SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

ISSUES AND DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATIONS

CASE STUDY – GANPATI ENCLAEVE

(BATHINDA)

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
AR.MITAKSHI SHARMA TANMAYE
TANISHA
KAJAL
MONIKA
DHRUV
 PASSIVE TECHNOLOGY
 Passive Techniques May Define As The Employ Special Surface Geometries (E.G,
Surface Coatings, Fins, Inserts, Curved Tubing, Surface Tension Devices) Or
Additives (E.G. Microparticles, Nanoparticles, Phase Change Materials,
Surfactants) For Heat Transfer Enhancement.
 Passive Technologies Often Approach The Scale Of Infrastructure - More Than One
Person Is Typically Required To Construct, Operate And Maintain Them, And
Perhaps These Technologies Are Beyond People's Power To Manage At All. Passive
Technologies Are Embedded Technologies.

Passive design-:
 To Increase The Energy Efficiency Of A Building, A Variety Of Active And Passive
Design Strategies Can Be Incorporated. Active Strategies Usually Consist Of
Heating And Cooling Systems, While Passive Design Measures Include Building
Orientation, Air Sealing, Continuous Insulation, Windows And Day Lighting, And
Designing A Building To Take Advantage Of Natural Ventilation Opportunities
 Design For Climate. Good Passive Design Ensures That The Occupants Remain
Thermally Comfortable With Minimal Auxiliary Heating Or Cooling In The Climate
Where They Are Built. ...
 Orientation. ...
 Shading. ...
 Passive Solar Heating. ...
 Passive Cooling. ...
 Sealing Your Home. ...
 Insulation. ...
 Insulation Installation.
 “Passive Measures Find Ways To Reduce The Size Of The Heating And Cooling
System By Keeping The Heat (Or Cooled Air) Inside The Building,” Explains James
Ortega, Who Is Part Of The Certification Staff At The Chicago-based Passive House
Institute Us Inc. (PHIUS).
 Passive Architecture Technique Involves Blending Conventional Architectural
Principles With Solar & Wind Energy And The Inherent Properties Of Building
Material To Ensure That The Interior Remains Warm In Winter And Cool In
Summer, Thus Creating A Year-round Comfortable Environment.
 The key to passive design is to minimize the energy used by the building, including
eliminating plug loads and specifying energy star equipment. He recommends
doing an inventory of everything that uses electricity in the building, so even the
plug loads can be included in design calculations
Why Need For Passive Design
 India Has Diverse Climatic Conditions Ranging From Tremendously Hot Conditions
To Extremely Cold Conditions. There Are Scarcity Of Energy Availability And
People Have To Protect Themselves From These Extremities Of The Climate In A
Natural Way. Traditional Architecture Shows Variety Of Building Design Suited To
The Respective Climate Conditions. The CBRI, Rookie Has Analyzed The Month
Wise Climatic Data Available For 233 Stations Spread Over The Whole Country
And Thus Determined Various Climatic Zones Have Been Outlined On The India
Map. The Various Stations Have Been Categorized Under One Or The Other
Climatic Zone If Their Climate Conformed For Six Or More Months, Otherwise It Is
Placed Under The 'Composite' Zone

Strategies
 Passive design strategies are a designer’s first opportunity to increase a building’s
energy efficiency before going into more advanced building systems. As Robbins-
Elrod explains, “These are typically going to add much less front-end cost to a
project as compared to active design strategies, and they also have the added
benefit of reducing the cost of active design strategies by reducing heating and
cooling loads so that a building’s mechanical system to be downsized and
sometimes reducing a building’s electrical lighting through the use of day lighting
design strategies.”
 Strategies are:-
 Building orientation
 Day lighting
 Natural ventilation
 Insulation
 Metal building products

fig-1.1- climatic conditions in india

 Passive Techniques And Features

 Passive Cooling/Ventilation.
 Passive Heating.
 Passive Solar Technique

Passive Cooling
 Passive cooling system are least expensive means of cooling a home which
maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without any use of mechanical
devices.
 It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building. they derive cooling
directly from evaporation, convection, and radiation without using any
intermediate electrical devices.
 All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative
humidity.
 The applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions.

Methods:-
 Natural ventilation
 Earth air tunnel
 Shading
 Evaporation cooling
 Wind tower
 Passive down draught cooling
 Courtyard effects
 Roof spray
Passive Techniques And Features
 Courtyard technique

Fig-1.2 –Courtyard passive cooling technique

 Shading device technique

Fig-1.3 –Shading passive cooling technique

 Passive Techniques And Features
 Roof cooling technique
 Ventilation techniques

Fig-1.4 –Modern roof passive technique Fig-1.5 –ventilation passive technique

Passive Cooling Techniques –flow chart
Passive Heating
 By combining good design with effective insulation, you can collect and store the
sun's energy to provide your home with warmth day and night, throughout most
of the year.
 The two key aspects of passive heating are to capture the right amount of
sunlight through your windows and then to manage that free heat so that it
keeps your home at a comfortable temperature. This is achieved by using a
combination of smart design, good insulation and features that prevent
overheating.
 Passive Heating techniques :
 Direct gain systems
 Glazed walls, Bay windows, Attached sun spaces etc.
 Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc
 - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc.

Direct Gain:- Passive Gain Technique Generally Used In Cold Climate

Fig-1.6 –Glazed heating technique Fig-1.7 –Direct heating gain technique

Fig-1.8 –Direct roof heating gain technique

Fig-1.9 –Convection heating technique

• Indirect Gain:-

Fig-1.10 –Indirect heating technique Fig-1.11 –Compound wall technique

 Using the sun's energy to heat a building; the windows, walls, and floors can be
designed to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the
winter (and also to reject solar heat in the summer).

Passive solar technology:-

 Passive solar technologies convert sunlight into usable heat and cause air
movement for ventilating to heat and cool living spaces without active
mechanical or electrical devices.
 A passive solar building uses south-facing windows to collect heat from the sun
and stores that heat in materials throughout the building known as thermal
mass.
 Aperture
 Thermal mass
 Distribution
 Control

Fig-1.12 –Solar technique

Passive Solar

Passive Solar Heating-

 Passive solar heating systems capture sunlight within the building's materials and
then release that heat during periods when the sun is absent, such as at
night. South-facing glass and thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat
are necessary in the design.
 Passive Solar Cooling-
 Passive solar cooling systems use shading, thermal mass, and natural ventilation
to reduce unwanted daytime heat and store cool night air to moderate
temperatures.

Active And Passive Technique Comparison:-

 Passive design technique system or structure that directly used natural energy
such as sunlight, wind, temperature differences or gravity achieve result without
electricity or fuel but active techniques is a system or structure that uses or
produces electricity

Active Technique Systems

 Principally Mechanical (HVAC)
 Automatic Valves, Dampers etc
 Lighting Controls
 Occupancy Controls
 Demand Management & Peak Shaving
 Elaborate monitoring schemes (Intelligent Systems)

Advantages Of Active Technique Systems

 High Performance when properly operated and maintained
 Integrates multiple systems into a single “front end”
 Advanced Analytics and Real-Time performance monitoring
 Maintenance alerts via alarm
 Infinitely customizable down to the individual office
 High “Cool” Factor

Disadvantages Of Active Building Systems

 High First Cost (Known)
 High Maintenance Costs (More Difficult to Predict) 
 VIP Overrides
 Software Intense – Requires Periodic Updates
 Security Issues: Addressable nodes
 Lots of Moving Parts – Higher Failure Rates
 Proprietary – Owner “Locked In”
 Hidden Interdependencies
 Skill Gap -Requires new and different skills ,Substantial Training Costs
 Without prop( i.e-costly)
Passive Technique Systems
4 Key Building Envelope Issues -
 Water
 Air
 Vapor
 Thermal

Advantages Of Passive Building Systems

 One time cost
 Costs Fixed and Known –
 High Cost Certainty
 Predictable stream of benefits
 Typically requires no Little or No Maintenance
 No Moving Parts & works 24 hours per day

Disadvantages Of Passive Building Systems

 Increases first cost
 Essentially fixed
 cannot be easily upgraded
 no sex appeal or cool plaques

Comparision Between Active Design And Passive Design

 Passive design is a method used by mechanical and electrical engineers alike to

allow a building to use the environmental around it for heating and ventilation
purpose, whether it is sunlight, wind or gravity, passively designed systems are
able harness these natural forces, meaning that no grid power or fuel is required
for the operation.

 Active design on the other hand , is a structure or system that either uses or is
able to produce electricity itself, which is something that describes the
overwhelming majority of building that exist, to put that into context ,if a passive
design provides ventilation and heating using natural ‘non powered system ‘ a
building using active design will achieve the same end, but have to use
technology such as solar panels, heat recovery system or the use of renewable
energy sources such as wind turbines..
 Features- Active Vs Passive

Active Features
 Use of Solar Photovoltaic Panels
 Wind Energy
 Wave Energy
 Use of Solar Energy

Passive Features
 Use of thick walls
 High ceilings
 Ventilators
 Skylights
 Coping
 Necessity of Parapet
 Cornices in the exterior facade
 Use of Landscaping Elements
 Beams
 Tall trees
 Shrubs, bushes
 Use of Pergolas
 Construction of Trellises
 Ponds
 Balconies
 Verandas
 Cavity walls
 Rain water harvesting pit
 Installation of Sewage treatment
 Use of natural material
 Use of local materials
 Use of recycled material
 Bottle houses
 Compound walls
Why Passive Techniques Important In Design

 it responds to local climate and site conditions to maximize building users’

comfort and health while minimizing energy use.
 It achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind
to provide household heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, thereby reducing
or removing the need for mechanical heating or cooling. Using passive design
can reduce temperature fluctuations, improve indoor air quality and make a
home drier and more enjoyable to live in.
 It can also reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas
emissions. For most parts of New Zealand, well integrated passive solar home
design results in comfortable internal temperatures of between 18°C and 25°C
with minimal (or no) costs year round.
 While there are limited statistics on resale benefits of these houses in New
Zealand, there is strong evidence internationally that better-performing homes
sell for a premium price and often sell faster. Many overseas studies that show
that homes with green labels – a rough proxy for better-performing homes – sell
for a premium of around 4–10%.
 Interest in passive design has grown, particularly in the last decade or so, as part
of a movement towards more comfortable and resource-efficient buildings.
 There are big benefits to be gained. BRANZ examined 210 randomly-selected
new detached houses that met Building Code minimum requirements but did
not take advantage of passive solar design. Using modeling, BRANZ found that
the average house required two to three times the amount of heating energy to
maintain comfortable conditions compared to a house of similar price that
incorporated passive solar design.
 LITERATURE STUDY

 How to make building energy efficient?

 Thermal comfort
 Housing complex

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How to make building energy efficient?
Energy efficient buildings (new constructions or renovated existing buildings) can
be defined as buildings that are designed to provide a significant reduction of the
energy need for heating and cooling, independently of the energy and of the
equipments that will be chosen to heat or cool the building

This can be achieved through the following elements:

 bioclimatic architecture: shape and orientation of the building, solar
protections, passive solar systems.
 high performing building envelope: thorough insulation, high performing
glazing and windows, air-sealed construction, avoidance of thermal bridges.
 high performance controlled ventilation: mechanical insulation, heat recovery.
 Only when the building has been designed to minimize the energy loss, it makes
sense to start looking at the energy source (including renewable energy) and at
the heating and cooling equipments. We designate this approach as the Trias
Energetic concept.

Fig.- 2.1.Element sequence to make building energy efficient

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Following the principles of the Trias Energetic concept we have developed the
following 5-step approach-

Fig.-2.2.Insulation of the envelope is the first step to improve energy efficiency

Bioclimatic architecture takes into account climate and environmental conditions

to help achieve thermal and visual comfort inside. Bioclimatic design takes into
account the local climate to make the best possible use of solar energy and other
environmental sources, rather than working against them. Bioclimatic design
includes the following principles:

 The shape of the building has to be compact to reduce the surfaces in contact
with the exterior; the building and especially its openings are given an
appropriate orientation (preferably towards the south); interior spaces are laid
out according to their heating requirements .
 Appropriate techniques are applied to the external envelope and its openings
to protect the building from solar heat in winter as well as in summer; passive
solar systems collect solar radiation, acting as “free” heating and lighting
systems; the building is protected from the summer sun, primarily by shading
but also by the appropriate treatment of the building envelope (i.e. use of
reflective colors and surfaces).
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1. THERMAL INSULATION is a low-cost, widely available, proven technology that
begins saving energy and money, and reducing emissions the moment it is
installed.

 Well installed insulation ensures energy efficiency in every part of the building
envelope including ground decks, roofs lofts, walls and facades. It is also well
suited for pipes and boilers to reduce the energy loss of a building’s technical
installations. Insulation is as relevant in cold regions as in hot ones. In cold/cool
regions, insulation keeps a building warm and limits the need for energy for
heating whereas in hot/warm regions the same insulation systems keep the heat
out and reduce the need for air conditioning.
 An exterior wall is well insulated when its thermal resistance (R value) is high,
meaning the heat losses through it are small (reduced U value). Insulation is a
key component of the wall to achieve a high R value (or a low U value) for the
complete wall. The thermal resistance R of the installed insulation products has
to be as high as possible.
 To limit the thickness of the insulation within acceptable dimensions, Saint-
Gobain Is over constantly improves the thermal conductivity of its materials
(lower lambda value) thus allowing increased thermal resistance within the same
space.

2. AIR TIGHTNESS reduces air leakage – the uncontrolled flow of air through gaps
and cracks in the construction (sometimes referred to as infiltration, infiltration or
draughts).

 Air leakages need to be reduced as much as possible in order to create efficient,

controllable, comfortable, healthy and durable buildings With more stringent
building regulations requiring better energy efficiency , air tightness is an
increasingly important issue.
 Details that are vital to achieving good air tightness need to be identified at early
design stage. The next and equally important step is to ensure these details are
carried over into the construction phase. Careful attention must be paid to
sealing gaps and ensuring the continuity of the air barrier. It is far simpler to
design and build an airtight construction than to carry out remedial measures in
a draughty home.

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3 & 4 . VENTILATION & EQUIPMENTS
If you plan to design and build a new home or do an extensive remodel on an
existing house, optimizing home energy efficiency requires a whole-house systems
approach to ensure that you and your team of building professionals consider all the
variables, details, and interactions that affect energy use in your home. In addition to
occupant behavior, site conditions, and climate, these include:
 Appliances and home electronics
 Insulation and air sealing
 Lighting and daylighting
 Space heating and cooling
 Water heating
 Windows, doors, and skylights.

5. RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Ultra-efficient homes combine state-of-the-art energy-efficient construction,
appliances, and lighting with commercially available renewable energy systems,
such as solar water heating and solar electricity. By taking advantage of local
climate and site conditions, designers can often also incorporate passive solar
heating and cooling and energy-efficient landscaping strategies. The intent is to
reduce home energy use as cost-effectively as possible, and then meet the
reduced load with on-site renewable energy systems.
Advanced House Framing
 If you’re building a new house or adding on to an existing one, consider using
advanced house framing (also known as optimum value engineering), which
reduces lumber use and waste and improves energy efficiency in a wood-framed
house.
Cool Roofs
 Cool roofs use highly reflective materials to reflect more light and absorb less
heat from sunlight, which keeps homes cooler during hot weather.
Passive Solar Home Design
 Passive solar home design takes advantage of climatic and site conditions to
provide heating in the winter and cooling in the summer.
Earth-Sheltered, Straw Bale, Log, and Manufactured Homes
 If you live in or are planning to buy an earth-sheltered, straw bale, log, or
manufactured home, below is more information and links with suggestions to
help improve your home’s energy efficiency.
Efficient Earth-Sheltered Homes
 stripping, air sealing, and choosing energy-efficient lighting and appliances.
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Elevation Features To Make Building Energy Efficient
SUN CONTROL AND SHADING DEVICES
There are many different reasons to want to control the amount of sunlight that is
admitted into a building. In warm, sunny climates excess solar gain may result in high
cooling energy consumption; in cold and temperate climates winter sun entering
south-facing windows can positively contribute to passive solar heating; and in
nearly all climates controlling and diffusing natural illumination will improve day
lighting.
Well-designed sun control and shading devices can dramatically reduce building
peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of
building interiors. Depending on the amount and location of fenestration, reductions
in annual cooling energy consumption of 5% to 15% have been reported. Sun control
and shading devices can also improve user visual comfort by controlling glare and
reducing contrast ratios. This often leads to increased satisfaction and productivity.
Shading devices offer the opportunity of differentiating one building facade from
another. This can provide interest and human scale to an otherwise undistinguished
design

Thus, solar control and shading can be provided by a wide range of building
components including:
 Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows.
 Exterior elements such as overhangs or vertical fins.
 Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves.
 Low shading coefficient (SC) glass.
 Interior glare control devices such as Venetian blinds or adjustable louvers.
 Aluminum architectural sun shade, horizontal sun control device, vertical fins.

Fig.-2.3.Different type of shading devices

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Fixed exterior shading devices such as overhangs are generally most practical for
small commercial buildings. The optimal length of an overhang depends on the size
of the window and the relative importance of heating and cooling in the building.
In the summer, peak sun angles occur at the solstice on June 21, but peak
temperature and humidity are more likely to occur in August. Remember that an
overhang sized to fully shade a south-facing window in August will also shade the
window in April when some solar heat may be desirable.

Fig.-2.4.Shade design according to the sun angle

Fig.-2.5.Shade design according to the sun angle 7

To properly design shading devices it is necessary to understand the position of the
sun in the sky during the cooling season. The position of the sun is expressed in terms
of altitude and azimuth angles.
 The altitude angle is the angle of the sun above the horizon, achieving its
maximum on a given day at solar noon.
 The azimuth angle, also known as the bearing angle, is the angle of the sun's
projection onto the ground plane relative to south.
 An easily accessed source of information on sun angles and solar path diagrams
is Architectural Graphic Standards, 12th Edition, available from John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Publishers

Fig.-2.6.Sun path showing the altitude angle

 Shading devices can have a dramatic impact on building appearance. This impact
can be for the better or for the worse. The earlier in the design process that
shading devices are considered they more likely they are to be attractive and well-
integrated in the overall architecture of a project.
 In ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (on which the Federal equivalent 10 C.F.R. §
435 is based), the degree of window shading is a major consideration. Both the
projection factor (PF) for exterior shading and the shading coefficient (SC) of glass
must be evaluated when using the Alternate Component Packages envelope
design approach
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 DESIGNING SHADING SYSTEMS
 Given the wide variety of buildings and the range of climates in which they can be
found, it is difficult to make sweeping generalizations about the design of shading
devices. However, the following design recommendations generally hold true:
 Use fixed overhangs on south-facing glass to control direct beam solar radiation.
Indirect (diffuse) radiation should be controlled by other measures, such as low-e
glazing.
 To the greatest extent possible, limit the amount of east and west glass since it is
harder to shade than south glass. Consider the use of landscaping to shade east
and west exposures.
 Do not worry about shading north-facing glass in the continental United States
latitudes since it receives very little direct solar gain. In the tropics, disregard this
rule-of-thumb since the north side of a building will receive more direct solar
gain. Also, in the tropics consider shading the roof even if there are no skylights
since the roof is a major source of transmitted solar gain into the building.
 Remember that shading effects day lighting; consider both simultaneously. For
example, a light shelf bounces natural light deeply into a room through high
windows while shading lower windows.
 Do not expect interior shading devices such as Venetian blinds or vertical louvers
to reduce cooling loads since the solar gain has already been admitted into the
work space. However, these interior devices do offer glare control and can
contribute to visual acuity and visual comfort in the work place..

Fig.-2.7. Deciduous tress cut and allow the light according to season 9
Materials To Be Used To Make Buildings Energy Efficient
The benefits of energy-efficient houses are not limited to saving electricity. Efficient
houses also aim to create more comfortable, safe, and healthy living. If you are on a
mission to build your home, use this opportunity to make it energy efficient. You can
use modern eco-friendly building materials to create a more efficient and greener
home.
For your convenience, we have gathered a list of energy efficient building materials
that you may consider in your project.

1. Earth
Since ancient times people have been creating their homes with the earth. Rammed
earth made houses are strong and durable, and CSIRO research proved them to be
weather resistant. The thickness and density of the soil can protect you from adverse
climates, and outside noise. Being fire and pest-proof means little maintenance is
needed. It is one of the best building material being both environment and health
friendly.
It is true that earth is available all around and cheap, but the problem lies in finding a
specialized craftsman who knows the art of building structures using earth. Finding
such a person is where your costs may increase.

2. Recycled steel
An average house requires about 40-50 trees to build. On the other hand, you can
make the same house with steel equivalent to six scrap cars. Steel is one of the most
recycled materials, and research states that two out of three pounds of new steel is
produced from old steel.
Also, they are your green choice due to lower CO2
emissions. Consider your geographical conditions,
if you are in an earthquake-prone or high wind
zone then steel holds up well against these
problems and according to the Steel Recycling
Institute (SRI), you can customize the steel beams
according to your needs.
Fig.-2.8.Recycled steel
3. Wood or plastic composite lumber
Your normal wood structures are subjected to mould and rot. The wood or plastic
composite lumber is manufactured using a 50-50 combination of plastic wastes and
wood fibers making it mould resistant and less toxic.
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4. Low-E windows
Windows are a key element of your structure.
Using high-performance windows like Low-E
windows can help to keep your interior cool
during summer and block infrared radiation.
During winter, these windows trap the heat
inside maintaining a pleasant temperature
at your home. Heat flow can be reduced up
to 50% using these windows.
Fig.-2.9. Low-E-windows

5. Thermostat radiant barrier

Similar to the cool roof, the barrier acts as a
reflector for sunlight. 97% of the radiant heat
is reflected which helps to keep your house
cool. Your cooling energy cost is reduced by
17% during peak summer months. It can act
as one of the best attic space coolers.

6. Vacuum insulation panels

Fig.-2.10. Thermostat radiant barrier
Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) are the future of
energy-efficient house building. A 1-inch panel
provides seven times the traditional insulation
with minimum heat loss.
The structure is a silver rectangle with a core panel
all enclosed by an airtight envelope. Though still
only
offered for commercial use, these panels will pretty
soon be available for residential use. It is predicted
that this will be one of the key elements to achieve Fig.-2.11. Vacuum insulation panels
a minimum energy efficiency rating for your home.

7. Spray foam insulation

Instead of fiberglass and cellulose insulation to keep
the conditioned air trapped, another alternative can
be spray foam insulation. The leakage is low and can
be used throughout the year. There are no harmful
emissions and it’s both water-resistant and shrink-
proof.
Fig.-2.12. Spray foam insulation
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8. Straw bales
Used prominently during the medieval period, straw
bales are known best for their insulation properties.
Straw is produced as the by-product of grain, and can
last up to a few thousand years if kept dry and can
heavily reduce the effect of the extreme heat and
cold inside a house.
Fig.-2.13. Straw bales

9. Structural insulated panels

These insulated panels are suitable for high loads and
can be used on your floors, basement and
foundations.
According to NAHB Research Center, structural
insulated
panels save up to 50% more energy compared to
traditional ways. Fig.-2.14. Structural insulated panels

10. Insulating concrete forms

For providing greater strength and robustness,
concrete is poured between multiple insulation
materials. Considered as mildew, rot, and disaster
-resistant, they can be used in building blocks and
standing walls.

Fig.-2.15.Insulating concrete forms

11. Plant-based polyurethane foam

A better alternative to the fiberglass is the plant-
based
polyurethane foam. Made from natural products like
hemp, bamboo and kelp, it is highly resistant to
moisture
and heat. This natural solution works well against
mould.
Fig.-2.16. Plant-based polyurethane foam
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Planning techniques to make building energy efficient
1.ROOFING TECHNIQUES
A building can cope up with seasonal weather changes by turning itself to the heat
sources or heat sinks with which it is coupled. The heat sources should temperatures
higher than the temperatures inside the building, whereas the heat sink must be at a
lower temperature.

Fig.-2.17. Traditional roof techniques

Fig.-2.18. Modern roof techniques

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Planning techniques to make building energy efficient

2. VENTILATION TECHNIQUES

Fig.-2.19. Different types of passive techniques for ventilation techniques

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3. COURTYARD TECHNIQUES

Fig.-2.20.Courtyard techniques
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3. COURTYARD TECHNIQUES

Fig.-2.21.Courtyard techniques 16
Planning techniques to make building energy efficient

4. HEAT GAIN PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

Reduction of solar and Convective heat import: The interaction of solar radiation by the building is
the source of maximum heat gain inside the building space. The natural way to cool a building,
therefore, is to minimize the incident solar radiation, proper orientation of the building, adequate
layout with respect to the neighboring buildings and by using proper shading to control the incident
solar radiation on a building effectively. Good shading strategies help to save 10%-20% of energy for
cooling. Properly designed roof overhangs can provide adequate sun protection, especially for south
facing surfaces. Vertical shading such as trees, trellises, trellised vines, shutters, shading screens,
awnings and exterior roll blinds are also effective. These options are suggested for east-facing and
west-facing windows and walls.

Fig.-2.22.Heat gain prevention techniques 17

Planning techniques to make building energy efficient

5. Orientation of building: Maximum solar radiation is interrupted by the roof

(horizontal surface) followed by the east and west walls and then the north wall
during the summer season, when the south oriented wall receives minimum
radiation. It is therefore desirable that the building is oriented with the longest walls
facing north and south, so that only short walls face east and west. Thus only the
smallest wall areas are exposed to intense morning and afternoon sun.

6. Shading by neighboring Buildings: The buildings in a cluster can be spaced such

that they shade each other mutually. The amount and effectiveness of the shading,
however, depends on the type of building clusters. Building clusters have classified
into basic three types, i.e., pavilions, streets and courts. Pavilions are isolated
buildings, single or in clusters, surrounded by large open spaces. Streets, long building
blocks arranged in parallel rows, separated by actual streets in open spaces
and Courts are defined as open spaces surrounded by buildings on all sides.

7.Shading by Vegetation: Shading by trees and vegetation is a very effective method

of cooling the ambient hot air and protecting the building from solar radiation. The
solar radiation absorbed by the leaves is mainly utilized for photosynthesis and
evaporation heat losses. A part of the solar radiation is stored as heat by the fluids in
the plants or trees.
The best place to the plant shady trees is to be decided by observing which windows
admits the most sun rays during peak hours in a single day in the hottest months.
Usually east and west oriented windows and walls receive about 50% more sunshine
than the north and south oriented windows/walls. Trees should be planted at
positions determined by lines from the center of the windows on the west or east
walls toward the position of the sun at the designated hour and date. On the south
side only deciduous trees should be planted.

8.Shading by Overhangs, Louvers, Textured facade and Solar Panels: The devices
which provide shading to an opening can be classified into three types.
Movable opaque, e.g, roller blind, curtain etc. can be highly effective in reducing solar
gains but eliminates view and impedes air movement.
Louvers which may be adjustable or fixed, affects view and air movement to some
degree and provide security, and
Fixed overhangs; easy to attain on single storey buildings with overhanging roof. Also
gives rain protection to walls and openings and has little or no effect on view and air
movement.
18
What is thermal comfort?
• Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. The human body can be viewed
as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess
heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate.

• Optimal thermal comfort requires the heat loss of the human body to be in BALANCE
with its heat production. This is similar to the relationship between an activity
(exercising, skiing...) and clothes - our second skin.

• The most commonly used indicator of thermal comfort is air temperature – it is easy
to use and most people can relate to it. However, air temperature alone is not a valid
or accurate indicator of thermal comfort or thermal stress. It should always be
considered in relation to other environmental and personal factors.
• The six factors affecting thermal comfort are both environmental and personal. These
factors may be independent of each other, but together contribute to an employee's
thermal comfort.
Why thermal comfort is important?
• Thermal comfort is important for health and well-being as well as productivity. A
lack of thermal comfort causes stress among building occupants. When they are too
warm, people can feel tired; when too cold, they will be restless and distracted

How to achieve thermal comfort?

4 ways thermal comfort can be achieved through good design, construction, and
maintenance
• Use a HVAC system that regulates MRT. ...
• Minimize leakage. ...
• Design and build for some occupant control. ...
• Maintain the thermal environment, and make changes as necessary.

What is the human comfort temperature?

• Humans generally feel comfortable between

temperatures of 22 °C to 27 °C and a
relative humidity of 40% to 60%. first cool
the air to 14 °C (this removes some of the
water from the air), and then heat the air to
24 °C. the heat and mass of water removed
in the cooling phase, and the heat added in
the heating phase
What is orientation?
• Orientation is the positioning of a building
in relation to seasonal variations in the
sun’s path as well as prevailing wind
patterns. Good orientation can increase the
energy efficiency of your home, making it
more comfortable to live in and cheaper to
run.
• Read about the principles of good
orientation in this article in conjunction
with Passive solar heating, Passive cooling
and Shading. Identify your climate zone and
develop an understanding of appropriate
design responses by referring to Design for
climate.

Principles of good orientation

• Good orientation, combined with other energy efficiency features, can reduce or
even eliminate the need for auxiliary heating and cooling, resulting in lower
energy bills, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved comfort. It takes
account of summer and winter variations in the sun’s path as well as the direction
and type of winds, such as cooling breezes.
• Ideally, choose a site or home with good orientation for your climatic and regional
conditions and build or renovate to maximize the site’s potential for passive
heating and passive cooling, adjusting the focus on each to suit the climate. For
those sites that are not ideally orientated, there are strategies for overcoming some
of the challenges.
• In hot humid climates and hot dry climates with no winter heating requirements,
aim to exclude direct sun by using trees and adjoining buildings to shade every
façade year round while capturing and funneling cooling breezes.
The house

Choose or design a house with maximum exposure to cooling breezes and

limited or no exposure to direct sun, depending on climate. Use careful design
to improve performance in the case of poorly oriented sites or existing homes.

•Narrow, elongated or articulated buildings facilitate passive cooling. Ideally the

long elevation should open up to cooling breezes.
•Avoid or shade west-facing walls and windows if possible as they receive the
strongest radiation at the hottest part of the day.
•Open plan internal layouts facilitate ventilation. Houses of one-room depth are
ideal.
•100% openable windows or openable insulated panels located on more than
one side of a room improve ventilation.
•Outdoor living areas (courtyards, verandas and balconies) should be shaded at
all times and fitted with ceiling fans.
•Use security screens over openings to allow safe, effective ventilation.
•Alternatively, highly insulated and shaded rooms can be efficiently cooled by
the highest energy rated air conditioning and the energy used offset with rooftop
photovoltaics. This may provide the ‘least cost’ solution.
Housing complex
What is sustainable housing?

Sustainable housing, as you might expect, is

generally used to describe the process as it applies to
the housing industry, in short, less waste, more re-use
and recycling, together with lower life-cycle
environmental impacts and costs, better reliability, less
maintenance, and greater user satisfaction.
ABOUT THE SITE
 Ganpati Enclave , Bathinda

 Ganpati Enclave Is An Ultra Modern Self-Contained Township With Multiple

Choices Of Residential Options
 A Wide Range Of Lifestyle Facilities. Due To The Quality Of Work, Ganpati Enclave
Has Become The Premier Property In Bathinda.
 Located On Bathinda Dabwali Road
 Ganpati Enclave Is Known For Its Civic Infrastructure Various Residential Options
And Talk About Quality Life.
 Villas And Apartments In Ganpati Enclave Have Set New Paradigm By Facilitating
Best Living Culture. Apartment Not Only Be Aesthetically Constructed But Are Also
Surrounded With Verdant Greenery Away From Urban Chaos And Loaded With All
The Modern Facilities. This Place Is Perfect For Those Who Go For Only The Very
Best.
 SITE- 64.41 ACRES

LOCATION
 Some of the key highlights of the township are:
 World class self-contained puda approved
 Township spread over 64.41 acres ultra modern self-contained township
 Excellent civic infrastructure
 Eco friendly rain water harvesting
 Freehold property, duly approved by puda
The Township Is Strategically Located
 Located on bhatinda - dabwali road (Bathinda Delhi highway no. 54)
 4 minutes drive to model town & civil lines
 4 minutes drive to civil hospital
 4.5 kms. drive to bathinda bus stand
 6.3 kms. drive to bathinda railway station
 3.2 kms. drive to aiims
 29 kms. drive to bathinda airport
 40 kms. drive to hpcl refinery
 20 kms. drive to central university
 7.5 kms. drive to mittal’s city mall
 2.1 kms. drive to g.z.s. c.e t & maharaja ranjIt Singh technical university

Site Amanities:-
 Shopping complex
 Club
 Wide roads
 Gardens/parks
 Advanced firefighting provisions
 Security 24/7
 Power backup over site
 Site Areas

 Area of scheme – 64.41 acres

 Area of acquire land -0.830 acres
 Net area of land -63.579 acres

Site Areas

40%
covered area-59.92
60%
open area-40.08

Areas

7%
30% covered area

63%
paved area/amanities/open

parks

Different Zones
Covered under housing

31% Area under comercial

56% Parks & greens

area under roads,parking

8% etc
5%
Site Plan- Ganpati Enclaves
Q1.Is their any medical facility in the emergency case to avoid the mishappening?
Q2.Are you satisfied with the safety provided in your housing?
Q3.is there enough parking provide with respect to the built up area?
Q4.is there any shopping complex with in the enclave fulfilling your day to day need?
Q5.do you think is there enough tree provided within the complex or do you think there is a need for more?

GANPATI ENCLAVE
6
5.5 5.4
5.3
5 5 5 5
5 4.7 Ganpati enclave (services)
4.5
4 3.9
4 16% 19%

3
3 2.8 2.8
13%
2
2
26%

1
26%

0
Medical Safety System Parking area Shopping complex Tree Medical Safety system Parking area Shopping complex Tree

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

Q6. Passive solar technique should be installed in your house?
Q7.Need for natural ventilation in your house?
Q8.thermal condition of your house?
Q9.house is more cooler/warmer then other people house in your city?
Q10.courtyard provided with in your house?

GANPATI ENCLAVE (SERVICE IN HOUSE)

6
Ganpati enclave
5
5
4.4
4
4 Passive solar technique
Natural ventilation
3 3 3 Thermal condition
3 2.8
2.4 2.5 cooler/warmer
2 2 2 2 courtyard
2 1.8
1.5

0
Passive solar Natural ventilation Thermal condition Cooler / Warmer Courtyard iin house
technique
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
Q11. kitchen garden provided in your house?
Q12.Need for more solar heating in your house?
Q13.Fire safety system?
Q14.Water supply system or drainage system?
Q15.Strome water service or waste service?
Service

GANPATI ENCLAVE (SERVICE IN ENCLAVE) 16% 16%

kitchen garden

6 Solar heating
5.5 5.5
fire safety system
5 5 5 5 12% 12%
4.9 water supply
5
drainage syatem
4 4 4 4 4
4 12% strome water
16%
3.2 waste service
3 3
3 16%

0
kitchen garden Solar heating Fire safety water Strome water/waste
supply/drainage sevice
system
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
INFERENCES
S.NO. PARAMETERS LITERATURE STUDY CASE STUDY REMARKS STARATEGIES

1. BUILDING SHOULD BE DESIGN ACCORDINGS TO THE THERE ARE SOME BUILDING BLOCKS LAYOUTS ARE NOT BY PROVIDING FINS,
PLANNING CLIMATE CONDITIONS,BUILDING NORMS. NOT ACCORDING TO CLIMATE CONDITION. ACHIEVED LOUVERS, DECIDIOUS TRESS
ETC

THE LANDSCAPPING PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE GREEN AREAS ARE LESS AS COMPARED TO BUILT PARTIALLY BY PROVIDING MORE
2. LANDSCAPPING ANY HOUSING, SO PROPERLY PROVIDE THE GREEN UP AREAS. ACHIEVED VEGETATION AND TREES IN
AREAS IN OR AROUND THE HOUSING. THE HOUSING.

THERE SHOULD BE A PERMANENT NURSING HOME THERE ARE MEDICAL FACILITIES WHCH ONLY SERVE PARTIALLY BY PROVIDING PROPER
3. MEDICAL FACILITIES WITH THE SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES WHICH FISRT AID TREATMENT. ACHIEVED NURSING NOME WHICH CAN
OFFER 24 HOUR SERVICES TO SERVE ILLNESSES OR CATER THE HOUSING COMPLEX
INJURIES. RESIDENT’S HEALTH ISSUES.

PROPER VENTIATION HELPS KEEP A HOME ENERGY THERE ARE NOT PROPER SIZE WINDOWS WHICH PARTIALLY PROPER VENTILATION
4. EFFICIENT SAFE AND HEALTHY. WITHOUT PROPER DON’T FOLLOW WINDOW TO WALL RATIO. ACHIEVED SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN THE
VENTILATION
VENTILATION AND INSULATED AND AIR TIGHT HOUSING.
HOUSE WILL SEAL IN HARMFUL POLLUTANTS.
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS ARE DESIGNED TO THERE ARE NO ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENTS ARE NOT BY INSTALLING ENERGY
5. ENERGY EFFICIENT PROVIDE A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF THE ENERGY PROVIDED IN THE HOUSING OMPLEX. ACHIEVED EFFICIENT EQUIPMENTS
TECHNIQUES AND OF THE EQUIPMENTS THAT WILL BE CHOOSEN TO SAVE THE ENERGY.
TO HEAT OR COOL THE BUILDIG.
THERE SHOULD BE A PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES THERE ARE NOT ANY OTHER PASSIVE TECHNIQUES BY REDUCE HEAT
WHICH MINIMIZE THE EFFICIECY OF BUILDING ARE UED IN THE HOUSING WITHUT SHADING AND NOT GAINS, ROOF SPRAYS,
6. PASSIVE TECHNIQUES ENVELOPE WITHOUT ANY USE OF MECHANICAL WINDOWS. ACHIEVED WIND TOWERS, EARTH
DEVICES. AIR TUNNELS.
IT IS VERY MUCH IMPORTANT FOR THE HOUSING TO THERE ARE PROPER FIRE EQUIPMENTS ARE THERE SHOULD BE PROPER
7. ACHIEVED DESIGNED FIRE TENDER
FIRE SAFETY HAVE FIRE FIGHTING AND SAFETY EQUIPMENTS . PROVIDED SUCH AS EXTINGUISHERS,FIRE HYDRANT,
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM TO MITIGATE THE RISK OF FIRE. PATH WITH A 9M WIDTH OF
ROAD.

THERE SHOULD BE A BASIC AMENTIES SUCH AS THERE ARE 2 CLUBS, PARKS, TEMPLE ARE PROVIDED ACHIEVED THESE AMENTIES SHOULD
8. SOCIAL AMENTIES SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS,RECREATIONAL OPTIONS IN THE HOUSING . BE EYE CATCHING TO
AND ENTERTAINMENT VENUES . ATTRACT THE RESIDENT’S.

THERE SHOULD BE PROPER WATER SUPPLY, ALL SERVICES ARE PROPERLY PROVIDED AND THERE SHOULD BE ALSO
ACHIEVED
ELECTRCAL, RAIN WATER HARVESTING, WATER MAINTAINED . PROVIDE SEWAGE
9. BASIC SERVICES TREATMENT PLANT IN THE
FILTERATION PLANTS MUST BE PROVIDED.
HOUSING.

THERE SHOULD BE PROPER A INSTALLATION OF THERE ARE PROPER CCTV CAMERA PROVIDED ON PARTIALLY THERE SHOULD BE USED FACE
SEQUIRITY SMART CAMERAS, SMART LIGHTS WHICH MAKE A THE SEQUIRITY BOOTH. ACHIEVED DETECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
10.
MEASURES PROPER SEQURITY SYSTEM. AND BIOMETRIC SYSTEM.