 LOGIC

 SETS
 ALGEBRA
 FUNCTIONS AND SYSTEM OF EQUATION
 MATRIX
 Ch. 1. LOGIC
Proposition
True or false statement

True : All individuals who breath are alive

Assertion or
open Assertion : All individuals who breath are healthy
proposition
False : All individuals who do not breath are alive

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 Ch. 1. LOGIC
Implication (1)
Chain of logical reasoning (implication arrow and equivalent arrow)
Whenever P is true, then Q is necessarily true
P implies Q
If P then Q
Q is a consequence of P
P is a sufficient condition for Q, or
Q is a necessary condition for P
Example:
Living in Paris is a sufficient condition for a person to live in France
Living in France is a necessary condition for a person to live in Paris

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 Ch. 1. LOGIC
Implication (2)
Another example in Bahasa
P adalah syarat cukup bagi Q
Q adalah syarat perlu bagi P

Jika kehujanan, Kehujanan adalah syarat cukup bagi badan basah

maka badan basah Badan basah adalah syarat perlu bagi kehujanan
kehujanan
kehujanan

mandi
mandi
Badan
basah

berenang
berenang

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 Ch. 1. LOGIC
Implication (3)
Chain of logical reasoning (implication arrow and equivalent arrow)

P is equivalent to Q
P if and only if Q or P iff Q

P is a necessary and sufficient condition for Q

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 Ch. 1. LOGIC
Mathematical Proofs (1)
Every mathematical theorem can be formulated as one or more implication

Premises (what we know) Conclusion (what we want to know)

Direct proof
Not Indirect proof, or contrapositive proof,
or proof by contradiction, or by reductio ad absurdum

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 Ch. 1. LOGIC
Mathematical Proofs (2)
Deductive and Inductive reasoning

Deductive : Consistent rules of logic  case

Inductive: Case  general conclusion

For experimental or empirical sciences

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Ingredients of a mathematical model

Equation: describe structure of model

Variable: something whose magnitude can
change or can take on different value
Constant: a magnitude that does not change
Coefficient: a constant that is joined to a
variable
Error: reflects deviation from equation
(optional)
i, t, j : pararel clustering based on individual, time, etc.

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W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
The real-number

Irrational
number

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W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Integer power

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Rules of Algebra (1)
Main rules

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Rules of Algebra (2)
Algebraic expression
Addition

term
numerical coefficient

Factoring

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Fraction and fractional power
Fractions

Fractional power

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Inequalities (< , > , < , >)

Double inequalities

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Interval and absolute values
Interval

Absolute values

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 W2. ECONOMIC MODEL AND ALGEBRA
Summation (1)
Summation symbol

Rule of summation

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W3. HIMPUNAN
OPERASI HIMPUNAN

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W4. FUNCTION,
DEFINITION

output Function input rule

of x
dependent independent
variable variable

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 W4. FUNCTION,
Ingredients of a mathematical model

Equation: describe structure of model

Variable: something whose magnitude can
change or can take on different
value: in capital letter
Constant: a magnitude that does not change
Coefficient: a constant that is joined to a
variable: small or greek letter
Error: reflects deviation from equation
(optional)

i, t, j : pararel clustering based on individual, time, etc.

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 W4. FUNCTION,
SYSTEM OF EQUATION

dependent independent
Y C
independent dependent

Y, C : endogenous variables
I, G, X, M : exogenous variables

domain range

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 W4. FUNCTION,
DOMAIN AND RANGE

Pay attention to the domain:

domain range
It should not contain any constant or
number that can not be identified when
processed by the rule

f
x

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 W4. FUNCTION,
POLYNOMIAL

Linear, quadratic, and cubic

functions

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 W4. FUNCTION,
GRAPH OF POLYNOMIAL (1)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
GRAPH OF POLYNOMIAL (2)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
RATIONAL AND POWER FUNCTION
Rational Function:

Power Function:

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 W4. FUNCTION,
GRAPH OF POWER FUNCTION

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 W4. FUNCTION,
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION (1)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION (2)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION (3)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (1)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (2)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (3)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (4)

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 W4. FUNCTION,
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (4)

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 W6. MATRIX
DEFINITION
Matriks adalah suatu susunan angka segi empat, baik itu parameter, konstanta atau variabel,
dimana masing-masing memiliki penempatan urutan (Dowling)

Baris ke-m Kolom ke-n

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 W6. MATRIX
VECTOR
Matriks dengan baris atau kolom tunggal

Vektor baris Vektor kolom

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 W4.
W6.FUNCTION,
MATRIX
PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN

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 W6. MATRIX
PERKALIAN MATRIKS (1)

. +( .
. +( .
. +( .
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 W6. MATRIX
PERKALIAN MATRIKS (2)

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 W6. MATRIX
PERKALIAN MATRIKS (3)

Perkalian matriks dengan skalar:

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 W6. MATRIX
HUKUM YANG BERLAKU PADA OPERASI MATRIKS (1)

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 W6. MATRIX
HUKUM YANG BERLAKU PADA OPERASI MATRIKS (2)

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 W6. MATRIX
MATRIKS IDENTITAS DAN NOL

Hukum yang berlaku:

- IA = AI = A
- A+0=0+A=A

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W6. MATRIX
TRANSPOSE (1)

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W6. MATRIX
TRANSPOSE (2)

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 W6. MATRIX
PENYUSUNAN SISTEM PERSAMAAN (1)

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 W6. MATRIX
PENYUSUNAN SISTEM PERSAMAAN (2)

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
KRITERIA MATRIKS UNTUK PENYELESAIAN FUNGSI LINEAR

- Jumlah variable harus sama dengan jumlah baris, dan sama dengan jumlah kolom
(matriks persegi)
- Tidak terdapat hubungan linearitas antar vector dalam matriks  Determinan ≠0
 unique solution,
atau dengan kata lain matriks non-singular

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
TAHAPAN PENYELESAIAN FUNGSI LINEAR
Matriks asal

Tentukan determinan (Sarrus’ rule, or Laplace

expansion):perkalian dan pengurangan silang
Tentukan matriks minor: terdiri dari determinan
submatriks 2x2 selain baris dan kolom terkait

Tentukan matriks kofaktor: Matriks minor dengan

koefisien yang disesuaikan

Tentukan matriks adjoint: transpose dari matriks kofaktor

Tentukan matriks invers: perkalian antara determinan dan

matriks kofaktor
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 W7. MATRIX (2)
METODE PENYELESAIAN FUNGSI LINEAR
INVERSI MATRIKS ATURAN CRAMER
Matriks asal

Determinan

Matriks kofaktor

Matriks adjoint
kolom

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
MENENTUKAN DETERMINAN

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
MENENTUKAN MATRIKS MINOR

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
MENENTUKAN MATRIKS KOFAKTOR

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
DETERMINAN SAMPAI MATRIKS KOFAKTOR

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W7. MATRIX (2)
LAPLACE EXPANSION

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
MENENTUKAN MATRIKS ADJOINT

Matriks adjoint adalah transpose dari matriks kofaktor

Berlaku: AC’=|A|I

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 W7. MATRIX (2)
MENENTUKAN MATRIKS INVERS

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By Dyah Margani Utami
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