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    PHY-433 09 Work, Energy and Power

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    Kim Opena
    This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force applied over a distance, and says work is done when an object is moved by a force. It also defines energy as the ability to do work, and says it can be in different forms like potential and kinetic energy. It then discusses the law of conservation of energy, and gives examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, and power. It provides formulas for work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and power and works through examples of using these formulas to solve physics problems.

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    PHY-433 09 Work, Energy and Power

    Uploaded by

    Kim Opena
    166 views23 pages
    This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force applied over a distance, and says work is done when an object is moved by a force. It also defines energy as the ability to do work, and says it can be in different forms like potential and kinetic energy. It then discusses the law of conservation of energy, and gives examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, and power. It provides formulas for work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and power and works through examples of using these formulas to solve physics problems.

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    This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force applied over a distance, and says work is done when an object is moved by a force. It also defines energy as the ability to do work, and says it can be in different forms like potential and kinetic energy. It then discusses the law of conservation of energy, and gives examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, and power. It provides formulas for work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and power and works through examples of using these formulas to solve physics problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    166 views23 pages

    PHY-433 09 Work, Energy and Power

    Uploaded by

    Kim Opena
    This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as a force applied over a distance, and says work is done when an object is moved by a force. It also defines energy as the ability to do work, and says it can be in different forms like potential and kinetic energy. It then discusses the law of conservation of energy, and gives examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, and power. It provides formulas for work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and power and works through examples of using these formulas to solve physics problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 23

    Work, Energy and Power

    Lecture 7

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Work

    ▪ Work is said to be done when a force applied


    to an object moves that object.
    • Work can be done by you, as well as on you
    • Work is a measure of expended energy
    • Machines make work easy (ramps, levers, etc.)
    ▪ Work is a scalar quantity
    ▪ Unit is in Joule
    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Work
    • The work, W, done by a constant force on an object is defined as the
    product of the component of the force along the direction of
    displacement and the magnitude of the displacement (dot product of
    force and displacement).

    W  ( F cos q )x
    – F is the magnitude of the force
    – Δ x is the magnitude of the
    object’s displacement
    – q is the angle between F and x

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Example: When Work is Zero
    • A man carries a bucket of water horizontally at
    constant velocity.
    • The force does no work on the bucket
    • Displacement is horizontal
    • Force is vertical
    • cos 90° = 0

    𝑊 ≡ (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Example: Work Can Be Positive or Negative

    • Work is positive when lifting the box


    • Work would be negative if lowering
    the box
    –The force would still be upward, but
    the displacement would be
    downward

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Example 1
    ▪ Find the work done by a 45.0-N force in pulling the
    suitcase at an angle 50o for a distance of 75.0 m.
    Given: 𝐹 = 45𝑁 Sol’n: 𝑊 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥
    𝜃 = 50°
    Δ𝑥 = 75𝑚 = (45𝑁 cos 50° )(75𝑚)
    Req’d: 𝑊
    𝑾 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟏𝑵𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Example 2
    ▪ The weight lifter is bench-pressing a barbell whose weight is 710 N. He
    raises the barbell a distance of 0.65 m above his chest, and then he lowers it
    the same distance. The weight is raised and lowered at a constant velocity.
    Determine the work done on the barbell by the weight lifter during (a) the
    lifting phase and (b) the lowering phase.
    Given: 𝐹 = 710𝑁 Sol’n: 𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥
    Δ𝑥 = 0.65𝑚
    = (710𝑁 cos 0° )(0.65𝑚)
    Req’d: 𝑊
    𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
    𝑾𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝑱

    𝜃 = 0° 𝜃 = 180° 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥


    = (710𝑁 cos 180° )(0.65𝑚)
    𝑾𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = −𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝑱

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Example 3
    ▪ A 120-kg crate on the flatbed of a truck that is moving with an
    acceleration of 1.5 m/s2 along the positive x-axis. The crate does not slip
    with respect to the truck as the truck undergoes a displacement whose
    magnitude is 65 m. What is the total work done on the crate by all of
    the forces acting on it? Sol’n: 𝑊 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥
    Given: 𝑚 = 120𝑘𝑔
    𝑎 = 1.5 𝑚ൗ 2 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎
    𝑠
    Δ𝑥 = 65𝑚 = (120𝑘𝑔)(1.5 𝑚Τ𝑠2)
    Req’d: 𝑊 𝐹 = 180𝑁
    𝑊 = (180𝑁 cos 0)(65)
    𝐖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝐤𝐉

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Energy

    ▪ Energy is the capacity to do work.


    ▪ Energy is anything that can be converted into
    work; i.e., anything that can exert a force
    through a distance.
    ▪ Energy can be converted between different
    types.
    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Law of Conservation of Energy

    ▪ Energy can neither be created nor destroyed


    but can be transformed from one form to
    another.
    ▪ The total energy (in all forms) in a “closed”
    system remains constant.

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Potential Energy

    ▪ Energy by virtue of position.

    𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Kinetic Energy

    ▪ Energy by virtue of motion.

    2
    𝐾𝐸 = ½ 𝑚𝑣

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Conservation of Mechanical Energy
    ▪ The total mechanical energy (ME = KE + PE) of
    an object remains constant as the object
    moves, provided that the net work done by
    external nonconservative forces is zero.
    ▪ Non-conservative (nc) forces are dissipative forces such as friction or
    air resistance. These forces take energy away from the system as the
    system progresses, energy that you can't get back.

    𝑊𝑛𝑐 = Δ𝐾𝐸 + Δ𝑃𝐸


    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Example 4
    ▪ Motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon by driving horizontally
    off the cliff at a speed of 38.0 m/s. Ignoring air resistance, find the
    speed with which the cycle strikes the ground on the other side.
    Given: 𝑣0 = 38𝑚/𝑠 Sol’n: 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = Δ𝐾𝐸 + Δ𝑃𝐸
    ℎ0 = 70𝑚 0 = (𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸0 ) + (𝑃𝐸𝑓 − 𝑃𝐸0 )
    ℎ𝑓 = 35𝑚 0 = ½ 𝑚𝑣𝑓 2 − ½ 𝑚𝑣0 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖
    Req’d: 𝑣
    𝑓 0 = ½ 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣0 2 ) + 𝑚𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑖 )
    ½ 𝑚 𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣0 2 = −𝑚𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑖 )

    𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣0 2 − 2𝑔(ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑖 )

    = (38𝑚/𝑠)2 −2(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 (35𝑚 − 70𝑚)

    𝒗𝒇 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝒎/𝒔
    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Power

    ▪ Power is simply energy exchanged per unit


    time, or how fast you get work done
    ▪ Power is defined as the rate at which work is
    done
    ▪ Watts = Joules/sec
    ▪ One horsepower (hp) = 745 W
    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Power
    • Often also interested in the rate at which the energy
    transfer takes place
    • Power is defined as this rate of energy transfer
    𝑊
    𝑃 = = 𝐹𝑣
    𝑡
    • SI units are Watts (W)
    P = J/sec = kg.m2/sec3

    Section 5.6
    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Example 5
    • A 1.00 x 103 kg elevator car carries a maximum load of 800kg. A
    constant frictional force of 4.00 x 103 N retards its motion upward,
    as in the Figure. What minimum power, in kilowatts and in
    horsepower, must the motor deliver to lift the fully loaded elevator
    car at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s?
    Given: 𝑚1 = 1000kg Sol’n: ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 = 𝑇 − 𝐹𝑔 − 𝑓𝑠
    𝑚2 = 800kg
    𝑇 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝑓𝑠 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 )𝑔 + 𝑓𝑠
    𝑓𝑠 = 4000𝑁
    = (1000𝑘𝑔 + 800𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 ) + 4000𝑁
    𝑣 = 3𝑚/𝑠
    𝑇 = 21640𝑁
    Req’d: 𝑃
    𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
    = (21640𝑁)(3𝑚/𝑠)
    𝑷 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑾
    Education for a Fast Changing World
    Quiz 2

    A force of 200 N acts on a block at an angle


    o
    of 28 with respect to horizontal. The block
    is pushed 2 m horizontally. What is the
    work done by this force?

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Quiz 2

    A 10-kg block is raised vertically 3 meters.


    What is the change in potential energy?

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Quiz 2

    • What is the kinetic energy of a 4000-kg


    automobile, which is moving at 44 m/s?

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Quiz 2

    An automobile has a power output of 1 hp.


    When it pulls a cart with a force of 300 N,
    what is the cart’s velocity?

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Quiz 2

    • An elevator can lift a load of 5000 N from


    the ground level to a height of 20 meters
    in 10 seconds. Find the horsepower rating
    of the elevator.

    Education for a Fast Changing World


    Quiz 2

    • The average horsepower required to raise


    a 150-kg box to a height of 20 meters
    over a period of one minute is:

    Education for a Fast Changing World

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