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Module 2

This document outlines the legal basis and objectives of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program in the Philippines. It discusses how the Philippine Constitution mandates that all citizens may be required to undergo military or civil service training. It also summarizes the key laws establishing the ROTC program and reserving force, including the structure and organization of the different reserve components of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
309 views52 pages

Module 2

This document outlines the legal basis and objectives of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program in the Philippines. It discusses how the Philippine Constitution mandates that all citizens may be required to undergo military or civil service training. It also summarizes the key laws establishing the ROTC program and reserving force, including the structure and organization of the different reserve components of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives:

After successfully completing this module (chapter 1-5), you should be able to:
1. Recognize the legal basis of the ROTC program;
2. Identify the Chain of Command of the AFP;
3. Appreciate the AFP Organization;
4. Integrate the AFP Core values; and
5. Define the Military Justice

CHAPTER 1
LEGAL BASIS FOR ROTC PROGAM

COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. I

Preservation of the state is every citizen’s obligation. Philippine security, freedom,


independence and perpetual neutrality shall be guaranteed by employing all citizens
without distinction.

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION 1987


Sec 4. Art II
The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people.
Government may call upon the people to defend the state and in fulfillment thereof,
all citizens may be required to render personal, mil or civil service under conditions
provided by law.

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION 1987


SEC 4, Art XVI

The AFP Shall Be Composed Of The Citizen Armed Forces Which Shall
Undergo Military Training Service As Maybe Provided By Law.

PD 1706
Otherwise known as the “national service law” which provides for a compulsory
national service for all filipino citizens.

Sec 2 the national service law consists three main programs;

1. Civic Welfare Service – health, education, safety, recreation and morale of


citizens.
2. Law Enforcement Service- maintenance of peace & order.
3. Military Training Service – enhance mil preparedness.

Sec 4 – the term military service and military training shall mean “national
service” and “training for national service”, respectively.
(REPUBLIC ACT 7077)

"An Act Providing For The Development, Administration, Organization, Training,


Maintenance And Utilization Of The Citizen Armed Force Of The Armed Forces Of
The Philippines And For Other Purposes"

TITLE

Section 1. Title - This Act shall be known as the " Citizen Armed Force or Armed
Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act.

ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF POLICY

Section 2. The Regular Force - It is the policy of the State to maintain a standing or
regular military force in times of peace consonant to its adequate and actual needs
for the security of the State but which can be rapidly expanded by the well-
disciplined Citizen Armed Force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion.

Section 3. - The Security and Socioeconomic Development of the State. The


Citizen Armed Force shall be provided maximum opportunity to participate in
safeguarding of the State and in assisting the socioeconomic development.

Section 4. The Call to Personal Military and Civil Service. - The Citizen Armed
Force shall be so organized, trained, developed and maintained as to ensure their
readiness to immediately respond to the call to service.

Section 5. The Public Awareness. -The State shall promote and develop public
support to and awareness of the important role of the Citizen Armed Force as
protector of the people and the State.

Section 6. The Manpower of the Citizen Armed Force. - The manpower objective
of the Citizen Armed Force shall conform to projected and actual needs. It is not
envisioned by the State to have a nation under arms unless extremely necessary.

ARTICLE III
MISSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCE

Section 7. Mission. - The mission of the Citizen Armed Force, alternately referred to
as the Reserve Force, is it provide the base for the expansion of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines in the event of war, invasion or rebellion, to assist in relief and
rescue during disasters or calamities, to assist in socioeconomic development and to
assist in the operation and maintenance of essential government or private utilities in
the furtherance of overall mission.
Section 8. Organization -The Reserve Force shall be organized into five (5)
components, namely:

The Army Reserve Component


The Air Force Reserve Component
The Navy Reserve Component
The AFP-Wide
Technical Reserve Component and
The Affiliated Reserves

Section 9. Organization of Reserve Components. - The organization of each


component of the Reserve Force and the manpower objective of each component
shall be as prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and approved by the
President of the Philippines. The organization, structure, manning and equipment of
reserve units shall conform to the organization of the regular force. Reserve units of
a battalion type or equivalent, on a regional basis. The organizational structure and
manning of the affiliated reserve units shall be prescribed by the Secretary of
National Defense and shall as much as possible conform to their existing civilian
organization.

Section 10. Affiliated Reserves. - As the President shall approve upon


recommendation of the Secretary of National Defense, a certain private and
government entities, corporations, establishments and organizations at the national,
provincial and municipal levels which provide essential public service such as water,
light transportation and communications which are necessary to support the
prosecution of national defense plans to meet an emergency shall be organized as
affiliated units of the Reserve Force. These affiliated units shall be constituted by
appropriate orders to be issued by the Secretary of National Defense, given unit
designations and assigned to the appropriate reserve components of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines( AFP). The roster of the officials and employees of these
affiliated units shall be included in the orders of constituting the units. These units
shall be so utilized in times of war or emergency to ensure the continuous and
uninterrupted provision of the essential services they are rendering.

ARTICLE IV
DEFINITION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Section 11. Citizen Soldiers. - The citizen soldiers alternately referred to as


reservists, who compose the Reserve Force are those reservists of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines who are incorporated into the Reserve Force, as follows:

Graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) basic and


advance courses and who were issued orders as enlisted reservists or reserve
officers of the AFP.

Graduates of authorized basic military training instructions who, as a result


thereof, were issued orders as enlisted reservists or reserve officers.
ARTICLE VII
CITIZEN MILITARY TRAINING

Section 35. Basic Citizen Military Training. - Registrants finally selected for
military training pursuant to section 30 thereof shall undergo a basic military training
for a period of not more than six (6) months. The secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe the course of instruction.

Section 36. Citizen Military Training Center. - There shall be established in every
province at least one (1) training center for the conduct of citizen military and
reservist training with a minimum training capacity of one (1) infantry rifle company at
a time. These training centers shall form part of the reserve component organization
of the major services and shall be referred to as citizen military training centers.

Section 37. Incorporation into training - Upon reporting to their assigned training
centers, the selected registrants shall be physically examined and if found fit for the
service shall be inducted into service. Where a change of training center is
necessary to provide the requisite training, the commanding officer of the training
center shall be authorized to issue the necessary orders covering his transportation
and provide the funs for the purpose: Provided, That no registrant shall be
transferred to a training center outside his province or designated training center
except in the case of Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force registrants if there are
no air or naval training centers thereat.

Section 38. Reserve Officer's Training Corps. - Military training for students
enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning is mandatory
pursuant to the provisions of National Defense Act and the 1987 Constitution.

Section 39. Establishment of ROTC Units in Schools. - At such colleges,


universities and similar institutions of learning that request for the conduct of military
training in their institutions, there shall be established and maintained Reserve
Officer's Training Corps units as the Secretary of National Defense may approve,
which shall conduct military training for the students of such institutions for the
purpose of producing enlisted and officer reservists. The program of instruction shall
be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and may include instruction to
prepare female students for military service. Provided That such course of instruction
shall not exceed two years academic years in the case of enlisted reservists, and
four (4) academic years in the case of officer reservist which shall include as
necessary summer or probationary training of not more than sixty (60) consecutive
years. The first two (2) years of ROTC training, which is mandatory, shall hereafter
be referred to as basic ROTC while the second two (2) years after said basic ROTC
which is voluntary, shall hereafter be referred to as advance ROTC. The allocation of
ROTC units to the various major services of the AFP shall conform to the projected
manpower needs of their respective reserve components.

Section 40. Acceptance for Advance ROTC. - Students who volunteer for advance
ROTC shall be screened by an ROTC acceptance board which is hereby created for
the purpose. Composed of the commandant of the ROTC unit, a representative of
the school nominated by the school authorities, and a military physician. The student
volunteer shall be physically examined for fitness for training and shall further be
made to execute in writing a testament that he volunteered for training of his own
volition. Where the student is below eighteen (18) years of age, he shall be required
to obtain his parent's or guardian's consent. In the case of students volunteering for
reserve officer's training, they shall further be subject to competitive examination in
order to select the best material. The students undergoing advance ROTC shall be
referred to as advance ROTC cadets.

Section 41. Organization and staffing of ROTC Units. - The secretary of national
Defense shall prescribe the organization and staffing of ROTC Units. Reserve
officers in the active service as well as qualified enlisted and officer reservists in the
inactive status shall be given priority to handle training instruction and to assist in the
administration and shall be entitled to receive honoraria and other allowances as the
Secretary of national Defense shall prescribe.

Section 42. Funds for Maintenance and Operation of School ROTC Unit. - The
funds for the establishment, maintenance and operation of ROTC units shall be
provided for in the regular annual appropriations of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. Such appropriations shall provide for the full funding support for advance
ROTC only. The school of the student may not be required to spend any amount for
the establishment, operation and maintenance of ROTC training. Provided, That the
school requesting for such establishment shall provide the training ground and office
facilities free of charge. The advance ROTC cadets shall each be provided free two
(2) suits of fatigue uniform with headgear, belt and one (1) pair of combat boots for
the duration of the training. However, those taking the basic ROTC are required to
pay a reasonable ROTC fee, the amount to be determined by the Secretary of
National Defense in coordination with the school officials concerned.

Section 43. Scholarship Incentive for Advance ROTC Training. - Students


undergoing advance ROTC who belong to the upper five percent (5%) of their
academic class shall be provided a tuition subsidy of fifty (50%) percent of their
annual tuition for the period of their advance ROTC. The funds for this purpose shall
be carried in the annual appropriations of the AFP. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall
promulgate the guidelines for the implementation of this.

ARTICLE VIII
INCORPORATION INTO THE RESERVE FORCE

Section 45. Award of Ranks and Assignments to reserve Units of Graduates of


ROTC. - Graduates of basic ROTC shall be given a reserve enlisted rank and serial
number and assigned to reserve units and mobilization centers in their provinces.
The rank to be awarded shall be from private to sergeant or its equivalent. Provided,
That the quota for noncommissioned officers shall not exceed five percent (5%) of
the authorized strength of the unit to which the reservists shall be assigned after
graduation. Provided, further, That those to be awarded rank above private shall be
chosen based on merit. Those who continue to the advance ROTC course shall
continue to carry their enlisted rank until their successful completion of advance
ROTC.
Section 46. Disposition of Graduates of Advance ROTC. - Those who
successfully completed the advance ROTC course shall be recommended for
commission in the reserve force as second lieutenants and assigned to the reserve
units and mobilization centers in their provinces. Those with manifest potential may
be commissioned in the regular force as second lieutenants subject to the criteria for
regular officers of this rank fro that particular service. Those who fail to complete the
course shall be conferred the enlisted rank of sergeant or its equivalent and similarly
assigned to reserve units and mobilization centers. Probationary training as a
requisite before commissionship shall be determined by the major service concerned
based on technical skills, experiences or qualifications of the applicants.

Section 47. Notification of Reserve Assignment. - The reservist shall be notified


in writing of his assignment to a reserve unit and a mobilization center. He shall be
made to acknowledge receipt in writing of such notification.

Section 48. Reservists Registry. - The Armed forces of the Philippines shall
provide all city/municipal treasurers of chartered cities and municipalities of the list of
those who have successfully completed military training, indicating therein among
others their rank, serial number, reserve unit assignment and mobilization center. It
shall be the duty of the local civil registrar to maintain and update the reservists
registry.

Section 50 - Organization for Maintenance and Administration. Reserve Force -


The major services shall be responsible for the administration, training, equipage
and maintenance of their respective reserve force components subject to the
regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. In the General
Headquarters, AFP and in each Major Service Headquarters, there shall be a staff
division of the level of the principal coordinating staff which shall be dedicated to
planning and policy formulation for the administration, development, organization,
training, equipage, maintenance and utilization of their respective Reserve Force
component. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall create an AFP Reserve Command within
one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act. In the case of the major services, there
shall further be a separate unit dedicated to the implementation of such plans and
policies. In staffing the command structure of these units, preference shall be given
to qualified reserve officers in the active service and integrees.

(REPUBLIC ACT 9163)

"AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM


(NSTP) FOR THE TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO 7077 AND PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1706
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSE"

SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the National Service Training
Program (NSTP) Act of 2001.

SECTION 4. Establishment of the National Service Program. - There is hereby


established a National Service Training Program (NSTP) which shall form part of the
curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and of at least two-years technical
vocational courses and is a requisite for graduation, consisting of the following
service components: The Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) which is hereby
made optional and voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act; The Literacy Training
Service; and The Civic Welfare Training Service

The ROTC under the NSTP shall instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect for rights of
civilians and adherence to the constitution among other, Citizenship Training shall be
given emphasis in all three (3) program components.

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) in consultation with the Department of National
Defense (DND) Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC).

Coordinating Council of Private Association of the Philippines (COCOPAP) and other


concerned government agencies, may design and implement such other program
components as maybe necessary in consonance with the provisions of this Act.

SECTION 5. Coverage. - Students, male and female of any baccalaureate degree


course or at least two (2) year technical vocational courses in public and private
educational institutions shall be required to complete one (1) of the NSTP
components are requisite for graduation.

SECTION 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit. - Each of the aforementioned


NSTP Program components shall be undertaken for and academic period of two (2)
semesters. In lieu of the two-semester program for any of the components of the
NSTP a one (1) summer program may be designed formulated and adopted by the
DND, CHED and TESDA.

SECTION 7. NSTP Offering in Higher and Technical Educational Institutions. -


All higher and technical and vocational institutions, public and private, must offer at
least one of the program components, provided that state universities and colleges
shall offer the ROTC components and at least one other component as education
institution may ROTC if they have at least three hundred and fifty (350) cadets
students.

In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer periods, clustering of
affected students from different educational institutions may be done, taking into
account logistics, branch of service and geographical considerations.

Schools that do not meet the required number of students shall allow their students
to cross enroll to other school irrespective of whether or not the NSTP components
in said schools are being administered by the same or another branch of service of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) CHED and TESDA to which schools are
identified.

SECTION 8. Fees and Incentive. - Higher and technical-vocational institutions shall


not collect any fee for any of the NSTP components, except basic tuition fees, which
shall be more than fifty (50%) percent of what is currently charged by schools per
unit.
In case of ROTC, the DND shall formulate and adopt a program of assistance for
health and accident shall be provide for students enrolled in any of the NSTP
components.

SECTION 9. Scholarship. - There is hereby created a special scholarship program


for qualified students taking NSTP which shall be administered by CHED and
TESDA funds for this purpose shall be include in the annual regular appropriations of
CHED and TESDA.

SECTION 10. Management of NSTP Components. - The school authorities shall


exercise academic and administrative supervision over the design, formulation,
adoption and implementation of the different NSTP components in their respective
schools, provided that in case a CHED - or TESDA - accredited Non-Government
Organization (NGO) has been contracted to formulate and administer a training
module for any of the NSTP components, such academic and administrative
supervision shall be exercised jointly with the accredited NGO.

Provided further, that such training module shall be accredited by CHED and
TESDA.

SECTION 11. Creation of the National Service Corps. - There is hereby created a
National Service Corps to be composed of the graduates of the non-ROTC
components Members of this corps may be tapped by the State for Literacy and civic
welfare activities through the joint effort of DND, CHED and TESDA.

Graduates of the ROTC shall form part of the Citizen Armed Force, pursuant to
Republic Act No. 7077.

SECTION 12. Implementing Rules. - The DND, CHED and TESDA shall have the
joint responsibility for the adoption of the implementing rules of this Act with sixty
(60) days from the approval of this Act.

These are three (3) agencies shall consult with other concerned government
agencies, PASUC and COCPAP, NGO's and recognized students in drafting the
implementing rules.

The implementing rules shall include the guidelines for the adoption of the
appropriate curriculum for each of the NSTP components as well as for the
accreditation of the same.

SECTION 13. Transitory Provision. - Students, who have yet to complete the Basic
ROTC, except those failing under Section 14 of this Act, may either continue in the
program component they are currently enrolled or shift to any of the another program
component, the Basic ROTC courses he has completed further.

That once he has shifted to other program component, he shall completed further.
That once he has shifted to other program component, he shall completed the NSTP
in the component.
SECTION 14. Suspension of ROTC Requirement. - The completion of ROTC
training as a requisite for graduation is hereby set-aside for those students who
despite all their academic units as of effectivity of this Act have been allowed to
graduate.

SECTION 15. Separability Clause. - If any section or provision of this act shall be
declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other section or provision not affected
thereby remain in full force and effect.

SECTION 16. Amendatory Clause. - Section 35 of Commonwealth Act No. 1


Executive Order No. 207 of 1930. Section 2 and 3 of Presidential Degree No. 1706
and Section 38 and 39 RA No. 7077 as well as all laws decrees order rules and
regulations and other issuance's inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are
hereby deemed and modified accordingly.

SECTION 17. Effectivity. - This act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its
publication in two (2) newspapers of national circulation but the implementation of
this Act shall commence in the school year 2002-2003.

Check Point

EVALUATION:
Window Hour 0800H Nov 6-7, 2020. Deadline of submission 1700H 7 Nov 2020

https://forms.gle/jVBVuHShog3qCPte9
CHAPTER 2
MILITARY ORGANIZATION

BRIEF HISTORY OF AFP

On the 22nd day of March 1897 Artemio Ricarte was elected as Capt.
General of the revolutionary army with which the first Philippine Republic was born.
The Philippine Legislature House Bill Nr 72 was then provided for the creation of the
Bureau of National Defense on 1934. On the following year, President Manuel L
Quezon signed the Commonwealth Act Nr 1, which became the legal basis for the
organization of the army in the Philippines on December 21, 1935. With the issuance
of Executive Order Nr 11, dated 11 January 1936, President Quezon caused the
designation of Jose Delos Reyes, a retired PC Colonel, as the acting Chief of Staff
following his recall to active military service. On the same day, De Los Reyes was
appointed as Brigadier General and had BGen Basilio J Sables and Col Guillermo B
Francisco as acting first and second Assistants Chief of Staff, respectively.

The AFP was organized lately in 1936. Though small and young compared
with the armies of the great world powers. Its is something that is every Filipino can
be proud of. Its epic struggle in Bataan and Coregidor opened the eyes of the world
of they believed was a mighty achievement for a small growing army such as we
had. The gallant stand and endurance of the defenders of Bataan and Corregidor
was glowing example of what a poorly equipped but estimated could do on defense
of its fatherland. The late GENERAL Mc ARTHUR paid tribute to Filipino Soldiery
when he proclaims “Give me 10,000 Filipino soldiers and I’ll conquer the World”.

LEGAL BASIS OF AFP ORGANIZATION

The following are the legal basis of the AFP Organization:

A. Constitution - The defense of the State is the AFP primary duty. All citizens, as
3

required by law, are mandated to render military service.

B. Commonwealth Act No.1 – otherwise known as the National Defense Act


which was approved on 21 December 21 December 1935.

C. Executive Order No. 11 – issued by Pres. Manuel L Quezon on 11 January


1936 that effected the organization of Headquarters, Philippine Army, as a regular
component of the AFP.

D. Commonwealth Act No. 88 - approved by Pres Manuel L Quezon on 26


January 1936 that provide for the creation of the state police force, which
nationalized the police force into a separate organization. The constabulary was
relieved of its national police power and remained as the integral part of the
Philippine army.
E. Commonwealth Act No. 343 - approved on 23 June 1938 and implemented by
Executive Order No. 15 issued the same day which effected the separation of the
Philippine Constabulary from the Philippine Army.

CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE

“The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its
goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national
territory.” (Art II, Sec 3)

THE CHAIN OF COMMAND

“The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces of the


Philippines and whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such Armed Forces
to prevent and suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion.” (Art VII, Sec 18).

The Secretary of National Defense exercises supervision and control over the
Armed Forces of the Philippines. Charge with the responsibility of directing, planning
and supervising the National Defense program

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE AFP

SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE AFP

The Chief of Staff, AFP is the highest military officer in the AFP. He has
command and control over all the elements of the AFP. He executes the President’s
command functions in relation to military strategy, tactics and operations and acts as
the immediate adviser to the Secretary of National Defense.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE AFP

A. Statement of Mission and Basic Function

Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)

a. To uphold the sovereignty of the state, support the constitution and defend the
territory of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies’ foreign or domestics.
b. To advance the national aims, interest and policies

c. To effectively plan for the organization, maintenance, development of its


active and reserve forces for national security.
d. To perform such other duties as the president may direct.
The General Headquarters (GHQ)

The Secretary of National Defense exercises supervision and control over the Armed
Forces of the Philippines. Charge with the responsibility of directing, planning and
supervising the National defense program maintaining law and order throughout the
country, and performing other functions as maybe provided law.

To provide direction and control to the Armed Forces of the Philippines, formulate
the plans and programs for the guidance of four (4) major services and other units of
the AFP and to provide AFP-Wide Support to include admin, intelligence, training,
logistics, technical and special services.

1. Chief of Staff, AFP - is the highest military officer in the AFP. He has
command and control over all the elements of the AFP. He executes the Presidents
command functions in relation to military strategy, tactics and operations and acts as
the immediate adviser top the Secretary of National Defense. He is responsible for
the planning, development and the execution of the National Defense.
2. Secretary of Joint Staff - assist in professional, technical and other functional
areas included in, but narrower than, the broad fields of interest and Joint Staff
officers and largely relating to technical, administrative and branch matter.
3. Vice-Chief of Staff - Assists the Chief of Staff and performs duties in the
absence of the CSAFP.
4. Deputy Chief of Staff -is designated by the C of S Exercises general
supervision over the general, special, administrative and technical staff services.

The AFP Joint Staff

The following are the prime responsibility of the AFP Joint Staff:

1. DCS for Personnel, J1 – The Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, J1 assists
the CSAFP in the attainment of AFP personnel objectives, to include command and
staff direction, coordination, control, recruitment and retention of Officers and
soldiers, as well as civilian employees.

2. DCS for Intelligence, J2 – Responsible for the formulation of intelligence


policies, plans and programs, and exercises control over all military intelligence
units/offices in the AFP.

3. DCS for Operations, J3 – Responsible for planning, coordination, and


supervision of all operations of the AFP.

4. DCS for Logistics, J4 – Advises the CSAFP on matters pertaining to logistical


needs of the AFP units, to include the supervision, coordination and evaluation of the
approved plans, policies and procedures pertaining to logistics.

5. DCS for Plans, J5 – In charge with the preparation of long range policies and
plans of the AFP.

6. DCS for Comptrollership, J6 – Directs, coordinates, and supervises matters


pertaining to budgeting, accounting, financial auditing, and management of the AFP.
7. DCS for Civil Military Operations, J7 – Assists and advises the CSAFP on the
conduct of civil relation activities of the AFP and build up strong home defense in all
areas of the country.

8. DCS for Training and Education, J8 – Formulates policies pertaining to


manpower development and training of the AFP.

9. DCS for Materiel Development, J9 – Administers the modernization program


of the AFP covering all aspects pertaining to the development of military personnel
and equipment.

10. DCS for Reservists and retirees Affairs, J10 – Plans and formulates policies
pertaining to the development of all reservists and retirees of the AFP.

The Special Staff

The Special Staff of the AFP is consist of two (2) staff groups which advises the
CSAFP on matters pertaining to their specialized fields of service or activity.

The Administrative Staff

1. The Adjutant General (TAG) – Maintains and manages officials records of the
AFP.

2. The Provost Marshal General (TPMG) - Advice the CSAFP on


promulgation/enforcement of laws, orders and regulations for maintenance of order
and discipline.

3. Chief Special Services (CSS) - The Spl Svc plans and supervises programs to
develop and maintain the physical and mental well-being of the personnel and
provide entertainment sport and recreational activities for the AFP.

4. Chief Historical Activities - The Chief, Military History plans, coordinates,


supervises and executes the historical program of the AFP.

5. Chief Chaplain Service (C, CHS) - The C, CHS advises the Chief of Staff,
AFP on religious moral character guidance in the AFP.

6. Chief, AFP Management Information Center (C, AFPMIC) - The C, AFPMIC


provides management information necessary in the formulation of the policies and in
decision making, particularly for strategic planning, operations and management
control areas.

7. The Judge Advocate General (TJAG) – Serves as the Chief Law Officer of the
AFP (Military Establishment) and the chief Legal adviser of the Secretary of National
Defense on military matters, he supervises the system military justice throughout the
AFP.
The AFP Technical Staff:

1. The Surgeon General (TSG) – Plans, coordinates, and supervises all


activities of the Medical Service for the C of S, AFP to achieve maximum results for
efficient service.

2. The Chief Communication Electronics (TCCE) - Assists the CSAFP in the


formulation of policies, preparation of plans and supervision of communication-
electronics activities of the AFP.

3. The Chief Dental Service (TCDS) - Plans, coordinates and supervises the
activities of the AFP Dental Service for the CSAFP

4. The Chief Nurse, AFP (CNAFP) - Assists the CSAFP in the formulation of
policies and in the planning, coordination and supervision of all matters pertaining to
the Nurse Corps, AFP and Nursing Service.

5. The QM Graves Registration Company (QMGRC) - Provides service for the


proper disposition of deceased AFP personnel and the operation and maintenance
of AFP cemeteries.

6. The Chief Ordinance and Chemical Service (TCOCS) - Plans, coordinates


and supervises for the C of S, AFP the ordinance and Chemical activities of the AFP.

7. The Chief of Engineers (TCE)- Supervises all construction required for the
National Defense including land and seacoast, defenses the maintenance of such
construction and the operation of all utilities, except those that may be specifically,
assigned to other services by the CSAFP direct all works pertaining to the design
and construction of buildings, structure, airfields, land and seacoast defense and
utilities of the AFP.

D. AFP Wide Service Support Units (AFPWSSU)

1. AFP Logistics Command (AFLC)


2. Intelligence Service AFP (ISAFP)
3. AFP Medical Center (AFPMC)
4. Philippine Military Academy (PMA)
5. AFP Joint Command and Staff College (AFPJCSC)
6. Communications Electronics and Information Systems Service, AFP
(CEISSAFP)
7. AFP Centralized Construction Center (AFPCCC)
8. AFP Research and Development Center (AFPRDC)
9. AFP Finance Center (AFPFC)
10. AFP Dental Service (AFPDS)
11. Commissary and Exchange Service (AFPCES)
12. AFP Mapping Center (AFPMC)
13. Civil Relations Service (CRS)
14. AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM)
15. Presidential Security Group (PSG)
16. Office of Ethical Standard and Public Accountabilities (OESPA)
E. AFP Area/Unified Commands

1. Northern Luzon Command (NOLCOM)


2. Southern Luzon Command (SOLCOM)
3. Western Luzon Command (WESCOM)
4. Central Luzon Command (CENTCOM)
5. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)
6. Eastern Mindanao Command (EASTMINCOM)
7. Western Mindanao Command (WESTMINCOM)

F. The Major Services:

1. Primary Responsibility:

The Philippine Army (PA)- charge with the development of the regular and
services ground forces of the AFP.

The Philippine Air Force (PAF)- charge with the development of the air
elements of the AFP.

The Philippine Navy (PN)- charge with the development naval element of the
AFP.

2. Mission of the Major Services:

Philippine Army

1. To organize, train and equip army forces for the conduct of prompt and
sustain land combat operation.
2. To develop tactics, doctrine, procedures, techniques and equipment needed
by the army for field operation.
3. To train, organize and equip all army serve units and make them mobilized in
lesser of span of time.
4. To perform such other function as higher authorities may direct.

Philippine Air Force

1. To organize, train and equip air forces prompt and sustained operation in the
air.
2. To organize, train and equip air forces close support of ground forces
3. To develop, doctrines, procedures, tactics, techniques and equipment for join
operation peculiar to the air force.
4. To furnish aerial photograph for cartographic purposed
5. To perform such others function as higher authorize may direct.
Philippine Navy

1. To organize, train, equip, maintain and operate naval force and naval aircraft
including naval reserve, and assistance, required by the other components of the
AFP in accomplishments of its mission.
2. To assist government agencies in the enforcement of laws and regulations
pertaining to navigation, emigration, costumes, revenue, opium, quarantine fishing
and neutrality in the territorial and continuous water of the Philippine archipelago.
3. To develop doctrines, procedures, and naval equipment of join operation and
the doctrine and procedures for amphibious operation.
4. To be responsible for the naval phases of the reconnaissance, anti-submarine
to warfare and the protection of shipping.
5. To perform such pother duties as higher authorities may direct.

G. AFP Components:

The AFP has two (2) major components, namely: the Regular and the Reserve
Components.

The Regular Components consist of all standing forces as directed by the President,
The President may attach to the standing forces or may assigned to duty with any
component of the standing forces such members of reserves officers and trainees as
he may deemed necessary.

The Reserve Components consist of numbers of the reserve unit in the major
services of the AFP wide-support and separate Units and Affiliated Reserve Units as
the President may authorize. The organization Reserve land, sea and air units, shall
in so far as practicable, be that of the presentable of organization and equipment
(TOE) or table of distribution (TD) of the unit forces of the major services.
CHAPTER 3
PHILIPPINE MILITARY HISTORY

HISTORY OF THE AFP


Filipinos have never been known as militaristic people unlike the Japanese,
Germans, Mexicans or Pakistanis, although many historians noted the fact that the
early Filipinos were described as warlike. But being warlike is different from being
militaristic. In any event, Filipinos, by nature, are non-conformist individuals who are
likely to resist regimentation. If forced to do so, we resort to ridiculing the authorities
that try to enforce such compliance. This is both a boon and bane to the Filipino
character. By being individualistic, we place a higher value on the individual human
life and his rights. On the other hand, such an attitude erodes discipline, which is a
vital pre-requisite for the evolution of nationhood.

When the Spaniards first came to the Philippines on March 16, 1521, they tried to
establish dominion over our ancestors. Some of the tribes and chieftains submitted
after they were given an impressive demonstration of Spanish firepower. When the
Mactan Chieftain Lapu-Lapu refused to pay homage, the Portuguese leader of the
Spanish expedition Captain-General Ferdinand Magellan on April 26, Lapu-Lapu and
his warriors numbering 1,500 strong defeated the over confident Magellan with his
60 Spanish fusiliers supported by mortar fire, shipborne cannon fire and the
presence of 1,500 warriors from Rajah Humabon, although it should be pointed out
that Rajah Humabon‟s warrior did not participate in the battle in accordance with
Magellan‟s order. The latter was killed along with 8 of his men and 4 Christian native
auxiliaries while Lapu-Lapu lost at least 15 men. This was the first recorded-armed
encounter involving Filipinos.

The Spaniards were forced to leave the island when their abuses forced even their
friends to abandon them but they came in February 1570 in an expedition under
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andres de Urdaneta and Martin de Goiti, who were
joined later by Legazpi‟s grandson, Juan de Salcedo, led by the Spanish forces in
subduing one tribe kingdom after another. In 1570 and 1571, De Goiti attacked and
destroyed the huge settlements of Maynilad (Manila) under Rajah Sulaiman and
Rajah Lakandula, eventually making Manila the capital of the New Spanish Colony of
the Philippine Island. In conquering the islands, the Spaniards employed the proven
policy of conquer divide rule recruiting warriors from the tribes, they used this to
subdue other tribes, repeating the process in other parts of the Archipelago.
Ironically, the enlistment of native Filipinos for Spanish service was the first formal
military service rendered by Filipinos. An informal military aspect also emerged
simultaneously with numerous uprising against Spain.
THE HOMEGROUND INFORMAL MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE UPRISING
AGAINST SPAIN

The various uprising against Spain necessitated the formation of military units
although there is limited information about them. But it is most likely that these units
were formed on geographical or clan basis. Thus villages involved in these uprising
formed units of their own commanded by the village leaders or other appointed or
elected leaders. These units have sub-units formed according to clans or blood
relations. For the most part, they have little training, poorly armed and poorly lacking
in tactical leadership, organization and logistical support. The only thing they have
was abundant of courage. Because of this shortcoming, the superior arms of the
Spaniards and the inability of the different tribes to unite, these uprising failed. One
of the few exceptions is the Dagohoy rebellion in Bohol, which lasted for 85 years
from 1744 to 1829.

Dagohoy rose up against Spaniards when Spanish Jesuit priest refused church
burial to his brother who died in the service of the Church. Rallying 3,000 Boholanos,
he defeated every expedition that the Spanish authorities in Manila sent against him.
Bohol at that time existed as a virtually independent state. Even long after he died,
the Boholanos continued the successful resistance against Spain. Looking at these
events in hindsight, we can deduce that Dagohoy is more than a charismatic and
effective leader. He is also an able organizer, or at least, can motivate others to work
in organizing his forces in that way, these were institutionalized such that unto
continued to fight effectively long after he died. In this event, we can surmise that we
have one of the first institution-oriented military organizations in our history.

FILIPINOS IN SPANISH MILITARY ARM SERVICE

Very early in their rule, the Spaniards realized that they need the help of the native
Filipinos if they are to keep themselves in power. As stated earlier, they sought to do
this by the policy of conquer-divide-rule. Subsequently, the Spaniards recruited large
number of Filipinos for military service either as auxiliaries, infantry of support forces.
These recruits proved to be a great value to them as they conquered the entire
archipelago, and later beat off the attacks of foreign powers that tried to seize this
island.

Later, the Filipinos also accounted for the larger components of Spanish expeditions
to the Moluccas, Celebes (Now Suluwasi, Indonesia) and Papua (Now Papua New
Guinea and Irian Java, Indonesia) in the 19th century and Cambodia and Formosa in
the 19th century, some of the Filipino elements of the Spanish expeditions that came
to the aid of the Cambodian King remained in the latter‟s service in all these. The
Filipinos distinguished themselves by their courage, loyalty and leadership talents
such that some native Filipinos like Pedro Cabinet who led one of the columns
against Dagohoy forces, rose to senior ranks despite the unofficial Spanish policy of
allowing the Filipinos to rise the rank of senior sergeants only, of particular interest is
the formation of 73 native regiment. At the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution,
Spain had 1,500 Spanish troops in the Philippines augmented by 6,000 native
soldiers.

THE FIRST FORMAL TRULY FILIPINO MILITARY ORGANIZATION

After 323 years of Spanish rule, the pent-up feelings against the oppressive
foreigners exploded in the Phil revolution of 1896. The Filipino army of this revolution
was drawn from the ranks of the secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio. The
KATAAS-TAASAN KAGALANG-GALANGAN KATIPUNAN NG ANAK NG MGA
ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK). This army is not much different from the earlier uprising
against Spain in terms of organization, weapons, training and battlefield tactical
leadership. However, the main difference is that this army is truly national in
character and not of the native class, tribe, geography or blood relation but on love of
the native land. Its members were drawn from the entire spectrum of the Filipino
people composed of native Indo-Malays, Chinese immigrants and Spanish creoles
and other half-breeds. This sense of national unit gave this army the strength but of
proportion to its members for actual combat power.

As the revolution progressed, the need for a more formally military organization
came to the force and the first units were formed according to provinces with the
educated members of those areas as the leaders. The revolution is acknowledged to
have 2 phases:

1. The peasant-initiated revolution spearheaded by the Katipunan up to the time


of the Biak-na-Bato Pack.
2. The return of Aguinaldo to the proclamation of Philippine Independence of
June 12, 1898.

Admittedly, the military organization of the second phase is much more formal and
much better than those of the first phase.

In between these phases, there was a power struggle between the Magdiwang
faction of Bonifacio and the Magdalo faction of Aguinaldo. This was resolved with the
execution of Bonifacio on trumped up of charges filed by some misguided supporters
of Aguinaldo, hence forth, there was to be only one chain of command in the
revolutionary army.

In the Tejeros convention of 1897, the revolutionary government was organized.


Among the agreed appointments is the designation on March 22, 1897 of General
Artemio Ricarte as the first Captain (Commanding General) of the revolution (Phil)
army with General Antonio Luna as Minister of War and Director of Operations.
Provision were made for the formalization of various arms of the army such as the
Artillery, Cavalry, Ordnance, Commissary, Quartermaster, Signal, Medical and
Dental Services as well as the local Sandatahan (Militia).
The infant Philippine Army had its baptism of fire as the army of an independent
republic during the war against America on February 4, 1899. The army about
30,000 men whom 16,000 were fully armed except 26,000 poorly armed militia. The
Americans at first had about 26,000 men in two divisions. Better armed, trained
organized and supplied. The Americans pushed back the Filipinos switched to

guerilla warfare when the regular army disintegrated. The Americans, in spite of
several battlefield victories and greatly strengthen force (70,000), could not win the
war and resorted to

extreme brutality and savagery that exceeded the cruelties displayed by their
Spanish predecessors specially in areas where Filipino guerilla units were most
effective. Eventually, the Americans grouped down the revolutionary forces, which
were hastened by the capture of President Aguinaldo in 1901. The Americans
considered the surrender of General Miguel Malvar of Batangas as the end of
Philippine campaign.

Nevertheless, Filipino resistance continued even up to 1910, General Ricarte was


captured and forced to exile when he refused to swear allegiance to the American
flag. He died in 1945 still a defiant patriot. Others who continued to resist were
Macario Sakay who proclaimed himself as the President of the Tagalog Republic
and General Bicol. Sakay was convinced to surrender by the educated members of
the area where he was operation. After accepting an American offer for amnesty, he
became down from the hills as a hero, only to be seized by the Americans, tried as a
bandit and hanged. Other leaders emerged, usually from the local origins, which
marked the 1901 to 1910 as COLORUM movements.

There were nationalist movements who sought to continue the revolution in a


religious fashion. The term COLORUM is a corruption of the part of a prayer “DEO
SECULA SECULURUM)” attracting thousands of followers who never accepted the
Americans as their new masters. They waged was with fanatical fervor and
Americans had to resort to even greater cruelties to suppress these people. After
1910, serious armed resistance surely declined. The Philippine Army had ceased to
exist as coherent fighting force even before that time.

THE COMMONWEALTH ARMY (1935-1945)

With the passing of the Tyding-McDuffle Law in 1934, the Commonwealth of the
Philippine was inaugurated in 1935. This form of government is to be a transitory one
that will last for 10 years which will give way to full independence in 1945. The first
law passed by this government was the Commonwealth (National Defense) Act Nr 1
CIRCA 1935. This act provides for the establishment of the National Defense
Forces. Consequently, the Philippine Army of the Commonwealth was reactivated on
Jan 11, 1936 Pur to Exec Order Nr 11 with Philippine Constabulary elements as its
nucleus. It should be pointed out that the commonwealth
President Quezon ordered this procedure against the advice of General Vicente Lim
who wanted to form an army from scratch.

To act as the adviser of the reconstituted Philippine Army is the retired American
General Douglas McArthur who made a Field Marshall of the Commonwealth on
June 19 1936. Gen. McArthur originally envisioned an aggressive defense to carry
out on the landing beaches with air and naval forces interdicting the invading enemy
forces then hitting him with strong land forces when he landed on the beach.

President Quezon hoped that McArthur‟s stature and influence on the American
government will result to favorable actions by the U.S government with regard to the
availability of defense equipment and special procurement prices for other items but
this did not materialize. With the lack of funds from the Commonwealth and support
form the U.S Congress, the Philippine Defense program stagnated so that instead of
25,000 men, 200 Aircraft, 50 Naval craft, 2 Submarines and Artillery, Anti-Aircraft
and Armor Units, the Commonwealth Armed Forces only have 2 under-equipped
regular divisions totaling 100,000 troops, 18 assorted aging aircraft of the Army Air
Corps, 3 Patrol Boats of the Army off-shore patrol, limited Artillery and Anti-Aircraft
capability and Armor. The 10 Reserve Divisions were drawn from 10 Military Districts
in which the Philippines divided.

On July 26, 1941, U.S President Franklin Delano Roosebelt called into the services
of the U.S Army the 2 Regular and 10 Reserve Divisions of the Phil Army to become
part of the US Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). The following day, the
different Regiments of these Reserve Divisions were called to active status and
training began at earliest time.

WORLD WAR II

WWII broke-out in the Philippines on December 8, 1941 when the Japanese bombed
various targets in the country. Following the destruction of American Naval fleet in
Hawaii and the US Army Air Corps in the Philippines. The country was left open to
invasion and the Japanese 14th Army under General Homma landed in Lingayen,
Pangasinan almost unopposed on December 10. Filipino-American forces tried to
halt almost their advance but were unsuccessful. McArthur decided to implement
and old Naval Defense Plan Orange–3, which call for the concentration of main
defense forces to Bataan with Corregidor blocking the entry or use of Manila Bay. As
a consequence, Manila was declared an Open City and the Japanese occupied the
city on January 2, 1942.

The Japanese Commander LtGen Masahuro Homma failed to appreciate the


Filipino-American withdrawal to Bataan and was forced to fight the Battle of Bataan
from January 9 to April 19, 1942. Initially suffering a series of defeats on the
Peninsula from January to early February, the Japanese launched their final assault
on the Fil-Am forces and forced the American commander MGen Edward P King to
surrender on April 9, A follow-up aerial and artillery bombardment of Corregidor
Island culminating in an amphibious landing forced the American commander LtGen
Jonathan Wainwright to surrender the Corregidor Garrison on May 6 1942, About
70,000 Filipino and 15,000 American troops were taken prisoner in Bataan and
made to undergo the now-infamous death march while another 16,000 Americans
and 2,000 Filipinos were captured in Corregidor. In surrendering the Corregidor
Garrison, Wainwright also directed the surrender of the Fil-Am Forces in the Visayas
and Mindanao.

THE ARMY OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1946-1972)

After the war, the Philippine Army was in a semi-chaotic state with a variety of units
and agencies headed by officers with limited qualifications and armed with weapons
and equipment either captured from the Japanese or given by the Americans. To
restore some order, these disparate units were merged into five divisions and the
general and special staffs as well as the air corps and offshore patrol were
organized.

The first President of the third Republic Manuel Rosa recognized the Armed Forces
by issuing Executive Order Nr 92 dated October 4, 1947. The Army was renamed
the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its Headquarters called the National
Defense Forces. On May 6,1948, 4 military areas were activated replacing the 10th
Military Districts of the Pre-War years. On the same date, the military training
command, the off-shore patrol and the air corps were elevated to major commands
designated respectively as the Philippine Ground Force, The Philippine Naval Patrol
and the Philippine Air Force.

In 1950, 7 Army Commands and 26 Battalion Combat Team (BCTS) were organized.
Five (5) of these BCTS took turns in serving with the

Philippine Expeditionary Forces to KOREA (PEFTOK) from 1950-1953. On


December 30 of that same year, President Quirino issued executive order Nr 359
which provide for the creation of the four major services in the AFP, Namely:
PHILIPPINE ARMY, PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY, PHILIPPINE NAVY and
PHILIPPINE AIRFORCE. With the AFP facing the menace of the growing HUK
communist rebellion, a new type of fighting method and a new unit was called
HUKBALAHAP (HUKBONG BAYAN LABAN SA HAPON), they renamed their Army
Hukbong Magpapalaya sa Bayan (People‟s Liberation Army or HMB) and they
posed a serious threat to the newly reconstituted Republic. It was then that the Scout
Rangers were organized by then Captain Rafael Ileto. Using the training he received
as a US Army Ranger and as an Alamo Scout as basis, he and a select group of
young Army Officers and Enlisted Personnel experienced on tactics, organization
and techniques until they came up with the Scout Ranger method warfare. Using
such small, hard hitting and highly mobile units, the army decimated the ranks of the
HUKs leading to its neutralization. When the need for the Scout Rangers no longer
existed and because of disciplinary problems brought about by lack of combat
action, the First Scout Ranger Regiment was deactivated in 1959.

On July 1, 1957, HPA was organized with BGen Leoncio Tan as Commanding
General. In the late 1960‟s the Army was also utilized as a National Defense Force
and as nation-builder. Subsequently, the Army Corps of Engineers with the 51st
Engineer Brigade as nucleus was organized by the early 1970‟s, the Army have one
Regular Division (1st “TABAK” Division), and three (3) independent brigades (2nd,
4th and 5th) as well as supporting Anti-Tank, Artillery and independent Armor
company size units.

Perhaps the ugliest episode involving the military during this period was the
infamous Jabidah Massacre of 1968. The Army Special Forces recruited scores of
Muslims for special training in Corregidor. Unknown to these recruits, they were
being projected for clandestine operations in Sabah, Malaysia in order to undermine
Malaysian control and to Buttress the country‟s claim to that area. When the recruits
learned about this, they refused to be involved in any project involving any fighting
with fellow Muslims. No one can specifically pinpoint who gave the order but the fact
is their Special Forces cadres mercilessly massacred these recruits. Only one
escaped and he lived to tell the table to congress and to the world.

THE MARTIAL LAW YEARS AND THE FOURTH REPUBLIC (1972-1986)

On September 21, 1972, President Marcos proclaimed a state of Martial Law all over
the country. He dissolved Congress, imprisoned his political opponents and
concentrated all power in his hands using the police and military to do so. He
justified his actions by claiming that the country is facing moral degeneration, its
political institutions riddled with corruption and a serious communist challenge as
evidenced by their attempted arms landing in Palanan, Isabela using the now
infamous seagoing vessel M/V Karagatan. Faced with this serious resurgent
communist insurgency led by the New People‟s Army (NPA) and a Muslim-
dominated secessionist movement under the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF),
Marcos expanded the Army from 29,000 in 1972 to 65,000 in 1986 and strengthened
the 3 independent brigades to full divisions. During this time, several units were
activated to enable the Armed Forces and particularly the Army to accomplish its
given missions. The Philippine Army Light Armor Regiment (PALAR, later renamed
as a Brigade hence PALAB) was organized and the First Scout Ranger Regiment
(FSRR) was reactivated.

The early Martial Law years saw the Army fighting on two fronts. The Army then
decided to hold the secessionist in the South with mobilized reservists while their
best troops were pitted against the communist guerillas in north particularly in
Isabela. With the capture and neutralization of their prominent leaders like NPA Chief
Bernabe Buscayno a.k.a. Dante and Jose Maria Sison, Communists Party of the
Philippines (CPP) Chairman, the communist insurgency declined for few years. With
the threat to the North reduced, the AFP redirected its main effort to the South, and
despite suffering 6,000 fatalities, inflected several defeats on the MNLF forcing it to
negotiate with the Tripoli Agreements of 1976 as the result.

The period of stability and progress was short lived-lived, however. The
mismanagement of the economy by the Marcos government and the excesses
committed by the members of his family and officials led to growing unrest and the
government found it expedient to use more repressive measures. Unfortunately for
the military and especially for the constabulary, these institutions became the
primary instruments for such actions. Moreover, the military lost much of its
professionalism when it fell to the control of political General whose primary
qualification was loyalty to the administration.

Everything took a nose-dive when the Chief oppositionist to Marcos former Senator
Benigno Aquino was assassinated on the Tarmac of the Manila International Airport
on August 21, 1983 when he came home from voluntary exile to the U. S. ostensibly
to seek a meeting with Marcos to draft a National Reconciliation Program. The
damage to image of the military during this period took long time to heal and even
now, the AFP is still haunted by Human Rights issues. The NPA more than regained
its lost strength and grew by leaps and bounds reaching its zenith in 1986 with
25,000 guerillas from only 3,000 in 1979. It was at this time that professional,
technical and ethical standards of the Army fell drastically with casualties excising
1,000 a year for several years while killing only half as many communist guerillas.
This is primarily because several commanders were promoted and designated to
their positions on the basis of their loyalty and not their qualifications. Resentment
within the military grew and such environment, the reform the AFP movement (RAM)
had its beginning, headed by Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile‟s security Chief
Colonel Gregorio “Gringo” Honasan, it actively sought the discontinuation of corrupt
practices in the AFP although most part, these reform adherent are themselves
accountable for some questionable of their own.

After 7 years as legitimate President, 9 years as dictator and over 4 years as


authoritarian President, Marcos bowed to international and public pressure and
called for “SNAP” election for Feb 7, 1986 if only to consolidate this rule. The
opposition rallied behind Senator Aquino‟s widow Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino. The
election was a chaotic and bloody as any in Philippine History and up to now the
result is an open question. In any case, whether the actual results may have been
were overtaken by event when Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile tried to mount a
Coup d‟ Etat against Marcos using the 49th IB under then Major Brillantes. The plan
failed when counter-intelligence units then AFP Chief Of staff General Favian C Ver
uncovered the plot and these 2 officers and a few others were arrested on Feb 22,
1986. Unformed by sympathizers that an arrest order has been issued against him,
Enrile barricaded himself in the Defense Ministry Building in Camp Aguinaldo and
sought the support of then AFP Vice Chief Of Staff and PC/INP Chief LtGen Fidel V
Ramos. Dissatisfied with state affairs in the AFP, LtGen Ramos joined Enrile also
barricaded himself inside Camp Crame across EDSA from Camp Aguinaldo. The two
leaders announced their withdrawal of support from Marcos and proclaimed Corazon
C. Aquino as the rightful President. These two only had less than 700 men between
them.

Oppositionist Agapito Aquino, brother of the slain Senator and Manila Archbishop
Jaime Cardinal Sin joined the fray when they publicly urged the people to surround
the Camps in order to protect the Enrile and Ramos forces from Marcos troops using
their bodies. Thus what later came to be known as the EDSA PEOPLE POWER
REVOLUTION. The commander of what later came to be called as Marcos loyalist
forces was BGen Artemio Tadiar of the Philippine Marines. As his marines
advanced, they were blocked by masses of civilian and Gen. Tadiar found it
impossible either to advance or fire over the heads of the people. Other forces
moving into positions were similarly blocked. Meanwhile, small groups of officers and
soldiers were making their way to Camp Crame in order to defect to the Enrile-
Ramos forces (by this time, the Enrile-Ramos troops consolidated at the PC/INP
Headquarters). A planeload of PC/INP personnel flew to the Manila Domestic Airport
to join Gen. Ramos was surrounded and disarmed. The tide turned on February 24,
1986 when a fight of several Sikorsky Gunships who are ordered to strafed Camp
Crame landed on the said camp and defected instead. Military support for Marcos
eroded swiftly and accepted the U. S. offer to fly him out of Malacanang Palace. He
was eventually forced into exile in Hawaii where he died in 1989. It was the most
bloodless “REVOLUTION” his history.

THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 – PRESENT)

The period following the departure of Marcos and Gen. Ver were the most confusing
in the AFP History. The people Power Revolution of 1986 restored great degree of
the faith of FILIPINO PEOPLE in the AFP, but most of the members of the AFP,
although they refused to obey Marcos order to attack and shed the People‟s blood,
nevertheless found it extremely difficult to accept Mrs. Aquino as President and
Commander-In-Chief matters were made worse by agitators elements, many of them
identified with Marcos loyalist, who stoked fires of discontent. The military is in state
of painful transition and wracked by internal wrangling. The war against NPA is being
lost and casualties continued to mount. Top it all, elements of the AFP were involved
in Anti -Government actions and between February 25, 1986 to the end of Mrs.
Aquino term on June 30, 1992, no less than five (5) attempted coups and three (3)
rebellions had to be suppressed.
ATTEMPTED COUPS

Manila Hotel incident (July 7, 1986) – Active and former military personnel led by
BGen Jose Maria Carlos Zumel and Marcos running-mate Arturo Tolentino,
supported by Pro -Marcos civilians occupied Manila Hotel and tried to stage a people
power revolution of their own but failed only after a few days. A controversial
outcome of this incident is the way that AFP Chief of Staff General Ramos
“Punished”. The Military participants in this action by merely making personnel who
were involved in this serious offense set bad precedent and only encouraged others
to get themselves involved in similar undertakings.

GOD SAVE THE QUEEN incident (November 1986) – Defense Minister Enrile is
grossly dissatisfied with the way President Aquino is managing the country
particularly her reported “Coddling” of communist sympathizers. His security Chief
Colonel Honasan hatched a plan to take over the Government and reduce President
Aquino to mere figure with Minister Enrile as the real power. AFP Chief of Staff Fidel
V Ramos prevented this and the attempt was never made.

Channel 4 incident (January 1987) – Colonel Canlas of the PAF tried to mount a
coup and occupied the Government Channel 4 Station. Thousand of pro-Ramos
civilians including some movie stars like Miss Elizabeth Oropesa rallied Col. Canlas
in the hope that AFP will defect to them but after 2 days of stalemate, the actions
fizzled out and the participants surrendered to the government forces.

August 28, 1987 Coup – This daylong rebellion was planned and carried out by
Colonel Honasan and supported by RAM troops and elements of the Army Scout
Rangers and other AFP Units. The rebel‟s soldiers occupied the GHQ Building and
parts of Camp Aguinaldo. Government Forces attacked and recaptured the Camp
but GHQ building was destroyed by F-5 jets and Trojan (Tora -Tora) attack aircraft.
About 90 people were killed and twice as many wounded in this attempted coup. By
the late afternoon, it was all over. Perhaps the most surprising development of this
incident is the realization that discontent in the AFP is widespread judging by the
number of the AFP units that began unauthorized movements

towards Manila, ostensibly to reinforce the government forces by suspected by the


intelligence community as actually secretly sympathizers to the rebels.

December 1- 9, 1989 COUP – This is the bloodiest and most serious challenge ever
faced by the government from discontented military elements. Participation by AFP
personnel and units was widespread and action broke-out simultaneously in different
locations all over the country with more serious ones in Metro Manila and Mactan Air
Base in Cebu. Involved were several Scout Ranger, Infantry and Armor Units,
Marines, Airforce Pilots and Planes and Navy Units. Several active Generals and
Flag Officers were also involved. Malacanang Palace itself was bombed 11:00 a.m.
RAM-SFP (Reform the Armed Forces Movement later renamed Rebulosyonaryong
Alyansang Makabayan-Soldiers of the Filipino People) air assets controlled the air
over Metro Manila and Y. O. U. (Young Officers Union) Officer leading the coup sent
an ultimatum to President Aquino to surrender but the President refused. At 2:00
p.m., U. S. Air Force F4 Phantom Jets made several "Persuasion Flights" thereby
discouraging RAM-SFP planes from flying missions over the capital. The PAF F-5
pilots loyal to the government who were unable to take action against their former
comrades now tool the air and destroyed the RAM-SFP planes on the ground at
Sangley Point while these were being refueled and re-armed. Control of the air
reverted back to the government forces.

Nevertheless, the fighting continued as government and rebel forces battled across
Metro Manila. Whole units became involved, defected, split, mis -encountered or
simply disintegrated in the confusion that followed. Defeated in their attempts to take
Camp Aguinaldo and Malacanang, 700 rebel soldiers under LTC Canlas fell back to
the Makati financial district after over 300 rebel Marines surrendered earlier.
Negotiations initiated by then PMA Superintendent BGen Arturo Enrile led to the
Scout Rangers "March Back" to barracks with their arms on December 7, Two days
later, the leader of the coup in Cebu BGen Edgardo Abenina surreptitiously left the
rebel positions in Mactan and went into hiding. The remaining rebel forces
surrendered. Over 600 persons died and more than a thousand wounded in this
misadventure.

POCKET REBELLION BY MILITARY ELEMENTS

1. Black Forest Incidents (April 1987) - Former military personnel hijacked a fire truck
and rammed the Army detention center near gate 1 of Ft Bonifacio and set some of
their comrades free. Later they occupied HPA and took several officers and EP as
hostages. Refusing to surrender, The Commanding General, Phil Army MGen
Rodolfo Canieso ordered the 4th Scout Ranger Coy to storm HPA and recapture it,
which they did with minimal casualties on both sides. Only one Black Forest soldier
was killed and a few men wounded.

2. Aguinaldo Caper (March 4, 1990) - Former PC colonel and incumbent and


Cagayan Valley governor at the time of the incident, Rodolfo Aguinaldo declared his
non-recognition of Pres Aquino‟s government as legitimate government of the
country.

This is in reaction to the moves of the government to mount legal action against him
for his alleged involvement in the December coup. Supported by active and former
military personnel, native tribesmen and CAFGU militiamen loyal to him, he
surrounded the hotel occupied by the AFP J-7 BGen Oscar Florendo and his party
who came to Tuguegarao to mediate with him. BGen Florendo was negotiating with
Aguinaldo's representative at the ground floor of the hotel when a firefight broke out
between the rebel elements and the members of Florendo's party under Col.
Emiliano Templo who were occupying the second floor. Florendo's was killed and the
government launched a massive mopping up operation in Cagayan using the
marines brought over from Manila. The rebel forces disintegrated with minimal
bloodshed and rebellion ended.

3. Noble Uprising (Oct 1990) - The last of the military destabilizing adventures, then
Col. Alexander Noble escaped from detention, made his way to Mindanao and won
over several elements of the 402nd Inf Bde including elements of the 23IB 2LABn,
and others. The rebel forces occupied part of Camp Evangelista in Cagayan De Oro
City. BGen Enrile again mediated and the crisis was resolved with Noble
volunteering to be placed in the custody of the SND. Many of the rebel soldiers,
however, went AWOL and it was several months before they can be convinced to
return to military control. After the Noble uprising, the AFP entered a period of
relative stability. The strange thing is, while all these were happening, the Army
found a way to finally stop and turn back the communist insurgency. Major Alex B
Cogmon collated the different successful approaches by the different Army units
against the CPP/NPA and made it into a doctrine called Special Operation Team
(SOT) concept. In this concept, Cogmon proposed to reverse the military approach
to the insurgency problem by destroying the political structure first to be followed by
destroying the military capability of the insurgents instead of the other way around.
First implemented in 4ID by an initially skeptical BGen Mariano Adalem, it was a
resounding success. When Adalem became CG, PA he institutionalized the SOT
Concept and implemented the doctrine throughout the Army. It was the beginning of
the end for the NPA as its combat strength sharply declined from 25,000 in 1987 to
6,000 in 1995 and the number of barangays influenced by them fell drastically.

4. The Establishment of the PNP - The 1987 constitution mandated further changes
in the structure of the Armed Forces. The existing militia, the civilian Home Defense
force, was ordered disbanded and was replaced beginning in 1988 with new auxiliary
force under the direct control of military regulars. More significantly, the 1987
constitution calls for the government "to establish and maintain one police force,
which shall be national in scope and civilian in character." Pursuant to that mandate,
Aquino signed a law directing that the Philippine Constabulary, one of the four
military services, be combined with the civilian Integrated National Police to form the
Philippine National Police. The process of integrating the two organizations under a
newly created Department of Interior and Local Government began on January 1
1991.

At present, the Army is facing a potentially renewed threat of secessionism in the


south. It is brought about by greater belligerence being displayed by the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a break away group from the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF), the fundamentalist ABU SAYYAF group and the
subsequent counter-actions by Christian vigilante groups out to protect themselves
from any outbreak of fighting. At t he same time, the entire AFP is undertaking a
modernization program that will upgrade the country's external defense capability.
The signing of Peace agreement between Nur Misuari of the MNLF and the
Government of President Ramos is a positive development although it faces
considerable opposition especially from the Christian Communities in Mindanao.

Ten years after the EDSA revolution, the AFP has regained prestige and credibility in
the eyes of the people and government. The rebellions and the Human Rights issues
were slowly being resolved. The communist challenge has been beaten back and
the greater discipline and professionalism repeatedly displayed by the members of
the military establishment has earned admiration from critical observers both here
and abroad. Of course the AFP is still faced with serious problems such as
organization, equipment, pay and allowances, facilities, training and more effective
leadership especially at the tactical level. But with greater awareness and a higher
sense of duty among the military, we are confident that we are on the right path
towards the achievement of modern, effective, professional and truly popular Armed
Forces of the people.

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CHAPTER 4
AFP CORE VALUES

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Code of Ethics – is systematic and collection or digest of all the morale ethical and
legal principles and with members of an institutions, communism as profession freely
and publicly live themselves in achieve their common role duty or purpose to society.

Value – is a quality of a person subject or action which as individual consistently


considers professes in words and reflects in his life style in fulfillment of response to
an Inner image/dream aspiration.

Preamble – The introduction that state the reason and intent of the code.

Professionalism – Expert application of knowledge and skills based on the scientific


body of principles and knowledge governed by this code ethics for accomplishment
of the AFP mission.

Public Trust and Respect – Confidence and credibility.

Nationality Territory – Geographical area belonging to our under jurisdiction of the


republic of the Philippines.

Constitutional Mandate – Refers to the power and role specified by the constitution
for AFP.

Sovereignty – Power autonomy and independence of a state.

National Authority – The completeness or individuals use and oneness of the


nation.

Civilian Authority – The power and authority of the elected president to exercise
command and control over all armed forces as commander in chief.

Chain of Command – The flow of authority from the commander in chief down to
the chief of staff AFP and to the lowest rank in hierarchy for effect control,
supervision and authority of command as mandate by the constitution.

Tradition – are inherited principles, standard and practices that serve as the
established guides for individuals or group. It is also accumulated experience and
deeds passed on from generation to generation both in memory and reality.

Custom – Are accepted practice realized through continued usage that take the
forces and effect of a command law.
PREAMBLE

We the members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, imploring enlightenment


from Almighty God. In order to achieve and maintain a professional organization,
worthy of public trust and respect faithful to its constitutional mandate as the
protector of the people the sovereignty of the state, the democratic institutions and
the integrity of the national territory freely and collectively commit ourselves as our
way of life to abide by and adhere to the provision of this code of ethics which we
hereby do ordain and promulgate.

Article I – Identity

Section 1. Constitutional Mandate – The AFP recognizes the Constitution of the


Republic as the legitimate expression of the people‟s will.

Section 2. Organization and Chain of Command – The AFP duty created by law as
integral part of the Executive Branch of the Government.

Section 3. Commitment, Measures and Standards – The AFP shall maintain a high
level of credibility to gain the trust confidence and respect of the Filipino People. It
shall manifest a high level of competence and standard of performance in all its
undertakings.

Article II – AFP History

Section 1. Historical Perspective – The AFP identities itself with the Filipino people‟s
historical struggle for freedom and justice and their vigilance against any attempt to
violate the country‟s integrity and sovereignty.

Section 2. Lesson Learned from the Dark Pages of AFP History – The AFP
recognizes the resolves to correct, misdeeds of some of its members who sacrifice
national interest for individual gains, committed graft and corruption, perpetuated the
III effects of martial law, including the deteriorating effect of the AFP and national
economy caused by the unsuccessful coup attempts which betrayed the AFP‟s
tradition of ethical and professional conduct.

Article III – AFP Creed and Stand on Basic Issues

Section 1. The AFP Core Values – the profession of arms, noble calling, demands
from its members not only specialized knowledge and skill but also a distinct lifestyle
governed by commonly held belief-system containing non-negotiable enduring core
values of honor, loyalty, valor duty and solidarity.
Where therefore express the following creed:

1.1 We believe in honor as our crowning value as it is more precious than life itself. It
hallmark of our military conduct which implies our clear consciousness of personnel
dignity and worth. To us honor means truthfulness, sincerity, honesty, uprightness,
credibility and avoidance of deception, so that out written word may be accepted
without question.

1.2 We believe in inflicting loyalty – Our oath of office requires us to be loyal to our
nation and to obey the mandate to support and defend the constitution, we shall be
obedient to the duly constituted political order. We shall support the Chain of
command and obey lawful orders of those legally appointed over us.

1.3 We believe in valor as the power of strength, courage and ability to overcome
fear to carry-out our mission and to accomplish what seemingly impossible. To us,
valor goes beyond the physical dimension of boldness and endurance to pain and
hardships.

1.4 We believe in duty as the value of obedience and disciplined performance


despite difficulty and danger. To us duty is personal act of responsibility to
accomplishing all assigned task to the fullest one‟s capabilities, meeting all our
willingness to sacrifice event it means giving up lives in defense of our country.

1.5 We believe in solidarity for it is consolidating and integrating value to which all of
us bind ourselves with the rest comrades-in-arms. With it, we reject divisive fraternal
organizations with the AFP.

Section 2. The AFP stand on basic Issues – The employment of the AFP in may
areas of national concern which lie beyond the traditional martial role of the
organization in the country and abroad has ushered in a lot of misunderstandings
and confusions not only in the mind of the soldier but also in that ordinary citizens. It
is therefore very necessary and important for the AFP to clearly define its stand on
the following issues:

2.1 The AFP organization – shall be so designed, structured, staffed and manned as
to be able to carry out its missions and functions effectively through the optimum use
of resources. It shall allow development and equipage of both active and reserve
forces.

2.2 Supremacy of Civilian Authority – The AFP shall uphold the supremacy of the
civilian authority over the mil. The President as Commander-in-Chief of all the armed
forces shall exercise command and control over the armed forces.

2.3 Chain of Command – The AFP shall follow the chain of command. Every officer
and soldier shall obey the lawful orders of his immediate officers. Anyone who shall
refuse or fail to carry out a lawful order from the military chain of command shall be
subject to military discipline.
2.4 Democracy – The AFP adheres to the principle of democracy that the
government is of the people, by the people and for the people. The real power and
authority in the governance of the nation among people base on justice.

2.5 Peace – Peace is a priceless gift to mankind which connotes freedom from any
hostilities such as political, social and economic ills. It is the tranquility. Orderliness
and harmony among people base on justice.

2.6 War – War is defined as the use of organized military force by a state to achieve
its ends against the physical opposition of a hostile state or states.

2.7 Human Rights – The AFP shall respect the inherent dignity of human being and
his inalienable rights as contained in the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”
and other declarations to which our country is a signatory. As such the AFP shall
pledge itself to protect and promote these rights.

Article IV – AFP Membership

Section 1. General Statement – The AFP members make the most important asset
of all the organizations‟ resources. Efforts shall, therefore, be exerted to attract only
the best qualified and most deserving in order to maintain high standards set forth in
this code.

Commissioned Officer

1. Must be natural born citizen of good moral character, physically and mentally fit,
single and within the age bracket from 18 – 26 years of age.

2. Must be at least a high school graduate

3. Must be attained an average IQ rating in the general military classification test


prepared and administered in accordance with AFP regulations. 1.4.

4. Must be of minimum height as set forth in AFP regulations.

Enlisted Personnel

1. Must be a natural born citizen

2. Must have earn at least 72 units in college or its equivalent

3. Must have attained an average IQ rating in the general military qualifications test

4. Must be of a minimum height as set forth in the AFP regulations.


Article V – Military Professionalism

Section 1. General Statement – The members of the AFP are public servants who
are oath-bound to fulfill the lofty mandate of the constitution. The peculiarity of
military service, which requires the right to bear arms, calls for a corresponding
assurance of professionalism from every military man.

Section 2. Professionalism – The expert application of specialized skills base on a


organized body of knowledge and in accordance with laws and Code of Ethics with
the highest degree of excellence in the accomplishment of mission.

Section 3. Standard of Military Professionalism – every member of the AFP shall


observe the following as guidelines of the discharge of their official duties.

3.1 Standard of Loyalty – All military personnel shall be loyal and true to the Republic
of the Philippines Constitution, the AFP and to the people at all times. They shall
obey the authorities and abide by laws, legal orders good morals, good costumes
and promote order and public safety.

3.2 Standard of Competence – All military personnel must possess the knowledge,
skill, physical attributes and character traits necessary for the adequate performance
of duty and accomplishment of mission.

3.3 Standard of Ethics – The military community is a part of a larger society – the
Filipino society. Hence, every soldier must observe and conformed to the accepted
principles of right conduct being observed in the society of which he is part

3.4 Standard of Morals – Man is rational being. Man is also a moral being who is
given the capacity to determine what is right and do it and what is wrong and avoid it.

Section 4. Unprofessional Acts – Behavior that fall short of the professional standard
set forth in this code are considered unprofessional acts.

4.1 Act of Disloyalty – acts or omissions betraying one‟s faith, duty and commitment
to God country, people Constitutional government, AFP chain of command, unit and
office of its mission.

4.2 Acts of Incompetence – Refer to the lack of the required knowledge skills, special
attributes, and character traits necessary for the adequate performance of the duty
and accomplishment of mission.

4.3 Unethical Acts – Refer to all acts of omissions which deviate from established
and accepted ethical and moral standards of behavior and performance as sort forth
in this code.
Ex. Arrogance words, allowing any wrong doing or irregularity in the military service,
fornication-adultery, concubenage, homosexuality, engaging in vices including out
not limited executive gambling excessive drinking of liquor, use of prohibited drugs.

4.4 Corrupt Act – All acts or omissions described and characterized as crimes
against public interest, public moral, property, chastity, civil status of persons, and
honor under the pertinent provision of the Revised Penal Code and those specifically
mentioned in Republic Acts Nos. 3019 and 6713 and other special penal laws,
including the Article of War.

Section 5 Penalties and Administrative Sanctions – The penalties for the foregoing
disloyal, incompetent, unethical and corrupt acts mentioned in this Code shall be
those which are provided in the Revised Penal Code, the Articles of War.

Article VI – AFP Custom and Tradition

Section 1. General Statement – the importance of customs and traditions to the AFP
can not over-emphasized.

Section 2. Definition of Terms

2.1 Traditions – are inherited principles, standards and practices that serve as guide
for individuals or groups.

2.2 Customs – are accepted practices realized through continued usage that the
take the force and effect of a common law.

Section 3. Military Traditions – The following are the significant military traditions:

3.1 Tradition of Valor – The Filipino soldiers have epitomized valor during their
gallant defense of Tirad Pass, Battan, Corrigedor, and other countless battles
against foreign enemy forces.

3.2 Tradition of Duty – The Filipino soldier has exemplified himself throughout
history as a dedicated public servant who performed his tasks with a deep sense pf
responsibility and self-sacrifice by making himself available at all times whenever
situation demands.

3.3 Tradition of Honor – General Artemio Ricarte, the first recognized Captain
General, as well as the other founding fathers of the AFP during those difficult times
have exemplified the value of Honor by leading a life of personal dignity and self
worthy I time of peace or in war.

3.4 Tradition of Solidarity – The strongest, most enduring and powerful military
tradition that bound the soldiers in oneness to the people they serve.
3.5 Tradition of Loyalty – The Filipino solider has held the respect of the nation by
shedding blood and offering the supreme sacrifice in defense of the country.

Section 4. Military Customs – The following are some of the significant customs in
the AFP.

4.1. Salute – Men of arm have used some from of military salute as an exchange of
greeting since the earliest times.

4.2. Rank has its privileges – Whenever a choice is to made, such as selection of
billets of quarters or electing means of transportation the option of selection follows
rank with senior given the privilege to select first.

4.3. Place of Honor – the place of honor is on the right. Accordingly, when a junior
walks, rides, or sit with a senior he takes position abreast and to the left of the
senior.

4.4. Use of the word Sir – the word “SIR” is issued in military conversation by the
junior officer in addressing a senior, and by all soldier in addressing officers.

Article VII – General Provisions

Section 1. Legal Force – This code of Ethics shall be guided by the provisions of
the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, article of War, Revised Penal
Code. R.A 6713 (Ethical Standards of Public Officials and Employees) R.A 3019
(Anti-Graft Practices Act), R.A. 6869 (Anti-Coup d‟ etat Act) and other special laws.

Section 2. Moral Force – All members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the
implementation of this code shall morally bound by the Divine Laws, Oath of Office,
AFP Customs and Traditions, AFP Code of Conduct.

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CHAPTER 5
MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Military Courtesy – pertains to the wholesome relationships between juniors and


seniors, between young and old, with all persons. It includes an essential element of
a full and proper appreciation of the rights of others. It also includes special acts and
ceremonial procedures, which are prescribed in official regulations.

Military Discipline – is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. It


involves the ready subordination of the will of the individual for the good of the group.
It is an extension and specialized application of the discipline that demands habitual
but reasoned obedience that preserves initiative and functions unfalteringly even in
the absence of the commander.

CORRECT USE OF TITLES

Titles of Commissioned Officers

1. Lieutenants are addressed officially as lieutenants

2. Other officers are addressed or referred to by their titles

3. Ma‟am will be used in addressing a female officer

4. All chaplains are officially addressed as chaplain regardless of their military grade

5. Women officers of the Technical service as well with those WAC are addressed by
their titles.

Titles of Cadets

Cadets are addressed as “cadet”

Titles to Non Commissioned Officers

1. Sergeant Majors are addressed as “Sgt Major”

2. A First Sergeant is addressed as “F/Sgt”

3. Sergeants are addressed as “Sgt”

4. Corporals are addressed as “Cpl


Use of Titles by Retired Personnel

Individuals who retire from the armed forces and not active on duty are authorized to
use their titles socially, and in connection with commercial enterprises, subject to
prescribed limitations.

MILITARY SALUTE

When to Use the Hand Salute and the Salute with Arms

Salute will be exchanged between officers and enlisted personnel. Military personnel
under arms will render the salute prescribed for the weapon with which they are
armed. Military personnel in civilian clothes will render salute with each other upon
recognition. Covered or uncovered, salute is rendered in the usual manner. A person
running will come to a walk before saluting. Organization and detachment
commanders salute officers of higher grades by bringing the organization to attention
before saluting except when in the field. The smartness with which the officer or
soldier gives the salute is held to indicate the degree of pride he has in his military
responsibilities.

When Not to Salute

1. An enlisted man in ranks and not in attention comes to attention when addressed
by an officer.

2. Individuals at work do not salute

3. When actively involved in games

4. In churches, theaters or public assemblies

5. When on the march in combat and other combat conditions

6. Sentinel armed with pistol does not salute after challenging.

7. Driver of a vehicle in motion is not required to salute

8. When indoors, except when reporting to an officer

COURTESIES RENDERED BY JUNIORS TO SENIORS

Reporting to a Superior Officer in His Office

When reporting to a superior officer, the junior (unless under arms) removes his
headdress, knocks and enters when told to do so. Upon entering, he marches up to
within about 2 paces of the officer‟s desk, halts, salutes and reports.
Courtesies Exchanged when an Officer Addresses a Soldier

During conversations, salutes are exchanged, conversation is completed, salutes are


again exchanged

Procedure When an Officer Enters a Squadron of Tent In a squadron of tent,


uncover and stand at attention when an officer enters. Entering Automobiles and
Small Boats The senior enters a boat of automobile first and leaves last.

COURTESIES TO THE NATIONAL FLAG AND TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Reveille and retreat

The flag at the half-staff

Salute to passing colors

Courtesies to the national anthem

Dipping the flag or colors

Display and use of the flag

GENERAL COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

1. Being late for any engagement is the height of bad manners.

2. An officer of the Armed Forces is expected to behave and conduct himself with
dignity and restraint.

3. It is bad taste to address a woman by her first name or nickname unless she has
indicated otherwise.

4. An officer always asks to be permitted to smoke in the presence of a woman


especially in a room of automobile.

5. If an officer invites a friend to his club, he should be out of sight only when
necessary.

6. An officer always stands when introduced to a woman, a clergyman, an official or


an old man.

7. It is not polite to compliment a person in a company because the others might feel
slighted.

8. An officer must be careful in speaking about his wife. To people who have not met
her socially, she is referred to as my wife or her first name.
TABOOS

1. Uniform must not be defamed

2. Never slink under cover to avoid retreat

3. Offer no excuses

4. Use of third person by an officer is of poor taste

5. Servility is scorned

6. Avoid praising your commander to his face

7. Old man to be spoken with care

8. Avoid going over the officer’s head

9. Harsh remarks are to be avoided

10. Avoid vulgarity and profanity

11. Excessive indebtedness to be avoided

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CHAPTER 6
MILITARY JUSTICE

The student of discipline and order in the military organization has much
bearing on the manner in which regulations are implemented and justice
administered. If it is intended that soldiers should be kept in their duty and
obedience, the system of reward and punishment must be executed with as much
exactness. Justice must be the rule everywhere especially in the AFP, it is the only
means to settle order.

Organization and societies who cannot exact from its members, the
obedience to the law which regulates their behavior will soon decay and die a natural
death. The government cannot afford that to happen to the AFP because without the
military, the state will be vulnerable to the enemy and consequently collapse. That is
the reason why every nation in the word sees to it that the constitution it promulgates
contains provisions for the creation of the armed forces and the enactment of laws
that will regulate and control the military establishment through duly constituted
agencies and instrumentalities; the head of the state being the commander-in-chief
exercising control and supervision.

The problem besetting the armed forces is not the absence of laws and
regulations but the seemingly light manner by which some members take said laws.
This can be attributed to: first, the tendency of unit commanders to be over protective
of their erring personnel, incompetence of some members appointed to sit a member
of courts-martial including those exercising disciplinary powers; and two, on the lack
of awareness by the troops on the different laws and regulations, especially the
punitive articles of war and the corresponding punishments for violations thereof.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Military Justice – is the system of enforcing discipline and administering justice in the
military service.

Military Law – rule of action mandatory in form duly established and promulgated by
competent authority for the common good.

Justice – the maintenance or administration of what is just by the impartial


adjustment of conflicting or the assignment of merited rewards or punishment.

Military Justice System – an organized and established procedure designed to


enforce discipline and administer justice in the military justice.

Punitive Case – cases subject to the imposition of penal sanctions as provided for by
the Article of War provisions.
Defendant – a person who is sued in the civil case; a person who is accused of a
crime in a criminal case.

Plaintiff – a persons who starts an action against someone in the civil court.

Administrative Case – are those that result in decisions not involving penal sanctions
and may take such mild disciplinary or instructive forms of admonition, reprimand
and the like.

PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY LAW

1. All officers and Enlisted Personnel in the active service of the AFP.
2. Members of the reserve force on active duty, trainees and draftees.
3. Cadets, flying cadets and probationary second lieutenants.
4. All retainers to any military camp and all persons serving with the AFP.
5. All persons under sentence adjudged by courts-martial.

SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW

1. Commonwealth Act No. 408 – An Act for making further and more effectual
provision for the national defense by establishing a system of military justice
for persons subject to military law. Signed by Pres. Manuel L. Quezon.
2. Constitution of the Philippines
3. International Law

CLASSIFICATION OF COURTS MARTIAL

1. General Courts Martial – may consist of any number of members not less
than five (5). Following may appoint GCM: The President, CS, AFP and when
empowered by the president.

2. Special Courts Martial – may consist of any number of members not less than
three (3). Following may appoint SCM: Commanding Offr or major
commands, task forces, regional commands or divisions and when
empowered by the president, commanding officers of a garrison, camp
brigade, regiment, detached battalion of other detached command or
commissioned vessel.

3. Summary Courts-Martial – shall consists of one (1) officer. Following may


appoint SCM: Commanding Officers of garrisons, forts, camp or other places
where troops are on duty & the Commanding Officer of a Regiment,
Commissioned Vessel, Detachment Battalion, or other detachment.
COMPONENTS OF MILITARY JUSTICE

Investigation – is the process of looking into the circumstances of a case for the
purpose of verifying and establishing the facts.

Prosecution

Trial of Adjudication

Judgment of decision

PUNITIVE ARTICLES OF WAR

Article of 54 – Fraudulent Enlistment. Any person who enlisted himself in the military
service by means of willful misrepresentation of his qualifications, shall be punished
as a court martial may direct.

Article 55 – Officer Making Unlawful Enlistment. Any officer who knowingly or


musters into the military service any person whose enlistment is prohibited by law,
orders, shall be dismissed from the service or suffer other punishment as a court
martial may direct.

Article 56 – False Muster. Any person who knowingly makes a false muster of a
man, or direct the signing of any muster roll, knowing it to be false, or who wrongfully
takes money or other consideration from anybody to make such false muster, shall
be dismissed from the service and suffer other punishment as a court martial may
direct.

Article 57 – False Returns or Omissions to Render Returns. Any officer who render
false report to superior authority as to the state of troops under his command or the
arms, ammunition, clothing, funds or other property, shall be dismissed from the
service or shall suffer other punishment as a court martial may direct.

Article 58 – Certain Acts to Constitute Desertion. This article defines the following to
be deserters.

Article 59 – Desertion.

A) Any officer who tendered resignation, but prior to its approval by proper authority,
quits his post or duties without leave without leave with intent never to return.

B) Any soldier who is enlisted in the armed forced who fraudulently enlist again in
other branch of service.

C) Those person subject to military law who quits his organization to avoid
hazardous duty.
Article 60 – Advising of Aiding Another to Desert. Any person subject to military law
who advises or persuades another to desert, if committed in time of war, shall suffer
death or other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

Article 61 – Entertaining a Deserter. Any officer having discovered a deserter in his


command and who retains such deserter without informing superior and concerned
authority shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

Article 62 – Absence without Leave. Any person subject to military law who fails to
report at the fixed time to the proper appointed place of duty, or departs from same
without proper leave, or absent himself from his command without proper leave, shall
be punished as a court-martial may direct.

Article 63 – Disrespect toward the President, Vice-President, Congress of the


Philippines, or Secretary of National Defense. Those who commit above offense
shall be dismissed from the service or suffer other punishment as a court martial
may direct.

Article 64- Disrespect toward Superior Officer. Any person subject to military law
who disrespect his superior officer shall be punished as a court martial may direct.

Article 65 - Assaulting or Willfully Disobeying Superior Officer. Any person subject to


military law who strikes his superior officer or lifts up any weapon or offers any
violence against him, being in the execution of his office, or willfully disobeys any
lawful command of his superior officer, shall suffer death or such other punishment
as a court martial may direct.

Article 66 – Insubordinate Conduct toward Non-Commissioned Officer. Any soldier


who assaults or who attempts or threatens to assault, or willfully disobey the lawful
order or a non-commissioned officer while, in the execution of his office, or uses
threatening or insulting language, or behaves in an insubordinate or disrespectful
manner toward a non-commissioned officer, shall be punished as a court martial
may direct.

Article 67- Mutiny or Sedition. Any person subject to military law who attempts to
create, excites, causes or joins in any mutiny or seduction in any company, post
detachment or other command shall suffer death or such other punishment as a
court marital direct.

Article 68 – Failure to Suppress Mutiny or Sedition. Any offer or soldier who, being
present at any mutiny or sedition, does not use his utmost endeavor to suppress the
same or knowledge or having reason to believe that a mutiny or sedition is to take
place, does not give information thereof, of his commanding officer shall suffer death
or such other punishment as court martial may direct.

Article 69 – Quarrels, Frays, Disorders. All officers and non-commissioned officer


have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays and disorders among person subject
to military law and to order officers who take part in them into arrest, or confinement,
until their proper superior officer is informed whoever refused to obey such officer or
non-commissioned officer, or draws a weapons upon or otherwise threatens or does
violence to him, shall be punished as a court martial may direct.

Article 70 – Arrest or Confinement. Any person subject to military law charged with
crime or with serious offense under this articles shall be place in confinement or
arrest. When charged with a minor offense, such person shall not be place in
confinement. Any person placed under arrest shall thereby be restricted to his
barracks and quarter, unless such limits shall be enlarged by proper authority.

Article 71 – Charges Action upon Charges. Specifications must be signed by a


person subject to military law, and under oath state that the either has personal
knowledge or, or has investigated the matter set forth therein and that the same are
true and to the best of his knowledge.

Article 72 – Refusal to Receive or Keep Prisoners. No provost Marshall or


commander of guard shall refuse to receive or keep any prisoner committed to his

Article 73 – Report Prisoner Received. Every commander of a guard to whose


charge a prisoner is committed shall, within twenty four hours after such confinement
or as soon as he relieved from his duty, report in writing to the commanding officer
the name of such prisoner, the offense charged against him, and the name of the
officer committing him; and if he fails to make such report, he shall be punished as a
court martial may direct.

Article 74 – Releasing Prisoner without Proper Authority. Any person subject to


military law, who without proper authority, release any prisoner duly committed to his
charge, or who through neglect or design suffers any prisoner to escape, he shall be
punished as a court martial may direct.

Article 75 – Delivery of Offenders to Civil Authority. Any person subject to military


law, except one who is held by the military law, to answer for an offense or who is
undergoing sentence for a crime punishable by law, the commanding officer is
required to deliver such accused person to the civil authorities, or to aid the officers
of justice in apprehending him in order that he may be brought to trial. Any

commanding officer who refuses or willfully neglect, excepts in time of war, to


deliver such accused person or not to aid officers of justice in apprehending him,
shall be dismissed from the service or suffer such other punishment as a court
martial may direct.

Article 76 – Misbehavior before the Enemy. Any officer or soldier who misbehaves
himself before the enemy or runs away, or shamefully abandons or delivers up or by
any misconduct, or neglect, endangers the safety or any fort, post or other command
which it is his duty to defend, or by any means whatsoever causes false alarm in
camp, garrison or quarters shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court
martial my direct.

Article 77 – Subordinates Compelling Commander to Surrender. Any person subject


to military law who compels or attempts to compel any commander of a garrison,
fort, post or other command, to give up to the enemy or to abandon it, shall be
punishable with death or such other punishment as court martial may direct.

Article 78 - Improper Use of Countersign. Any person subject to military law who
makes known the countersign to any person not entitled to receive it or gives a
countersign different from that which is received, shall if the offense is committed in
time of war, shall suffer death or such other punishment as a court martial may
direct.

Article 79 – Forcing a Safeguard. Any person subject to military law, who in time of
war, or serious disturbances, forced a safeguard shall suffer death or such other
punishment as court martial may direct.

Article 80 – Captured Property to be Secured for Public Service. All public property
taken by the enemy is the property of the government of the Philippines and shall be
secured. Any person subject to military law who neglects to secure such property or
is quality of its wrongful appropriation shall be punished as a court martial may
direct.

Article 81 – Dealing in Captured of Abandoned Property. Any person subject to


military law who buys, sells, trades or in any way deals in or disposes of captured or
abandoned property, whereby he shall receive or expect any profit, benefits or
advantage to himself or who fails whenever such property comes into his possession
or custody or within his control to give notice thereof to the proper authority and to
turn over such property to the proper authority without delay, shall be punished by
fine or imprisonment or such other punishment as a court martial may direct.

Article 82 – Relieving, Corresponding with Aiding the Enemy. Whomsoever relieves


or attempts to relieve the enemy with arms, ammunitions, supplies, money or other
things, or knowingly harbors, or protects or hold corresponding with or gives
intelligence to the enemy, either directly or indirectly shall suffer death or such other
punishment as a court martial or military tribunal may direct.

Article 83 – Spies. Any person who in time of war is found lurking or acting as a spy
or about any of the fortifications, post or encampment of the armed forces or
elsewhere, shall be tried by a general court martial or by a military commission and
shall on conviction thereof, suffer death.
ADMINISTRATIVE CASES

Republic Act 7055 (Civilian Supremacy Law) – if the offenses committed are not
service connected (that is not one which is defined as military offense under the
AW), unit commanders are supposed to refer them to the civil authorities.

Efficiency and Separation Board under Executive Order 337

– Discharge or separation of officers and to determine entitled of separation or


retirement benefits under RA 291 of “twice deferred” offered. Composed of not less
than 5 or more than seven members.

Republic Act No. 2334 (Rotation of Reserve Officers in the Active Military Service -
Reserve Officers‟ of the AFP shall be rotated in the active military service, for the
primary purpose of making available for service in the event of emergency the
maximum number of trained and qualified reserve officers

The provision of Sec 2 Shall not apply to reserve officers covered by the provisions
of RA 1382-3 possessing technical qualifications, skills and competence which are
indispensable to the needs of the AFP and fro who there are no satisfactory
replacement.

Circular 17 (Administrative Discharge prior to Expiration of Term of Enlistment) – it


prescribed the polices and standards and establishes procedures and guidance
whereby the CS, AFP; commanders of major services and other Commanders acting
for and by direction of the CS, AFP may order the discharge of enlisted personnel
prior to the expiration of their term of enlistment under AW 109.

Articles of War 15 (Disciplinary Power of Commanding Officers) – a Commander‟s


choice of actions will be limited by his rank and level of command and position.
Following punishments may be imposed on both erring officers and enlisted
personnel. These include withholding of privileges; restriction to certain specified
limits; arrest in quarters; forfeiture of pay; detention or withholding of pay; deprivation
of liberty; reprimand; correctional custody‟ extra duties; and reduction of rank.

Articles of War 117 (Officers, Separation from Service) – No enlisted man in the
military service shall be discharged from the service without a certificate of
discharge, signed by the Adjutant of the unit or other organization to which the
enlisted man belongs, and no enlisted man shall be discharged from said service
before his term of service has expire, except by the order to the President and the
Chief of Staff, AFP.
CLASSES OF DISCHARGE

1. Honorable – is issued when the service has been honest and faithful
throughout, and a character rating of good, very good or excellent is given.
2. Without Honor – is issued when the service of an Enlisted man has not
been honest and faithful and with character rating of fair or poor given.
3. Dishonorable – cannot be given.

EVALUATION:

Window Hour 0800H Nov 13-14, 2020. Deadline of submission 1700H 14 Nov 2020

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