ENGINEERING Guide to the Use of Grade 100 Reinforcing

ETN-D-6-20 Bars in ACI 318-19

Technical Note Introduction

Grade 60 reinforcing steel, with a yield
strength of 60,000 psi, is the most com-
monly used grade in North America. Re-
• ASTM A1035 (ASTM 2016c) – low-
carbon chromium steel

Similarly, Grade 100 plain reinforcing bars

for spiral reinforcement must conform to
cent advances, including substantial new the following specifications (ACI 20.2.1.4):
research, have enabled reinforcing steels
of higher strengths to be a viable option • ASTM A615 (ASTM 2018a)
in a variety of applications in reinforced
concrete structures. • ASTM A706 (ASTM 2016a)

Permissible applications of high-strength • ASTM A1035 (ASTM 2016c)

steel reinforcement (that is, reinforcement
Bar sizes larger than #18 are given in
with a yield strength of 80,000 or 100,000
current editions of ASTM A615 and ASTM
psi) were significantly expanded in the
A1035. Due to the lack of information on
2019 edition of Building Code Require-
their performance (including bar bends
ments for Structural Concrete and Com-
and the determination of development
mentary (ACI 2019). The purpose of this
lengths), bar sizes larger than #18 are not
Technical Note is to summarize the re-
permitted by ACI 318-19 (ACI R20.2.1.3).
quirements in ACI 318-19 related to Grade
100 reinforcing bars. Industry professionals New property requirements are given
should find the information useful when in ACI Table 20.2.1.3(a) for ASTM A615
designing, detailing, and specifying Grade Grade 100 deformed reinforcing bars and
100 reinforcing bars in building projects. in ACI Tables 20.2.1.3(b) and (c) for ASTM
Benefits related to the use of Grade 100 A706 Grade 100 deformed reinforcing bars
reinforcing bars are also included. (see Tables 1 and 2, respectively). These
requirements are not included in the 2018
Information on the design and detailing
edition of ASTM A615 and the 2016 edition
of cast-in-place reinforced concrete build-
of ASTM A706, which are the referenced
ings with high-strength steel reinforce-
specifications in ACI 318-19 (see ACI
ment, including worked-out design ex-
3.2.4).2 The reasons for these require-
amples, can be found in Design Guide on
ments are as follows:
the ACI 318 Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete – ACI 318-19 (CRSI • To provide for harmonization of mini-
2020). mum tensile strength requirements
between ASTM A615 and ASTM A706;
Types of Nonprestressed Grade
100 Reinforcing Bars • To add new ductility requirements to
both ASTM A615 and ASTM A706; and
Grade 100 deformed reinforcing bars
Concrete Reinforcing

must conform to the following specifica- • To introduce Grade 100 reinforcement
tions (ACI 20.2.1.3):1 for ASTM A706.
Steel Institute

• ASTM A615 (ASTM 2018a) – carbon Bend test requirements for ASTM A706
steel, including the requirements in Grade 100 reinforcement must meet the
ACI Table 20.2.1.3(a) same bend test requirements for ASTM
A706 Grade 80 reinforcement, which are
• ASTM A706 (ASTM 2016a) – low-alloy
given in the latest version of that specifi-
steel, including the requirements in
cation (ASTM 2016a) [ACI 20.2.1.3(b)(i)].
ACI 20.2.1.3(b)
[Note: Due to potential safety concerns

1 Disclaimer: This CRSI document contains requirements that can, at the time of the document’s adoption by CRSI, be
satisfied only by use of a patented material, product, process, procedure, or technology. During the document preparation,
the Engineering Practice Committee (EPC) was informed in writing that the document under consideration involves the
potential use of patented technology. The specific patented product being referenced include the following: reinforcing steel
bar produced to ASTM A1035/A1035M and certain stainless steel alloys listed in Table 1 of ASTM A276.
2 It is anticipated that the requirements in ACI 20.2.1.3 will appear in the 2020 editions of ASTM A615 and ASTM A706.
Table 1 – Modified Tensile Strength and Additional Tensile Property Requirements for ASTM A615 Grade 100 Reinforcement
Minimum tensile strength (psi) 115,000

Minimum ratio of actual tensile strength to actual yield strength3 1.10

Table 2 – Tensile Property Requirements and Elongation Requirements for ASTM A706 Grade 100 Reinforcement
Minimum tensile strength (psi) 117,000

Minimum ratio of actual tensile strength to actual yield strength 1.17

Minimum yield strength (psi) 100,000

Maximum yield strength (psi) 118,000

Minimum fracture elongation4 in an 8-in. gauge (%) 10

5
Minimum uniform elongation for all bar sizes (%) 6

with shop fabrication, CRSI does not recommend

bending reinforcing bars larger than #14 with a grade
designation of Grade 75 or higher.]

The following new requirement was introduced for

all grades of ASTM A706 deformed reinforcing bars
[ACI 20.2.1.3(b)(iii)]: The radius on newly-machined
rolls used to manufacture reinforcing bars must be at
least 1.5 times the height of the deformation, h (see
Figure 1). This requirement applies to all deformations,
including transverse lugs, longitudinal ribs, grade ribs,
grade marks, and intersections between deformations.
Conformation is assessed by measurements taken on
newly-machined rolls used to manufacture reinforcing Figure 1 Radius and height of deformation on a
bars, instead of measurements taken on bar samples. deformed reinforcing bar.

The ratio ( r/h) affects the magnitude of the strain

localization occurring at the juncture between the 20.2.2.4(a). Grade 100 reinforcement is now permitted
deformation and the barrel of the bar. Increased strain to resist the following:
localization has a negative effect on inelastic fatigue and
tensile fracture (ductility) performance. The reason for • Flexure and axial forces due to gravity and wind
this limitation is to ensure that inelastic fatigue cracks loads (previously, the maximum permitted value of
do not develop at the root of the deformation (which is the yield strength in such applications was 80,000
a critical issue in seismic design). psi).

When specifying ASTM A615 and ASTM A706 Grade • Flexure, axial forces, and shear forces due to gravity
100 reinforcing bars for a project, it is important to and earthquake loads in special structural walls,
include these new property requirements in the project which are required in buildings assigned to Seismic
specifications along with the corresponding ASTM Design Category (SDC) D, E, and F (previously, the
requirements. maximum permitted yield strength was 60,000 psi).6

Permitted usages and applications of Grade 100 rein-

Applications Where Grade 100 Reinforcing
forcement are given in Table 3 (note: maximum values
Bars are Permitted of and are given in Table 3 in accordance with
Types of deformed reinforcing bars permitted for ACI Table 20.2.2.4(a); therefore, ASTM A996 and ASTM
particular structural applications are given in ACI Table A955 are included in the table even though these two

3 The yield strength of high-strength nonprestressed reinforcing bars without sharp-kneed or well-defined yield points is determined by
the offset method (ASTM 2018c) [ACI 20.2.1.2].
4 The fracture elongation is determined as follows: A reinforcing bar is marked with an initial 8-in. gauge length and is pulled to fracture.
The ends of the fractured reinforcing bar are fit together and the distance between the gauge marks is remeasured. The fracture elonga-
tion is calculated as follows: [(Distance between gauge marks after fracture) – (Original gauge length)]/Original gauge length.
5 Uniform elongation is the strain occurring at the tensile strength and is determined in accordance with ASTM E8 (ASTM 2016d).
6 Design and detailing requirements for special structural walls are given in ACI 18.10; these requirements have also undergone significant revisions in ACI
318-19 (see CRSI 2020).

2 Guide to the Use of Grade 100 Reinforcing Bars in ACI 318-19

Table 3 Usages and Applications of Grade 100 Deformed Reinforcement in ACI 318-19

Maximum Value of or
Usage Application Permitted for Deformed Bars
Design Calculations (psi)(1)

Special structural 100,000

• Flexure A706(3)
walls(2) (60,000)
• Axial force
• Shrinkage and temperature 100,000
Other(4) A615, A706, A955, A996, A1035
(80,000)
Special seismic
• Lateral support of 100,000 A615, A706, A955, A996, A1035
systems(5)
longitudinal bars
• Concrete confinement Spirals 100,000 A615, A706, A955, A996, A1035

Special structural 100,000

Shear A615, A706, A955, A996
walls(6) (60,000)
(1) Number in parentheses indicate the permitted values of and in ACI 318-14.
(2) Applicable to all components of special structural walls, including coupling beams and wall piers.
(3) ASTM A615 Grade 60 is permitted to be used instead if the requirements of ACI 20.2.2.5(b) are satisfied.
(4) Members of special moment frames are not included in this category. Also, Grade 100 longitudinal reinforcement is not permitted for inter-
mediate moment frames and ordinary moment frames resisting earthquake demands, .
(5) Special seismic systems include special moment frames and special structural walls.
(6) Shear reinforcement in this application includes all transverse reinforcement in special structural walls, coupling beams, and wall piers.
Diagonal bars in coupling beams must comply with ASTM A706 or Footnote (3) in this table.

types of deformed bars are not available with a yield 25.4.2.3 are given in Table 4. ACI Eq. (25.4.2.4a) in ACI
strength of 100,00 psi). The numbers in parentheses 25.4.2.4 has also been revised:
below the tabulated values of and are the maxi-
mum permitted yield strengths in ACI 318-14. Permitted
values of and for lateral support of longitudinal
bars and concrete confinement are the same as those
in ACI 318-14.
The modification factors in these equations are given
According to Footnote [2] in ACI Table 20.2.2.4(a),
in ACI Table 25.4.2.5.
ASTM A615 Grade 60 reinforcement is permitted to be
used in lieu of ASTM A706 Grade 100 reinforcement The reinforcement grade factor, , was introduced
in special structural walls provided the requirements in into ACI 318-19 to account for the effect of reinforce-
ACI 20.2.2.5(b) are satisfied (the requirements in ACI ment yield strength on the required tension develop-
20.2.2.5(b) have been revised in ACI 318-19). ASTM ment length of deformed bars. According to recent
A615 Grade 100 (and ASTM A615 Grade 80) reinforce- research studies, the required tension development
ment is not permitted in special seismic systems [that length increases disproportionately with increases
is, in special moment frames7 and special structural in yield strength. Values of for Grades 40, 60, 80,
walls; see ACI 20.2.2.5(b)]. and 100 reinforcement are given in Table 5 (ACI Table
25.4.2.5).
In ACI 318-19, Grade 100 plain spiral reinforcement
(ASTM A615, ASTM A706, and ASTM A1035) is permit- As in previous editions of ACI 318, must be great-
ted to be used as lateral support of longitudinal bars er than the calculated value and 12 in. (ACI 25.4.2.1).
or as concrete confinement for members in special
seismic systems and in all other systems [ACI Table The new requirement in ACI 25.4.2.2 must be satis-
20.2.2.4(b)]. These requirements are the same as those fied regardless of the method used to determine :
in ACI 318-14. For longitudinal bars with and a center-
to-center spacing less than 6 in., transverse reinforce-
Development and Splice Lengths ment must be provided such that the transverse rein-
Development of Deformed Bars in Tension forcement index [see ACI Eq.
(25.4.2.4b)]. The term is the total cross-sectional
Revised equations for the development length, , area of transverse reinforcement within the spacing
of deformed bars in tension in accordance with ACI

7 Design and detailing requirements for special moment frames are given in ACI 18.6 through 18.8; these requirements have undergone significant revisions
in ACI 318-19 (see CRSI 2020).

CRSI Technical Note 3

 Table 4 Tension Development Lengths for Deformed Reinforcing Bars in Accordance with ACI 25.4.2.3

Spacing and Cover #6 and Smaller Bars #7 and Larger Bars

• Clear spacing of bars being developed or lap spliced

• Clear cover
• Stirrups or ties throughout greater than or equal to ACI 318 minimum
or
• Clear spacing of bars being developed or lap spliced
• Clear cover

Other cases

Table 5 Reinforcement Grade Factor,

Grade

40 or 60 1.0

80 1.15

100 1.3

crossing the potential plane of splitting through the

reinforcement being developed and is the number Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
of reinforcing bars developed or lap spliced along the The equation to determine the development length,
plane of splitting (see Figure 2 for the case of a rect- ,for deformed bars in tension terminating in a
angular column). Thus, for a given area of transverse standard hook has been revised based on recent
reinforcement, the maximum permitted spacing is test results, and accounts for the effects of bar yield
. The purpose of this requirement is to strength, spacing, and confinement by ties or stirrups
 
ensure that closely-spaced Grade 80 and Grade 100 re- (ACI 25.4.3.1):
 
inforcing bars are adequately confined so that splitting
 
failures do not occur due to relatively large axial forces
 
in the bars.
 
 
 
  This equation is applicable
to any and the modifica-
𝐴𝐴�  
tion factors are given in
revised ACI Table 25.4.3.2.
𝐴𝐴�� � 3𝐴𝐴�  
As in previous editions of
ACI 318, must be the
𝑠𝑠

greater of that calculated by

𝑑𝑑� �typ.�  𝑠𝑠 � 3 
the above equation, , and
Plane of potential 
splitting for bars 6 in. (ACI 25.4.3.1).
being developed
Development of Headed
Deformed Bars in Tension
For Grade 100 longitudinal bars:  Like hooked bars, the
 
40𝐴𝐴�� 40�3𝐴𝐴� � 40𝐴𝐴�
equation to determine the
𝐾𝐾�� � � � � 0.5𝑑𝑑�   development length, ,
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
  for headed deformed bars
40𝐴𝐴�� 80𝐴𝐴� conforming to ACI 25.4.4.1
With 𝐴𝐴�� given: 𝑠𝑠 � �  
𝑠𝑠�0.5𝑑𝑑� � 𝑑𝑑� in tension has been revised
  based on recent test results
Figure 2 Transverse reinforcement index, . (ACI 25.4.4.2):

4 Guide to the Use of Grade 100 Reinforcing Bars in ACI 318-19

 beams are the same as in previous editions of ACI 318,
except an upper limit of 80,000 psi on is imposed
in ACI 318-19. Thus, where Grade 100 longitudinal
reinforcement is used in beams, must be deter-
This equation is applicable to any (prior to ACI mined using .
318-19, there was an upper limit of 60,000 psi on ).
The modification factors are given in revised ACI Table The new confinement requirements in ACI 9.7.1.4 for
25.4.4.3. Also, must be the greater of that calculat- development lengths and lap splice lengths of Grade 80
ed by the above equation, , and 6 in. (ACI 25.4.4.2). and Grade 100 longitudinal bars in beams are basically
the same as those in ACI 25.4.2.2 and ACI 25.5.1.5
Lap Splice Lengths discussed previously; the only difference is the center-
The new requirement in ACI 25.5.1.5 pertaining to to-center spacing limitation in those sections is not
confinement of lap splices is the same requirement specified in ACI 9.7.1.4. Therefore, transverse reinforce-
in ACI 25.4.2.2 for confinement of deformed bars in ment in beams must be provided such that
tension: For lap-spliced bars with and a for Grade 80 and Grade 100 longitudinal bars regardless
center-to-center spacing less than 6 in., transverse rein- of the bar spacing.
forcement must be provided along the entire lap splice
Columns Designed in Accordance with ACI
length such that . A minimum amount of
Chapter 10
transverse reinforcement is required to confine Grade
80 and Grade 100 bars to prevent splitting failures due The new confinement requirements in ACI 10.7.1.3 for
to relatively large axial forces in the bars. development lengths and lap splice lengths of Grade 80
and Grade 100 longitudinal bars in columns designed in
Requirements for compression lap splice lengths accordance with ACI Chapter 10 are the same as those
have been modified to account for higher strength rein- for beams designed in accordance with ACI Chapter 9:
forcement. For Grade 100 reinforcement, the compres- Transverse reinforcement must be provided along de-
sion lap splice length, , is equal to the following (ACI velopment and lap splice lengths such that .
25.5.5.1):
For columns with Grade 100 longitudinal reinforce-
ment subjected to axial compression, must be set
equal to 80,000 psi when calculating the maximum
axial strength, , determined by ACI Table 22.4.2.1
(ACI 22.4.2.1). This limit on is imposed because the
where is the tension lap splice length calculated compression capacity of unconfined concrete, which
in accordance with ACI 25.5.2.1 (which has not been is assumed to occur at a strain limit of 0.003, is likely
revised). Tests have shown that splice strengths in to be reached before the stress in the longitudinal bars
compression depend mostly on end bearing and do not reaches 80,000 psi. This 80,000-psi limit is not appli-
increase proportionally in strength when the lap splice cable when determining the strength of columns with
length is doubled. Grade 100 longitudinal bars subjected to axial force and
bending moment.
Structural Members The nominal and design strength interaction diagrams
Two-way Slabs Designed in Accordance with ACI for an 18-in. square, tied column with 4-#9 longitudinal
Chapter 8 bars (Grade 100) and are given in Figure
Where deflections are calculated in two-way slab sys- 3. Point A on the nominal strength interaction diagram
tems without interior beams and with Grade 100 flex- represents the nominal axial force determined by
ural reinforcement, the calculated deflection limits in ACI Eq. (22.4.2.2) corresponding to the 80,000-psi limit
ACI 8.3.2 must be satisfied using a modulus of rupture, for pure axial compression. A horizontal lines connects
, equal to instead of (ACI 8.3.1.1; see that point to the point where . For comparison
also ACI 19.2.3.1). Slabs with Grade 100 longitudinal purposes, the interaction diagrams for the column with
reinforcement may experience larger long-term deflec- Grade 60 reinforcement are also given in the figure.
tions than those with Grade 60 longitudinal reinforce-
Special Moment Frames
ment unless services stresses calculated for cracked
sections are smaller than 40,000 psi. Grade 100 reinforcement is not permitted to resist
flexure and axial forces in special moment frames,
Beams Designed in Accordance with ACI Chapter 9 which are required in buildings assigned to SDC D, E, or
The equations in ACI 9.6.1.2 to determine minimum F [ACI Table 20.2.2.4(a)]. The main reason for this is test
area of flexural reinforcement, , in nonprestressed data are not available for special moment frames with
Grade 100 reinforcement.

CRSI Technical Note 5

 1,600
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 � ��� ksi
Point A 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 � �� ksi
1,400

1,200

𝑓𝑓� � 0
Axial Force �kips�
1,000

800

600 𝑓𝑓� � 0.5𝑓𝑓�

400

200

0 +
0 100 200 300 400

Bending Moment �ft-kips�

Figure 3 Design and nominal strength interaction diagrams for an 18-in. square column
with Grade 100 longitudinal reinforcement.

The tension development length requirements in ACI • At other locations, maximum spacing is equal to
18.8.5.2 for headed bars in joints of special moment the lesser of and 6 in.
frames, which are applicable to any , are not correct
because the development lengths calculated in accor- The term is the length of the wall, and are
dance with that section are greater than the develop- the factored bending moment and shear force, respec-
ment lengths for hooked bars calculated in accordance tively, at the critical section, and is the diameter of
with ACI 18.8.5.1. At the time of this published Technical the smallest longitudinal bar in the wall.
Note, ACI Committee 318 is working to correct this issue.
Significant revisions other than the one noted above
Special Structural Walls related to Grade 100 reinforcement were made to the
design and detailing requirements for special structural
New maximum vertical spacing limits of transverse walls in ACI 18.10 (see CRSI 2020).
reinforcement at the boundaries of special structural
walls, which are required in building frame systems Diaphragms in Buildings Assigned to
and dual systems in buildings assigned to SDC D, E, SDC D, E, or F
or F, are given in ACI 18.10.6.5 (ACI 18.10.6.1). These
spacing limits are intended to prevent bar buckling at A new requirement is given in ACI 18.12.7.4 per-
the ends of a wall. For a given longitudinal bar size, taining to mechanical splices used to transfer forces
the maximum spacing of the transverse reinforcement between a diaphragm and the vertical elements of
in a wall with Grade 100 longitudinal reinforcement is the seismic-force-resisting system (SFRS): Grade 80
smaller than that in a wall with Grade 60 reinforcement; and Grade 100 reinforcing bars are not permitted to be
the purpose of the smaller spacing is to attain perfor- mechanically spliced for this application.
mance capability similar to that of walls with Grade 60
longitudinal reinforcement. Limits on Concrete Compressive Strength
Limits on are given in revised ACI Table 19.2.1.1,
The following vertical spacing limits are given in ACI
which are applicable to both normalweight and light-
Table 18.10.6.5(b) for special structural walls with Grade
weight concrete. For special structural walls with Grade
100 longitudinal reinforcement:
100 longitudinal reinforcement, minimum is equal to
• Within the greater of and above and 5,000 psi because test data are not available for special
below critical sections8, maximum spacing is equal structural walls with Grade 100 reinforcement and con-
to the lesser of and 6 in. crete compressive strengths less than 5,000 psi.

8 Critical sections are defined as locations where yielding of longitudinal reinforcement is likely to occur as a result of lateral displacements.

6 Guide to the Use of Grade 100 Reinforcing Bars in ACI 318-19

 𝜙𝜙 

 
0.90 
𝜀𝜀� � 𝜀𝜀��
0.75 � 0.15 � � 
0.003

Spiral
0.75 

Other 𝜀𝜀� � 𝜀𝜀��

0.65  0.65 � 0.25 � � 
0.003

𝜀𝜀� � 𝜀𝜀�� � 𝑓𝑓� 𝐸𝐸�   𝜀𝜀� � 𝜀𝜀�� � 0.003 

Transition 

Compression-controlled  Tension-controlled 

Figure 4 Variation of strength reduction factor, , with net tensile strain, .

Strength Reduction Factors • Improved concrete placement and consolidation

because of less congestion
A new tension-controlled limit is defined in ACI
21.2.2, which accounts for high-strength reinforcement: • Lower placement costs because of the fewer num-
Reinforced concrete sections are defined as tension- ber of bars to be placed in the field
controlled where the net tensile strain in the extreme
layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement at nominal • Smaller member sizes
strength, , is greater than or equal to . The
term is the net tensile strain in the extreme layer • More usable space because of smaller member
of longitudinal tension reinforcement used to define a sizes
compression-controlled section and is equal to
The information in Figure 5 gives some insight into
where is the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcing
how smaller member sizes can be obtained with Grade
steel, which is equal to 29,000,000 psi for all grades
100 reinforcement. The curves in this figure give re-
of reinforcement (ACI 20.2.2.2). The maximum strain
quired gross areas, for uniaxially loaded reinforced
at the extreme concrete compression fiber is taken as
concrete columns based on concrete compressive
0.003 (ACI 22.2.2.1).
strength, area of longitudinal reinforcement, , and
For sections with Grade 100 reinforcement, the grade of reinforcement. As expected, for a given per-
tension-controlled limit is equal to the following: centage of longitudinal reinforcement , the
required for a column with Grade 100 longitudinal
bars is less than the required for a column with
Grade 60 longitudinal bars. Combining Grade 100 rein-
forcement and high-strength concrete has the greatest
The variation of the strength reduction factor, , impact on decreasing the required column area, which,
based on revised ACI Table 21.2.2, is given in Figure 4. in turn, increases the area of usable space.

Benefits of Grade 100 Reinforcement Considering the aforementioned benefits and other
factors, it is expected that Grade 100 reinforcement will
 tilizing Grade 100 reinforcement in concrete mem-
U
be utilized as follows in buildings:
bers may result in the following:
• As longitudinal reinforcement in columns designed
• Less congestion, especially at joints, because
in accordance with ACI Chapter 10, especially in
smaller bar sizes and/or a fewer number of Grade
the lower stories of high-rise buildings in combina-
100 bars may be needed compared to members
tion with high-strength concrete
reinforced with Grade 60 bars

CRSI Technical Note 7

 0.50
𝑓𝑓� � 60,000 psi
𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � � 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝑓𝑓� � 100,000 psi

0.45

𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � � 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
0.40

0.35
𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � � 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
Ag /Pu �in.2/kips�

0.30 𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � � 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � � 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

0.25

𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � �� 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

0.20
𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � �� 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

𝒇𝒇�𝒄𝒄 � �� 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
0.15

0.10
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Ast /Ag

Figure 5 Required column area, , for reinforced concrete columns with Grade 60 and Grade 100
longitudinal reinforcement as a function of concrete compressive strength, .

8 Guide to the Use of Grade 100 Reinforcing Bars in ACI 318-19

 • As longitudinal wall reinforcement in buildings as- ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
signed to SDC A, B, or C 2016c, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain,
Low-Carbon, Chromium, Steel Bars for Concrete Re-
• As flexural reinforcement in mat foundations sup- inforcement, ASTM A1035/A1035M – 16b, West Con-
porting buildings assigned to SDC D, E, or F shohocken, Pennsylvania.
• As longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
special structural walls 2016d, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Me-
tallic Materials, ASTM E8/E8M – 16, West Conshohock-
• As diagonal, longitudinal, and transverse reinforce- en, Pennsylvania.
ment in coupling beams that are part of special
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
structural walls
2018a, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
• As longitudinal reinforcement in collector elements Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM
in buildings assigned to SDC D, E, or F A615/A615M – 18ε1, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
References 2018b, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019, Building Code Stainless-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM
Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, A955/A955M – 18, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
ACI 318-19, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materi-
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). als). 2018c, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for
2016a, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, ASTM A370 – 18,
Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
A706/A706M – 16, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
CRSI (Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute). 2020, De-
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). sign Guide on ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for
2016b, Standard Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle- Structural Concrete – ACI 318-19, Schaumburg, Illinois.
Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM
A996/A996M – 16, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.

CRSI Technical Note 9

 This page intentionally left blank

Contributors: The principal author of this publication is David Fanella, PhD, PE, SE, FACI, FASCE, Concrete
FSEI and reviewed by the Manual of Standard Practice Committee of CRSI. Reinforcing
Keywords: high-strength reinforcement, reinforcing bars, rebar, reinforced concrete
Steel
Institute
Reference: Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute – CRSI [2020], “Guide to the Use of Grade 100 933 North Plum Grove Rd.
Reinforcing Bars in ACI 318-19”, CRSI Technical Note ETN-D-6-20, Schaumburg, Illinois, 10 pp. Schaumburg, IL 60173-4758
p. 847-517-1200 • f. 847-517-1206
Historical: None. New Technical Note.
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