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Division of labour

Division of Labor

Division of labor first originated from the division of workers in different occupations.
Now, when the production is done on a large scale with the help of heavy machines, it is split
up into a number of processes and many people join to produce an article. It is called the
division of labor. For instance, in a large scale readymade garment factory, a man does cutting
of cloth, the second man stitches clothes with machines, the third buttons, the fourth makes
folding and packing etc. This way of doing the work is called division of labor because
different workers are engaged in performing different parts of production.

FORMS OF DIVISION OF LABOR

Division of labor has been divided into different forms by the economists which can be
explained as follows:

l. Simple Division of Labor. When the production is split up into different parts and
many workers come together to complete the work, but the contribution of each worker
cannot be known, it is called simple division of labor. For example when many persons carry
a huge log of wood, it is difficult to assign how much labor has been contributed by an
individual worker. It is simple division of labor

2. Complex Division of Labor. When the production is split up into different parts
and each part is performed by different workers who have specialised in it, it is called
complex division of labor. For example, in a shoe factory one worker makes the upper
portion, the second one prepares the soles, the third one stitches them, the fourth one polishes
them, and so on. In this way, shoes are manufactured It is a case of complex division of labor.

3. Occupational Division of Labor. When the production of a commodity becomes the

occupation of the worker, it is called occupational division of labor. Thus, the production of
different goods has created different occupations. The work of farmers, cobblers, carpenters.
weavers and blacksmiths is known as occupational division of labor.

4. Geographical or Territorial Division of Labor. Sometimes, due to different reasons,

the production of goods is concentrated at a particular, place, state or country. This particular
type of division of labor comes into being when the workers or factories having specialised in
the production of a particular commodity are found at a particular place. That place may be the
most suitable geographically for the production of that commodity. This is called the
geographical or territorial division of labor. For example, Assam has specialised in the
production of tea, whereas the textile industry is localised in Mumbai and the jute production
in West Bengal.

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIVISION OF LABOR

l. Increase in Production. With the adoption of division of labor, the total production
increases. Adam Smith has explained the advantage of division of labor with the help of an
example that a worker can produce only 20 pins daily. If the making of pins in a modern
factory is divided into 18 processes, then 18 workers can produce 48,000 pins in a single day.

2. Increase in Efficiency of Labor. With division of labor, a worker has to do the same
work time and again, and he gets specialization in it. In this way, the division of labor leads to
a great increase in efficiency.

3. Increase in Skill. Division of labor contributes to the development of skill, because

with the repetition of the same work, he becomes specialized in it. This specialization enables
him to do the work in the best possible way, which improves his skill.
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Division of labour

4. Increase in Mobility of Labor. Division of labor facilitates greater mobility of labor.

In it, the production is split up into different parts and a worker becomes trained in that very
specific task in the production of the commodity which he performs time and again. He
becomes professional, which leads to the occupational mobility. On the other hand, division of
labor implies a large-scale production and laborers come to work from far and near. Thus, it
increases geographical mobility of labor.

5. Increase in Use of Machines. The division of labor is the result of the large-scale
production, which implies more use of machines. On the other hand, the division of labor
increases the possibility of the use of machines in the small-scale production also. Therefore,
in modern times the use of machines is increasing continuously due to the increase in the
division of labor.

6. Increase in Employment Opportunities. Division of labor leads to the diversity of

occupations which further leads to the employment opportunities. On the other hand, the scale
of production being large, the number of employment opportunities also increases.

7. Work According to Taste. Workers have their own taste in production. For example,
a person can take up that type of job for which he considers himself to be the most suitable and
which is in accordance with his taste. Division of labor extends the work to such an extent that
every person can find work according to his taste and interest.

8. Work for Disables. Division of labor splits up the production work in small processes
and different persons can work at different places with the help of machines. Certain machines
can be operated with the help of hands only and others with the help of foot as well. "Therefore,
the disabled persons can also find work according to their suitability.
9. Best Use of Tools. In this system, it is not necessary to provide each worker with a
complete set of tools. He needs a few tools only for the job in which he can make their best use.
Therefore, the continuous use of tools is possible which are used at different stages.

10. Best Selection of the Workers. Division of labor helps the employers in the best
selection of workers. As the work is divided into different parts and each part is taken up by such
a worker who is more suitable for it, the employer can select very easily the man who is best
suited for the work.

11. Saving of Capital and Tools. Division of labor helps in the saving of capital and
tools. It is not essential to provide a complete set of tools to every worker. He needs a few tools
only for the job he has to do. Thus there is the saving of tools as well as capital. For instance, if a
tailor stitches the shirt, he requires a sewing machine, scissors, etc. But on the basis of division
of labor, one can do the cutting and the other can stitch the clothes. In this way, two tailors can
work with the help of one pair of scissors and one machine only.

12. Goods of Superior Quality. Division of labor is beneficial in making goods of

superior quality. When the worker is entrusted with the work for which he is best suited, he will
produce superior quality goods.

13. Saving of Time. There is no need for the worker to shift from one process to another.
He is employed in a definite process with certain tools. He, therefore, goes on working without
loss of time, sitting at one place. Continuity in work also saves time and helps in more
production at less cost.

14. Right man at the Right Job. Division of labor implies splitting up of production
into a number of processes. Each person is given the job for which he is best suited. There will
be no round pegs in square holes. In this way, a right man is placed at the right job.

15. Reduction in the Cost of Production. If a shoe-maker makes himself two pairs of
shoes daily, then four shoe-makers can make more than eighth pairs of shoe , if they work in
cooperation with each other. In this way, division of labor increase production which reduces
the average cost of production. Saving of capital, tools and machinery, etc. also help in the
reduction of cost of production.
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Division of labour

16. Cheap Goods. Division of labor helps in mass production. Thus production becomes
less expensive and more economical. Therefore, cheaper goods are turned out, which improve
the standard of living of the people.

17. Saving of Time and Expenses in Training. Under division of labour worker has to
train himself in a small part of production. There is no need to learn the whole process of
production. It ensures saving of time as well as expenses in training.

18. Spirit of Co-operation among Workers. Division of labor gives chances of working
under the same roof and with the cooperation of each other. It further gives rise to the feeling of
cooperation and trade unionism in their daily lives. The work cannot be completed unless they
cooperate with each other. They help each other at the time of adversities as well.

19. Development of International Trade. Division of labor increases the tendency of

specialization not only in the workers or industries, but in different countries also. On the basis
of specialization, every country produces only those goods in which it has a comparative
advantage and imports such goods from those countries which have also greater comparative
advantage. Therefore, division of labor is beneficial for the development of international trade
also.

Its Demerits

1. Monotony Under division of labor, a worker has to do the same job time and again for
years together. Therefore, after some time, the worker feels bored or the work becomes irksome
and monotonous. There remains no happiness or pleasure in the job for him. It has an adverse
effect on the production.

2. Loss of Joy. In the absence of division of labor, he feels a lot of pleasure on the
successful completion of his goods. But under division of labor, nobody can claim the credit of
making it. The work gives him neither pride nor pleasure. Therefore, there is total loss of joy,
happiness and interest in the work.

3. Loss of Responsibility. Many workers join hands to produce a commodity. If the

production is not good and adequate, none can be held responsible for it. It is generally said that
`every man's responsibility is no man's responsibility.' Therefore, the division of labor has the
disadvantage of loss of responsibility.

4. Loss of Mental Development. When the laborer is made to work only on a part of the
work, he does not possess complete knowledge of the work. Thus, division of labor proves to be
a hurdle in the way of mental development.

5. Loss of Efficiency. Division of labor is sometimes accounted for the loss of efficiency.
For instance, if a cobbler goes on cutting the leather for a long time, he may loose the efficiency
of making shoes.

6. Reduction in Mobility of Labor. The mobility of labor is reduced on account of

division of labor. The worker performs only a part of the whole task. He is trained to do that
much part only. So, it may not be easy for him to trace out exactly the same job somewhere else,
if he wants to change the place. In this way, the mobility of labor gets retarded.

7. Increased Dependence. When the production is split up into a number of processes and
each part is performed by different workers, it may lead to overdependence. For instance, in the
case of a readymade garments factory, if the man cutting cloth is lazy, the work of stitching,
buttoning, etc. will suffer. Therefore, increased dependence is the result of division of labor.

8. Danger of Unemployment The danger of unemployment is another disadvantage of

division of labor When the worker produces a small part of goods, he bets specialised in it and
he does not have complete knowledge of the production of goods. For instance, a man is
expert in buttoning the clothes. If he is dismissed from the factory, it is difficult for him
to find the job of buttoning. Thus division of labor has a fear of unemployment.
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Division of labour

9. Increased Dependence on Machines. As division of labor increases there will be

an increased use of machines. Almost all the workers work on different types of
machines. It is difficult for them to work without machines. Thus, division of labor
increases the dependence on machines.

10. Danger of Over-Production. Over-production means that the supply of

production is comparatively more than its demand in the market. Because of tile
division of labor, when production is done on a large scale, the demand for production
lags much behind its increased supply. Such conditions create overproduction which is
very harmful for the producers as well as for the workers when they become
unemployed.

11. Exploitation of Labor Division of labor is concerned with large scale

production in big factories which are owned by the capitalists. No poor worker can
afford to start his own production. Therefore, they have to seek employment in big
factories of the capitalists. These employers pay less wages to them as compared to
their marginal productivity, because there is no other alternative to the worker , , but to
work at very low wages. Therefore, division of labor results in the exploitation of labor.

12. Evils of Factory system The modern industrial or factory system has been
developed as a result of the division of labor. This system further gives rise to the evils
like dense population, pollution, bad habits of gambling and drinking. low standard of
living, poor food, clothes and housing, etc.

13. Employment of Women and Children. Division of labor results in the large
scale production in which children and women are also employed. It is because a
simple and small part of the whole task can easily be performed by them. Thus the
number of employed women and children increases. They are also exploited by the
employers by paying them lower wages.

14. Industrial Disputes. The industrial disputes mean strikes by workers, closure
of factory, etc. due to clashes between the employees and the employers Division of
labor results in the division of society into workers and employers The employer
always tries to increase his profits by exploiting the workers and workers form trade
unions against the employers to put an end to their exploitation or to make them
increase their wages. It gives rise to a severe conflict between the employers and the
workers in the form of strikes, closures and lockouts of factories.

Conclusion. To sum up, we can say that division of labor is beneficial to the
workers, to the producers and to the society as a whole. Its merits outweigh its
demerits.
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Division of labour

By division of labor we mean an arrangement where by people perform different functions at the
same time. Though the term, 'Division of labor' is applied in the field of economics, yet infact division
of labor in modern society is not limited simply to labor but applies to all the factors of production
and exists beyond the purely economic field. There may be three forms of division of labor.

(i) Social division of labor

This means division into occupation. Thus, there are farmers, weavers, teachers, priests, laborers etc.

(ii) Technical division of labor

This means the division of labor within a particular enterprise. Thus within a factory there are
weavers, spinners, designers, accountants, managers and engineers. The work may be divided into
complete tasks like spinning, weaving, bleaching, designing, finishing etc. or it may by divided into
incomplete processes. It is said that work in a modern spinning factory is divided into 18 processes.
Technical division of labor is marked feature of modern machine age.

(iii) Territorial division of labor

This is also known as localization of industries. Certain places or regions come to specialize in the
making of certain articles; Hosiery at Ludhiana, Cotton textiles at Ahmadabad and Bombay, Jute
industry at Calcutta, Leather industry at Agra and Kanpur etc.

Division of labor is based on the principle of co-operation or interdependence. The different persons
among whom the work is divided co-operate in the production of a thing for example, to make a
chair, one group is engaged in making backs another seats and still another joining them and finally
there is group of workers polishing the chairs. All of them co-operate and through their cooperation,
a chair is made. Division of labor is both a divisional and integrating social principle.

Division of labor is found in all societies. In the earlier societies marked by handicraft economy it
was a simple division of labor. The societies in those days were a simple organization based upon
primary group relationships. Such a society neither needs nor permits a wide range of economic
specialization. Economy was a self-sufficient type. There were little trades and techniques were few
and simple. There was a little need for supervision and authority.

In modern machine age, division of labor is a complicated phenomenon. Now there are thousands of
workers in an industry to perform different specialized task in order to produce, say a pair of shoes.
A line of command is necessary to ensure that all these workers perform their individual tasks in an
integrated manner. Merits of division of labor.

Division of labor is an inevitable feature of the modern industrial system. It is advantageous in the
following ways.

Merits of Division of Labor

(i) The right man in the right place

Under division of labor, the chance is that each man will get the job for which he is best fitted. There
will be no round pegs in square holes. The work will be better done.

(ii) The worker becomes an expert

Practice makes a man perfect; under division of labor, the worker repeats his task. By constant
repetition, he is bound to become expert in his task. He will be able to turn our better goods. There is
an increase in the skill and craftsmanship.

(iii) Heavy work taken over by machinery

Division of labor makes it possible for heavy work to be passed on to machinery. Only light work is
done by workers so that there is less strain on them.

(iv) Less training required

As the worker has to do only a part of the job, he needs to learn only that much. Long and costly
training is rendered unnecessary. It will take long time for a man to lean how to make a complete
chair but it will take him less time to learn how to polish it.

(v) Invention

When a man is doing the same work over and over again some new ideas are bound to occur. This
leads to many inventions. These inventions make for economic progress.

(vi) Cheaper things.

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Division of labour

On account of mass production make possible by division and the use of machinery, cheaper things
are turned out. Even poor persons can buy them. Standard of living improves.

(vii) Economic in the use of tools.

It is not necessary to provide each worker with a complete set of tools. He needs only a few tools for
the job he has to do. These tools are kept continuously employed. This is very economical.

(viii) Saving in time

The worker has no longer to move from one process to another. He is employed on the same process.
He therefore goes on working without loss of time.

Demerits of Division of Labor

The demerits of division of labors are the following:

(i) Monotony

Doing the same work over and again without any change produced mental fatigue. Work becomes
joyless and monotonous. There is no pleasure in the job. The worker cannot be expected to take any
interest. The quality of work suffers.

(ii) Kills the creative instinct

Since many men contribute to the making of an article, none can say that he has made it. His creative
instinct is not satisfied. The work gives him no pride and no pleasure, since no worker can claim the
product as his own creation.

(iii) Loss of skill

The worker deteriorates in the technical skill. Instead the making of whole article, he is required
just .to repeat a few simple movements. The skill gradually dies out.

(iv) Check mobility

The worker is doing only a part of the job. He knows only that much and no more. It may not be easy
for him to find exactly the job elsewhere, if he desires a change. (In this way, the workers losses his
mobility)

(v) Risk of unemployment

If the worker is dismissed from one factory, he may have to search far and wide before he secures a
job in which he has specialized. He may be making only the legs of a chair. It is doubtful if he can get
the complete chair. His chance of getting a job elsewhere would be brighter.

(vi) Check development of personality

If a man has been making an eighteenth part of a pin, he becomes an eighteenth part of a man. A
narrow sphere of work checks proper physical and mental development of the worker,

(vii) Loss of sense or responsibility

None can be held responsible for bad production because none makes the complete article. When the
thing is bad, everybody tries to shift the responsibility to somebody else.

(viii) Evils of factory system

Division of labor gives rise to factory system, which is full of evils. It spoils the beauty of the place all
round, leads to exploitation of women and children and removes the personal factor in the
production and management.

(ix) Problem of distribution

Under division of labor, many persons contribute to the production of an article. They must receive a
due share of the product and it is not easy to determine this share. Thus, the problem 
of distribution is made difficult. If the worker makes the article, independently he gets its value and
there is no trouble. But division of labor had divided the community into two conflicting groups, i.e.
capital and labor. The gap between them is daily growing wider strikes and lock out have become a
common occurrence in the present day.

(x) Dependence
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Division of labour

The dependence of one country upon another which is necessary consequence of division of labor,
proves dangerous in times of war