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By Dr. Layth Abdulkareem Hassnawi

The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI reference model and is responsible for sending bits between computers. It defines electrical and physical specifications for devices and the relationship between devices and transmission media such as cables. Transmission media can be guided, using wires or cables like twisted pair or fiber optic cables, or unguided through the air using methods like radio transmission. Standards like RS-232, RS-422, and SONET/SDH define specifications for physical layer transmission and networking.

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74 views

By Dr. Layth Abdulkareem Hassnawi

The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI reference model and is responsible for sending bits between computers. It defines electrical and physical specifications for devices and the relationship between devices and transmission media such as cables. Transmission media can be guided, using wires or cables like twisted pair or fiber optic cables, or unguided through the air using methods like radio transmission. Standards like RS-232, RS-422, and SONET/SDH define specifications for physical layer transmission and networking.

Uploaded by

جلال عواد كاظم جودة
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Network Protocols

Physical Layer
Lesson -1

‫كلية المستقبل الجامعة‬


‫قسم هندسة تقنيات الحاسوب‬
‫المرحلة الرابعة‬

By
Dr. Layth Abdulkareem Hassnawi
1
Physical Layer

Physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI reference


model. It is responsible for sending bits from one
computer to another. Physical Layer defines electrical
and physical specifications for devices. It defines the
relationship between a device and a transmission
medium, such as a copper or optical cable. This includes
the layout of pins, voltages, cable specifications, hubs,
repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters.

2
Transmission Media

1. Guided: Data is sent via a wire or optical cable.


• Twisted Pair: Two copper wires are twisted together to reduce the
effect of crosstalk noise.
a) Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
b) Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables

• Baseband Coaxial Cable: A 50-ohm cable used for digital


transmission. Used in 10Base2 and 10Base5.
• Broadband Coaxial Cable: A 75-ohm cable used for analog
transmission such as TV Cable.

• Fiber Optic Cables: Two general types are multimode and single mode.
In multimode, light is reflected internally. Light source is an LED. In
single mode, the light propagates in a straight line. Light source come
from expensive laser diodes. Faster and longer distances as compared
to multimode. Fiber optic cables are difficult to tap (higher security) and
are normally used for backbone cabling.
3
Transmission Media

2. Unguided: Data is sent through the air

• Line-of-sight: Transmitter and receiver must


“see” each other, such as microwave system.

• Communication Satellites: A big microwave


repeater in the sky. Data is broadcasted, and
can be “pirated”.

• Radio: Term used to include all frequency


bands, such as FM, UHF, and VHF television.
4
Analog Transmission

Modulation is the process of modulating a sine wave carrier to convey


data. The MODEM is the device that accepts digital signals and outputs a
modulated carrier wave, and vice versa. There are three types of modulation,
these are:

1. Amplitude Modulation (AM): Amplitude is increased/decreased while


frequency remains constant.

2. Frequency Modulation (FM): Frequency is increased/decreased while


amplitude remains constant.

3. Phase Modulation (PM): Wave is shifted, while amplitude and frequency


remains constant.

5
Physical Layer Standard

RS-232
• 20 kbps
• Cables up to 15 meters
• Unbalanced transmission (common ground)

RS-422
• 2 Mbps at 60 meters
• 1 Mbps at 100 meters
• Balanced transmission (a pair of wires for Tx, Rx)

6
Physical Layer Standard

SONET\SDH Networks

• Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and


Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are
standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer
multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using
lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

• SONET\SDH, which is used as a transport network


to carry loads from other WANs.

7
SONET\SDH Networks

SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) SONET(Synchronous Optical Network)

 Is European standard  Is American standard network.


network.
 Is a standard developed by ANSI for
 Is a standard developed by fiber-optic networks.
ITU-T.
 Define a hierarchy of signals called
 Define a hierarchy of signals synchronous transport signals (STSs(
called synchronous transfer where each STS level (STS-1 to STS-
modules (STMs( 192) supports a certain data rate.

8
End Of Lesson 1

Thanks For Listening

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