PME 263

Mine Surveying
Definition of Surveying
Surveying has to do with the determination of the relative spatial location of points on or near the
surface of the earth.

It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles
between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined
angular and linear measurements.

Along with the actual survey measurements are the mathematical calculations.

Distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus determined from
the data of the survey.

Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and
diagrams.
The importance of the Surveying

Land surveying is basically an art and science of mapping and measuring land.

The entire scope of profession is wide; it actually boils down to calculate where the land
boundaries are situated.

This is very important as without this service, there would not have been railroads,
skyscrapers could not have been erected and neither any individual could have put fences
around their yards for not intruding others land.
The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases:
1.Decision Making –selecting method, equipment and final point locations.

2.Fieldwork & Data Collection –making measurements and recording data in the field.

3.Computing & Data Processing –preparing calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.

4.Mapping or Data Representation –plotting data to produce a map, plot, or chart in the
proper form.

5.Stakeout–locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the proper locations in the

field.
Types of Surveying

Geodetic Surveying:

The type of surveying that takes into account the true

shape of the earth. These surveys are of high precision
and extend over large areas.

Plane Surveying:

The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the

earth is considered as a plane, or in which its spheroidal
shape is neglected, with regard to horizontal distances and
directions.
Different methods of Surveying
Control Survey: Made to establish the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary
points.

Boundary Survey: Made to determine the length and direction of land lines and to
establish the position of these lines on the ground.

Topographic Survey: Made to gather data to produce a topographic map showing

the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and man-made objects.

Hydrographic Survey: The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of
navigation, water supply, or sub-aqueous construction.
Mining Survey: Made to control, locate and map underground and surface works
related to mining operations.

Construction Survey: Made to lay out, locate and monitor public and private
engineering works.

Route Survey: Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys

necessary for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals,
transmission lines, and pipelines.

Photogrammetric Survey: Made to utilize the principles of aerial photogrammetry,

in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions
of photographed objects.
Instruments and Equipment
Transit

Repeating optical instruments (Theodolite)

Adjustable tripod

Level

Level rod

Swing/Brunton compass

Tapes (2 hundred, five hundred, 8 foot & metallic), Tape repair output

Plumb Bob
Miscellaneous Field Equipment

Lights, Reading glass, Station markers and spads.

Office Equipment

Pantograph, Planimeter, Several sizes of steel straightedges, Ozalid, Copyflex (similar

printing equipment) and calculator.

Equipment in PME Lab

Total Station
Digital Level
GPS System
Digital Area Planimeter
Hand GPS
Mine Surveying

Branch of mining science and technology.

It includes all measurements, calculations and mapping which serve

the purpose of ascertaining and documenting information at all stages
from prospecting to exploitation and utilizing mineral deposits both
by surface and underground working.
Principal activities of MS
Interpretation of the geology of mineral deposits in relation to the economical
management

Investigation and negotiation of mining rights

Making and recording, and calculations of mine surveying measurements

Mining cartography

Investigation and prediction of effects of mine working on the surface and

underground strata

Mine planning in the context of local environment and subsequent rehabilitation

Objective of Surveying
The objective of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show the
relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.

The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale.

It also shows boundaries of districts, states, and countries too.

It also includes details of different engineering features such as

buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
Topographical Maps
Cadastral Map
Engineering Map
Contour Map
Military Map
Geological Map
Archaeological Map
Mine Plan Map
Fundamental Principles of Surveying

Two basic principles of surveying are:

Always work from whole to the part, and

To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or

angular) from fixed reference points.
Fundamental Principles of Surveying

Always work from whole to the part:

According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first enclosed
by main stations (i.e., Control stations) and main survey lines.

The area is then divided into a number of divisions by forming well

conditioned triangles.
Fundamental Principles of Surveying

The main survey lines are measured very accurately with precise survey
instruments.

The remaining sides of the triangle are measured.

The purpose of this method of working is to control accumulation of

errors.

During measurement, if there is any error, then it will not affect the
whole work, but if the reverse process is followed then the minor error in
measurement will be magnified.
Fundamental Principles of Surveying

To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from

fixed reference points:

According to the second principle the points are located by linear or angular
measurement or by both in surveying.

If two control points are established first, then a new station can be located by linear
measurement. Let A & B are control points, a new point C can be established.
Fundamental Principles of Surveying

Following are the methods of locating point C from such reference points A & B.

The distance AB can be measured accurately and the relative positions of the point
can be then plotted on the sheet to some scale.

(a) Taking linear measurement from A and B for C.

(b) Taking linear measurement of perpendicular from D to C.

(c) Taking one linear measurement from B and one angular measurement as ABC

Taking two angular measurement at A & B as angles CAB and ABC.

Taking one angle at B as ABC and one linear measurement from A as AC.
Fundamental Principles of Surveying
Classification of Surveying (Based on Instruments)
Chain Survey:

This is the simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made with a chain or a
tape. Angular measurements are not taken.
Compass Survey:
In Compass Survey, the angles are measured with the help of a magnetic compass.

Chain and compass survey:

In this survey linear measurements are made with a chain or a tape and angular
measurements with a compass.
Classification of Surveying (Based on Methods)

Triangulation:

Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is large,

triangulation is adopted. The entire area is divided into network of triangles.

Traversing:

A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed. When the linear
measurements are done with a chain and a tape and the directions or horizontal angles are
measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively the survey is called traversing.
Triangulation
Traversing
 Plan and Maps
One of the basic objective of surveying is to prepare plans and maps.

Plan:

A plan is the graphical representation to some scale, of the features on, near or below the
surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane.

The horizontal plane is represented by plane of drawing sheets on which the plan is drawn to
some scale However the surface of the earth is curved it cannot be truly represented on a plane
without distortion.

In plane surveying the area involved are small, the earth’s surface may be considered as plane
and hence plan is constructed by orthographic projections. A plan is drawn on a relatively
large scale.
Map:

If the scale of the graphical projection on a horizontal plane is small, the plan is
called a map.

Thus graphical representation is called a plan if the scale is large while it is called a
map if the scale is small.

On plan, generally only horizontal distances and directions or angles are shown.

On topographical map, however the vertical distances (elevations) are also

represented by contour lines.
Map
Scale
It is basic requirement for the preparation of plan or map. Scale is used to represent large
distances on paper. The ratio by which the actual length of the object is reduced or increased
in the drawing is known as the ‘Scale’ for example., if 1 cm on a map represents a distance
of 10 metres on the ground, the scale of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.
Representative Fraction:

The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the
object on the ground is known as the representative fractions. i.e.,

R.F= Distance of the Object on Drawing / Corresponding Actual distance of object

on Ground

Both the distances are in same unit.

Thank You!