 +136 +188
-300 -160 -110 -65 -40 -20 -7 0 -4 -8 +2 0 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35
24 30 +41 +48 +55 +64 +75 +88 +118 +160 +218
30 40 -310 -170 -120 +48 +60 +68 +80 +94 +112 +148 +200 +274
-80 -50 -25 -9 0 -5 -10 +2 0 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43
40 50 -320 -180 -130 +54 +70 +81 +97 +114 +136 +180 +242 +325
50 65 -340 -190 -140 +41 +53 +66 +87 +102 +122 +144 +172 +226 +300 +405
-100 -60 -30 -10 0 -7 -12 +2 0 +11 +20 +32
65 80 -360 -200 -150 +43 +59 +75 +102 +120 +146 +174 +210 +274 +360 +480
80 100 -380 -220 -170 +51 +71 +91 +124 +146 +178 +214 +258 +335 +445 +585
-120 -72 -36 -12 0 -9 -15 +3 0 +13 +23 +37
100 120 -410 -240 -180 +54 +79 +104 +144 +172 +210 +254 +310 +400 +525 +690
120 140 -460 -260 -200 +63 +92 +122 +170 +202 +248 +300 +365 +470 +620 +800
140 160 -520 -280 -210 -145 -85 -43 -14 0 -11 -18 +3 0 +15 +27 +43 +65 +100 +134 +190 +228 +280 +340 +415 +535 +700 +900
160 180 -580 -310 -230 +68 +108 +146 +210 +252 +310 +380 +465 +600 +780 +1000
180 200 -660 -340 -240 +77 +122 +166 +236 +284 +350 +425 +520 +670 +880 +1150
200 225 -740 -380 -260 -170 -100 -50 -15 0 -13 -21 +4 0 +17 +31 +50 +80 +130 +180 +258 +318 +385 +470 +575 +740 +960 +1250
225 250 -820 -420 -280 +84 +148 +196 +284 +342 +425 +520 +640 +820 +1050 +1350
esi = ± IT2

250 280 -920 -480 -300 +94 +158 +218 +315 +385 +475 +580 +710 +920 +1200 +1150
-190 -110 -56 -17 0 -16 -26 +4 0 +20 +34 +56
280 315 -1050 -540 -330 +98 +170 +240 +350 +425 +525 +650 +790 +1000 +1300 +1700
315 355 -1200 -600 -360 +108 +190 +268 +390 +475 +590 +730 +900 +1150 +1500 +1900
-210 -125 -62 -18 0 -18 -29 +4 0 +21 +37 +62
355 400 -1350 -680 -400 +114 +208 +294 +435 +530 +660 +820 +1000 +1300 +1650 +2100
400 450 -1500 -760 -440 +126 +232 +330 +490 +595 +740 +920 +1100 +1450 +1850 +2400
-230 -135 -68 -20 0 -20 -32 +5 0 +23 +40 +68
450 500 -1650 -840 -840 +132 +252 +360 +540 +660 +820 +1000 +1250 +1600 +2100 +2600
500 560 +150 +280 +400 +600
-260 -145 -76 -22 0 0 0 +26 +44 +78
560 630 +155 +310 +450 +660
630 710 +175 +340 +500 +740
-290 -160 -80 -24 0 0 0 +30 +50 +88
710 800 +185 +380 +560 +840
800 900 +210 +430 +620 +940
-320 -170 -86 -26 0 0 0 +34 +56 +100
900 1000 +220 +470 +680 +1050
1000 1120 +250 +520 +780 +1150
-350 -195 -98 -28 0 0 0 +40 +66 +120
1120 1250 +260 +580 +840 +1300
1250 1400 +300 +640 +960 +1450
-390 -220 -110 -30 0 0 0 +48 +78 +140
1400 1600 +330 +720 +1050 +1600
1600 1800 +370 +820 +1200 +1850
-430 -240 -120 -32 0 0 0 +58 +92 +170
1800 2000 +400 +920 +1350 +2000
2000 2240 +440 +1000 +1500 +2300
-480 -260 -130 -34 0 0 0 +68 +110 +195
2240 2500 +460 +1100 +1650 +2500
2500 2800 +550 +1250 +1900 +2900
-520 -290 -145 -38 0 0 0 +76 +135 +240
2800 3150 +580 +1400 +2100 +3200

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 Tolerance tables

Foundamental deviations for holes

Basic size LOWER DEVIATIONS Ei [ µm] UPPER DEVIATIONS Es [ µm]

[mm] All tolerance grades IT6 IT7 IT8 ≤IT8 >IT8 ≤IT8 >IT8 ≤IT8 >IT8 Tolerance grades >IT7

Beyond Up to A B C CD D E EF F FG G H Js J K M N P R S T U V X Y Z ZA ZB ZC
- 3 +270 +140 +60 +34 +20 +14 +10 +6 +4 +2 0 +2 +4 +6 0 0 -2 -2 -4+∆ -4 -6 -10 -14 -18 -20 -26 -32 -40 -60
3 6 +270 +140 +70 +46 +30 +20 +14 +10 +6 +4 0 +5 +6 +10 -1+∆ -4+∆ -4 -8+∆ 0 -12 -15 -19 -23 -28 -35 -42 -50 -80
6 10 +280 +150 +80 +56 +40 +25 +18 +13 +8 +5 0 +5 +8 +12 -1+∆ -6+∆ -6 -10+∆ 0 -15 -19 -23 -28 -34 -42 -52 -67 -97
10 14 -40 -50 -64 -90 -130
+290 +150 +95 +50 +32 +16 +6 0 +6 +10 +15 -1+∆ -7+∆ -7 -12+∆ 0 -18 -23 -28 -33
14 18 -39 -45 -60 -77 -108 -150
18 24 -41 -47 -54 -63 -73 -98 -136 -188
+300 +160 +110 +65 +40 +20 +7 0 +8 +12 +20 -2+∆ -8+∆ -8 -15+∆ 0 -22 -28 -35
24 30 -41 -48 -55 -64 -75 -88 -118 -160 -218
30 40 +310 +170 +120 -48 -60 -68 -80 -94 -112 -148 -200 -274
+80 +50 +25 +9 0 +10 +14 +24 -2+∆ -9+∆ -9 -17+∆ 0 -26 -34 -43
40 50 +320 +180 +130 -54 -70 -81 -97 -114 -136 -180 -242 -325
50 65 +340 +190 +140 -41 -53 -66 -87 -102 -122 -144 -172 -226 -300 -405
+100 +60 +30 +10 0 +13 +18 +28 -2+∆ -11+∆ -11 -20+∆ 0 -32
65 80 +360 +200 +150 -43 -59 -75 -102 -120 -146 -174 -210 -274 -360 -480
80 100 +380 +220 +170 -51 -71 -91 -124 -146 -178 -214 -258 -335 -445 -585
+120 +72 +36 +12 0 +16 +22 +34 -3+∆ -13+∆ -13 -23+∆ 0 -37
100 120 +410 +240 +180 -54 -79 -104 -144 -172 -210 -254 -310 -400 -525 -690
120 140 +460 +260 +200 -63 -92 -122 -170 -202 -248 -300 -365 -470 -620 -800
140 160 +520 +280 +210 +145 +85 +43 +14 0 +18 +26 +41 -3∆ -15+∆ -15 -27+∆ 0 -43 -65 -100 -134 -190 -228 -280 -340 -415 -535 -700 -900
160 180 +580 +310 +230 -68 -108 -146 -210 -252 -310 -380 -465 -600 -780 -1000
180 200 +660 -340 +240 -77 -122 -166 -236 -284 -350 -425 -520 -670 -880 -1150
200 225 +740 +380 +260 +170 +100 +50 +15 0 +22 +30 +47 -4+∆ -17+∆ -17 -31+∆ 0 -50 -80 -130 -180 -258 -318 -385 -470 -575 -740 -960 -1250
225 250 +820 +420 +280 -84 -148 -196 -284 -342 -425 -520 -640 -820 -1050 -1350
Esi = ± IT2

250 280 +920 +480 +300 -94 -158 -218 -315 -385 -475 -580 -710 -920 -1200 -1150
+190 +110 +56 +17 0 +25 +36 +55 -4+∆ -20+∆ -20 -34+∆ 0 -56
280 315 +1050 +540 +330 -98 -170 -240 -350 -425 -525 -650 -790 -1000 -1300 -1700
315 355 +1200 +600 -360 -108 -190 -268 -390 -475 -590 -730 -900 -1150 -1500 -1900
+210 +125 +62 +18 0 +29 +39 +60 -4+∆ -21+∆ -21 -37+∆ 0 -62
355 400 +1350 +680 +400 -114 -208 -294 -435 -530 -660 -820 -1000 -1300 -1650 -2100
400 450 +1500 +760 +440 -126 -232 -330 -490 -595 -740 -920 -1100 -1450 -1850 -2400
+230 +135 +68 +20 0 +33 +43 +66 -5+∆ -23+∆ -23 -40+∆ 0 -68
450 500 +1650 +840 +840 -132 -252 -360 -540 -660 -820 -1000 -1250 -1600 -2100 -2600
500 560 -150 -280 -400 -600
+260 +145 +76 +22 0 0 -26 -44 -78
560 630 -155 -310 -450 -660
630 710 -175 -340 -500 -740
+290 +160 +80 +24 0 0 -30 -50 -88
710 800 -185 -380 -560 -840
800 900 -210 -430 -620 -940
+320 +170 +86 +26 0 0 -34 -56 -100
900 1000 -220 -470 -680 -1050
1000 1120 -250 -520 -780 -1150
+350 +195 +98 +28 0 0 -40 -66 -120
1120 1250 -260 -580 -840 -1300
1250 1400 -300 -640 -960 -1450
+390 +220 +110 +30 0 0 -48 -78 -140
1400 1600 -330 -720 -1050 -1600
1600 1800 -370 -820 -1200 -1850
+430 +240 +120 +32 0 0 -58 -92 -170
1800 2000 -400 -920 -1350 -2000
2000 2240 -440 -1000 -1500 -2300
+480 +260 +130 +34 0 0 -68 -110 -195
2240 2500 -460 -1100 -1650 -2500
2500 2800 -550 -1250 -1900 -2900
+520 +290 +145 +38 0 0 -76 -135 -240
2800 3150 -580 -1400 -2100 -3200
∆ = ITn − ITn−1 Upper deviations from P to ZC, with IT≤7, must be incremented by ∆

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Solutions

Solutions

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 Solutions

Notes

The following drawings are tted to the printable area of the pages.
Most of the drawings were represented on A4 paper in original, with the
exception of the last practice where the A3 format has been used.
In Practice 8 dierent dimensioning schemes were proposed.
In Practice 10 the results of dimensional t characterization is provided.
In Practice 11 an example of geometrical tolerances is provided.

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 Solutions Practice #1

Part 1-1

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #1

Part 1-2

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 Solutions Practice #1

Part 1-3

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #1

Part 1-4

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 Solutions Practice #2

Part 2-1

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 Solutions Practice #2

Part 2-2

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 Solutions Practice #2

Part 2-3

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #3

Part 3-1

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 Solutions Practice #3

Part 3-2

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 Solutions Practice #3

Part 3-3

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 Solutions Practice #4

Part 4-1
A

B B

A
A-A

B-B

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #4

Part 4-2

A-A
A

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico. DTI March 17th, 2020 153 / 195
 Solutions Practice #4

Part 4-3

A-A

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 Solutions Practice #4

Part 4-4

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 Solutions Practice #5

Part 5-1
A

A-A

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 Solutions Practice #5

Part 5-2
A

A-A

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #5

Part 5-2 alternative

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 Solutions Practice #5

Part 5-3

A-A

A
A

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 Solutions Practice #5

Part 5-4
A

A-A

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 Solutions Practice #6

Part 6-1

A
A-A 95

38 27

16
2x
3x45°

60°
140

20

30
75
105

50

22
A 9 38

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 Solutions Practice #6

Part 6-2
100
15 70

11,78
12
46 A-A

2x
32

45°
12
°
23

8,35
50

90
38°
60°
40

R6 R1
2x 6

18
6
A
64

68

78

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 Solutions Practice #6

Part 6-3
70

0
R2
2x
R50

60
A A

120

120
42
60

20
12 100 12 8

4x
132 55
70

A-A
50

70
70

20

5
15

25
8

3x 10 eq

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 Solutions Practice #7

Part 7-1
120 96

10 20 20 70 80
0
R2
A-A 3x45° 4x

40

70
A
90
80
50
25

20
B B

25 A
2x45° 116

4x 9

B-B
18
5

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 Solutions Practice #7

Part 7-2

67 A
A-A
5 17 3
34° °
60
18
6x

124

76
28

50

106

158
60°
8

15 15

26 26

14 20 20 14 31 R3
1x45°

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 1  Base  Dimensioning from symmetry axes

2x 12 2x 26

0
R1
4x
0°
4x 3

22
R2
4x
3

18

20

28

2x 56
10

136
4x

28
20
14 14
5,5

5,4
68

32 32

40 1x45°

80

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 1  Base  Technological dimensioning

2x 26 28
2x 12

0
R1
4x
0°
4x 3

22
3

2x 56
10

40
136
5,5

4x

5,4

4x
R2
40

48
8 64 1x45°

80

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 1  Base  Functional dimensioning

2x 12 2x 26

0
R1
4x
0°
4x 3

22
R2
4x
3

28

20

28
10

2x 56
136
5,5

4x

18 18

20
14

5,4
68

40

80 1x45°

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 2  Support
A 8
R1 A-A
7

45
2x M5

28

8
18
A 20 20 26
56
3x45°

3x45°

1x45°

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 3  Shaft

A B

7
7

8
2x 0,74 0,74 0,74

8 44 8 8

60 60

1x45°

A) Functional dimensioning, B) Technological dimensioning

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 4  Bushing

A B
16

16
8

12

12
22 3 22
0.5x45°
R0.2 Max
25 25

A) Technological dimensioning, B) Functional dimensioning

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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 5  Spacer

16
8

1x45°
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 Solutions Practice #8

Part 6  Pulley

22
A

0,5
0,5
B

12

20

36

44
12

20

36

44

2 2 2

10 10 10 6
0.5x45°
26 26 R2

A) Technological dimensioning, B) Functional dimensioning

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 Solutions Practice #9

Part 9-1  Base

60

Ra1.6 50

1x45°
4

Ra0.8
16

M10
76

1x45°

40
3
12

11
40 H7
Ra1.6
46
17
46

34

12

22
A
A
R2
0.5x45°
32 ISO2768-m
47 47 Ra3,2 Ra1,6 Ra0.8

124
( )
SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. Solo per uso didattico.

DTI March 17th, 2020 174 / 195

 Solutions Practice #9

Part 9-2  Shaft

M36x2 22 H7
Ra0.8

Ra0.8
1x45°

1x45
40

45

50
95
Ra0.8

42
1x45°

+0,2
4 0
8 JS8

R1 0.5x45°

( )
Ra3,2 Ra1,6 Ra0.8
40 g6 ISO2768-m

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 Solutions Practice #9

Part 9-3  Vee Support

70

13 46

1x45

Ra0.8
Ra
1.
6

22 g6
R1
36

90°
25

1x45°
6
1.
Ra

ISO2768-m
3

( )
Ra3,2 Ra1,6 Ra0.8

DTI March 17th, 2020 176 / 195

 Solutions Practice #9

Part 9-4  Cylindrical nut

18

M36x2
60

2x45°
ISO2768-m
Ra3,2

DTI March 17th, 2020 177 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Part 10-1  Body I

This part has been dimensioned with a technological intent particularly for
the diameters and angles. Considering the diameters on the right the tool
must follow the following path:

reach diameter Φ19 before the part edge,

turn Φ19 for a lenght of 1 mm,

move on a trajectory inclined 45

◦ until Φ20 is reached,

turn the diameter Φ20 until the position of 6 mm from the front edge,

move on a trajectory inclined 45

◦ until Φ22 is reached,

turn diameter Φ22 until the rear end of the part is reached.

The same applies on the rear side: turn Φ19 until the position of 6 mm is
reached then move on a trajectory inclined 45
◦ until the diameter Φ22 is
reached.

DTI March 17th, 2020 178 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Part 10-1  Body II

30
24
A 5 A-A

Ra0.8
Ra0.5
Undercut
16,4 h13

M22x1.5
16 H7

17,5 H8
E0.6x0.2 UNI4386

19
20
19

A 4

1x45°
4 5°
2 45° R0.5 0.2x45°
0,0 45° 1
19 -0,1
5 ISO2768-m

( )
Ra3,2 Ra0.8 Ra0.5
6 6

DTI March 17th, 2020 179 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Part 10-2  Stopper

1,5 Ra0.5

17,5 p7
6,5
5 H7
10

Ra0.5

1x45°
0.5x45°
4,5 ISO2768-m

( )
Ra3,2 Ra0.5
8

DTI March 17th, 2020 180 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Part 10-3  Piston shaft

15
Ra0.5

Grinding
Ra0.5
16 f7

12 h13
15

M5
5 f7
0,5x45°
4 12
0,5x45° Undercut F0.4x0.2 UNI 4386 R0.5
0.2x45°
6 29 ISO2768-m

( )
Ra3,2 Ra0.5
38

DTI March 17th, 2020 181 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ16H7/f7 I

Assigned t: Φ16H7/f7 between Piston head and Body diameter.

From tables:

Φ16: IT 7 = 18 µm,
H7: Ei = 0 µm lower hole deviation,
f7: es = −16 µm upper shaft deviation.
TOLERANCE GRADES
Basic dimension µm
Beyond Up to IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9
- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25
3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30
6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36
10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43
18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52

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 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ16H7/f7 II

UPPER DEVIATIONS es [ µm] LOWER DEVIATIONS ei [ µm]

Basic dimension All tolerance grades IT5, IT6 IT7 IT8 IT4→IT7 <IT3, >IT7 All tolerance grades

Beyond Up to a b c cd d e ef f fg g h js j k m n p r s
- 3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 -2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14

esi = ± IT2
3 6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 0 -2 -4 +1 0 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19
6 10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -25 -18 -13 -8 -5 0 -2 -5 +1 0 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23
10 14
-290 -150 -95 -50 -32 -16 -6 0 -3 -6 +1 0 +7 +12 +18 +23 +25
14 18

With IT and foundamental deviations it is possible to calculate:

Es = Ei + IT = 0 + 18 = +18 µm
ei = es − IT = −16 − 18 = −34 µm
Limit dimensions:

Hole Φ16H7: Dmin = 16 mm, Dmax = 16.018 mm,

Shaft Φ16f7: dmin = 15.966 mm, dmax = 15.984 mm.

DTI March 17th, 2020 183 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ16H7/f7 III

Clearance/Interference condition:

in MMC hole is bigger than shaft (Dmin > dmax ), then the minimum
clearance occur;

in LMC hole is bigger than shaft (Dmax > dmin ), then the maximum
clearance occur.

This is characterized as a clearence t.

Clearance calculation:

Gmin = (Dmin − dmax ) = 16 − 15.984 = 0.016 mm;

Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 16.018 − 15.966 = 0.052 mm.

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 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ16H7/f7 IV

18

Clearance Interference

H7 Min 16 
Max 52 
Φ16H7/f7 Basic size line
Gmax

0
Gmin

Units: µm
-16.0
Fit type: Clearance
f7

-24.0

DTI March 17th, 2020 185 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ17.5H8/p7 I

Assigned t: Φ17.5H8/p7 between Closure and Body diameter.

From tables:

Φ17.5: IT 8 = 27 µm,
Φ17.5: IT 7 = 18 µm,
H7: Ei = 0 µm lower hole deviation,
p7: ei = +18 µm lower shaft deviation.
TOLERANCE GRADES
Basic dimension µm
Beyond Up to IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9
- 3 0.8 1.2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25
3 6 1 1.5 2.5 4 5 8 12 18 30
6 10 1 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 15 22 36
10 18 1.2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43
18 30 1.5 2.5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52

DTI March 17th, 2020 186 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ17.5H8/p7 II

UPPER DEVIATIONS es [ µm] LOWER DEVIATIONS ei [ µm]

Basic dimension All tolerance grades IT5, IT6 IT7 IT8 IT4→IT7 <IT3, >IT7 All tolerance grades

Beyond Up to a b c cd d e ef f fg g h js j k m n p r s
- 3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 -2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14

esi = ± IT2
3 6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 0 -2 -4 +1 0 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19
6 10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -25 -18 -13 -8 -5 0 -2 -5 +1 0 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23
10 14
-290 -150 -95 -50 -32 -16 -6 0 -3 -6 +1 0 +7 +12 +18 +23 +25
14 18

With IT and foundamental deviations it is possible to calculate:

Es = Ei + IT = 0 + 27 = +27 µm
es = ei + IT = +18 + 18 = +36 µm
Limit dimensions:

Hole Dmin = 17.5 mm, Dmax = 17.527 mm,

Φ17.5H8:
Shaft Φ17.5p7: dmin = 17.518 mm, dmax = 17.536 mm.

DTI March 17th, 2020 187 / 195

 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ17.5H8/p7 III

Clearance/Interference condition:

in MMC hole is smaller than shaft (Dmin < dmax ), then interference
occur;

in LMC hole is bigger than shaft (Dmax > dmin ), then clearance occur.

This is characterized as a transitional t.

Clearance calculation:

Imax = (dmax − Dmin ) = 17.536 − 17.5 = 0.036 mm;

Gmax = (Dmax − dmin ) = 17.527 − 17.518 = 0.009 mm.

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 Solutions Practice #10

Fit characterization Φ17.5H8/p7 IV

36
Clearance Interference
Min  
27
p7 Max 9 36
Gmax

Imax
18
H8 Units: µm
Fit type: Transitional
Φ17.5H8/p7 Basic size line
0

DTI March 17th, 2020 189 / 195

 Solutions Practice #11

Part 11-1  Shaft

85

62

58,7

3
0.16 UZ 0.22 A B (d7)

2,3 ** 1,6 H13 * 0.009 A 30

°
0.01 A
B Ra 0.4 Ra 6.3

A Ra 0.5

40 h9
0.05 A
30 g6 E 28,6 h12 * 41
(a1) 0.004 0.05 A 0.2 M A

Groove E0,6x0,3 UNI4386-75

Bearing seat
Retaining ring groove
Gasket seat -0.2
+0.5 ISO 13715:2000
* From Retaining ring standard - R0,1max
** nmin t2.1 ISO2768-mk
Ra 1.6
( Ra 6.3 Ra 0.5 Ra 0.4
)

DTI March 17th, 2020 190 / 195

 Solutions Practice #11

Part 11-3  Inner spacer

19,1
A

0.01
(d8)
B Ra 1.25 0.04 UZ0.02 A

Ra 1.25
INNER SPACER 2:1
(a2) 0,5x45
40 30 F8 E ISO2768-mk
0.3 M A B 0.02 A
(b2)
Ra 3.2
( Ra 1.25
)
Ra 1.25

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 Solutions Practice #11

Part 11-4  Outer spacer

A 19,1

0.01
B Ra 1.25
(d3)
0.04 UZ0.02 A

Ra 1.25

Ra 1.25
(a4)
72 e8 E 62
0.01 A 0.3 M A B OUTER SPACER 2:1
1x45
(b1) ISO2768-mk
Ra 3.2
( Ra 1.25
)

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 Solutions Practice #11

Part 11-5  Wheel

67

A-A (d5)
0.02 A 46 0.32 UZ 0.16 A B
(b4) 0.005 0.005
(b4)

Ra 0.8
12°
A B

Ra 0.8
(b3)

R 45
Ra 6.3
Equally Spaced

15°
3x
0.3 A B

R8
3x M6 7H

2:1
A

(a3) Z

88
1x45 1x45
72 N7 E

202

154

148
0.01

15°
Ra 0.8

12

19
H K
23

2X R4
R4
A 1 A B

2x
H K
84
-0.2 WHEEL 1:2
+0.5 ISO 13715:2000 0,5x45 - R4
ISO2768-mK

( )
Ra 12.5 Ra 0.8 Ra 1.6 Ra 6.3

DTI March 17th, 2020 193 / 195

 Solutions Practice #11

Part 11-6  Internal cover

(b3) (b3)
15
(d4)

0.3 A B

Equally spaced
A-A

0.3 A B
3x 6,6 H13
0.2 A B
6,5

11 H13
5

Ra 6.3
A R1

R8
1x45

3x
R 4
6x

Ra 6.3 Ra 1.25
Ra 6.3

°
30
2
1x45
1x45
88

62 H8 72 e8 (a4)

Ra 1.6
44 0.2 A B 0.01 A
1 A B (b1)
10

0.2 A B

1,25

Ra 0.8
A
(b4)
A 0.005

84

INTERNAL COVER 1:1

0.5x45 - R0.2
ISO2768-K
Gasket seat Ra 12.5
( Ra 1.25 Ra 1.6 Ra6.3
)

DTI March 17th, 2020 194 / 195

 Solutions Practice #11

Part 11-7  External cover

A-A 15

0.2 A B (d1)
6,5
A 6

R8

Ra 6.3
3x
1x45
R 4
6x
Ra 6.3 Ra 1.25
Ra 6.3

0.3 A B

Equally spaced

R1
0.3 A B
3x 6,6 H13

R1

5°
11 H13
88

Ra 1.6
72 e8 E (a4)

64
0.01 A (b1)
(b3) (b3)

10

R1

Ra 1.6
A
0.01 (b5)
84
A

EXTERNAL COVER - 1:1

0,5x45 - R0.2
ISO2768-mK
Ra 12.5
( Ra 1.25 Ra 1.6 Ra 6.3
)

DTI March 17th, 2020 195 / 195