578 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

Section 8.8 Improper Integrals

• Evaluate an improper integral that has an infinite limit of integration.
• Evaluate an improper integral that has an infinite discontinuity.

Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration

The definition of a definite integral

 b

a
f
x dx

requires that the interval a, b be finite. Furthermore, the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus, by which you have been evaluating definite integrals, requires that f be
continuous on a, b . In this section you will study a procedure for evaluating integrals
that do not satisfy these requirements—usually because either one or both of the limits
y of integration are infinite, or f has a finite number of infinite discontinuities in the
1
f(x) = interval a, b . Integrals that possess either property are improper integrals. Note that
x2
2 a function f is said to have an infinite discontinuity at c if, from the right or left,
lim f
x
 or lim f
x
 .
b 1 x→c x→c
1
dx
1 x2 To get an idea of how to evaluate an improper integral, consider the integral


x b b


1 2 b 3 4 dx 1 1 1


 1
1
b→∞ 1 x2 x1 b b
The unbounded region has an area of 1. which can be interpreted as the area of the shaded region shown in Figure 8.17. Taking
Figure 8.17 the limit as b →  produces

 

1
dx
x2

lim
b→  
b

1
dx
x 2 

lim 1 
b→ 
1
b

1. 
This improper integral can be interpreted as the area of the unbounded region between
the graph of f
x
1x 2 and the x-axis (to the right of x
1).

Definition of Improper Integrals with Infinite Integration Limits

1. If f is continuous on the interval a, , then

a

f
x dx
lim
b→ 
a
b
f
x dx.

2. If f is continuous on the interval
 , b , then

 b


f
x dx
lim
a→
b

a
f
x dx.

3. If f is continuous on the interval
 , , then

 


f
x dx
 c


f
x dx  


c
f
x dx

where c is any real number (see Exercise 110).

In the first two cases, the improper integral converges if the limit exists—
otherwise, the improper integral diverges. In the third case, the improper integral
on the left diverges if either of the improper integrals on the right diverges.
 SECTION 8.8 Improper Integrals 579

EXAMPLE 1 An Improper Integral That Diverges

y
Diverges
Evaluate 1

dx
x
.

(infinite area)
Solution
2 1
y=x
 

1
dx
x

lim
b→ 

1
b
dx
x
Take limit as b → .

ln x
1

lim Apply Log Rule.
b→ 1
x
lim
ln b  0 Apply Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
1 2 3 b→ 

 Evaluate limit.
. This unbounded region has an infinite area.
Figure 8.18 See Figure 8.18.

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A Exploration B Exploration C

NOTE Try comparing the regions shown in Figures 8.17 and 8.18. They look similar, yet the
region in Figure 8.17 has a finite area of 1 and the region in Figure 8.18 has an infinite area.

EXAMPLE 2 Improper Integrals That Converge

Evaluate each improper integral.

a. 


0
ex dx b. 


0
1
x 1
2 dx

Solution b. 

1
dx
lim  b
1
dx

 
 b 0 x2 1 b→  0 x2  1
b
ex dx
lim ex dx
a.
0 b→  0
lim
b→ 
arctan x  0

e 
b

lim x

lim arctan b
b→  0 b→ 

lim
e b
 1 
b→ 

2

1
See Figure 8.20.

See Figure 8.19.

y y

2 2
1
y=
x2 + 1
1 y= e−x 1

x x
1 2 3 1 2 3

. The area of the unbounded region is 1. The area of the unbounded region is   2.
Figure 8.19 Figure 8.20

. Editable Graph Editable Graph

Try It Exploration A
580 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

In the following example, note how L’Hôpital’s Rule can be used to evaluate an
improper integral.

EXAMPLE 3 Using L’Hôpital’s Rule with an Improper Integral

Evaluate  

1

1  xex dx.

Solution Use integration by parts, with dv
ex dx and u

1  x.


1  xex dx
ex
1  x   ex dx

ex  xex  ex  C

xex  C
Now, apply the definition of an improper integral.

y  

1

1  xex dx
lim xex
b→ 

b

 b 1

x
2 4 8
lim b 
b→  e e
−0.03

−0.06 Finally, using L’Hôpital’s Rule on the right-hand limit produces

−0.09 y = (1 − x)e−x
b 1
lim
lim
0
b→  e b b→ e b
−0.12
from which you can conclude that
−0.15

The area of the unbounded region is  

1

1  xex dx
 .
e
. 1 e.
1

Figure 8.21 See Figure 8.21.

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A

EXAMPLE 4 Infinite Upper and Lower Limits of Integration

Evaluate  
ex
 1  e
2x dx.

Solution Note that the integrand is continuous on
 , . To evaluate the

integral, you can break it into two parts, choosing c
0 as a convenient value.

 
ex
 1  e
2x
dx
 0
ex
 1  e
2x
dx  
0

ex
1  e 2x
dx
0 b

y

lim
b→

arctan e x

b
 lim
b→
arctan e x
0

 
y=
ex
lim   arctan e   lim arctan e
b b  
1
1 + e 2x b→  4  b→ 4
2

  

0 
4 2 4
x 
−2 −1 1 2

2
. area of the unbounded region is   2.
The
Figure 8.22 See Figure 8.22.

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A

 SECTION 8.8 Improper Integrals 581

EXAMPLE 5 Sending a Space Module into Orbit

In Example 3 of Section 7.5, you found that it would require 10,000 mile-tons of work
to propel a 15-metric-ton space module to a height of 800 miles above Earth. How
much work is required to propel the module an unlimited distance away from Earth’s
surface?

Solution At first you might think that an infinite amount of work would be required.
But if this were the case, it would be impossible to send rockets into outer space.
Because this has been done, the work required must be finite. You can determine the
work in the following manner. Using the integral of Example 3, Section 7.5, replace
the upper bound of 4800 miles by  and write

W

4000

240,000,000
x2
dx
b


240,000,000

lim 
b→  x 4000

lim 
b→  
240,000,000 240,000,000
b

4000 
The work required to move a space module
60,000 mile-tons
an unlimited distance away from Earth is
 6.984  10 11 foot-pounds.
. approximately 6.984  1011 foot-pounds.
Figure 8.23 See Figure 8.23.

Try It Exploration A
.
View the video to see the launching of the NASA SOLRAD-10 satellite.

Video

Improper Integrals with Infinite Discontinuities

The second basic type of improper integral is one that has an infinite discontinuity at
or between the limits of integration.

Definition of Improper Integrals with Infinite Discontinuities

1. If f is continuous on the interval a, b and has an infinite discontinuity at b,
then

a
b
f
x dx
lim
c→b
 c

a
f
x dx.

2. If f is continuous on the interval
a, b and has an infinite discontinuity at a,

then

a
b
f
x dx
lim
c→a
c
b
f
x dx.

3. If f is continuous on the interval a, b , except for some c in
a, b at which

f has an infinite discontinuity, then

a
b
f
x dx
c

a
f
x dx  c
b
f
x dx.

In the first two cases, the improper integral converges if the limit exists—
otherwise, the improper integral diverges. In the third case, the improper integral
on the left diverges if either of the improper integrals on the right diverges.
582 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

y
EXAMPLE 6 An Improper Integral with an Infinite Discontinuity

2
y=
1
3
x
Evaluate 0
1
dx

3 x
.

Solution The integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x
0, as shown in Figure

8.24. You can evaluate this integral as shown below.


1 (1, 1)
1 23 1

0
x13 dx
lim
b→0
x23  b

3
x
lim
1  b 23
b→0 2
1 2
..
Infinite discontinuity at x
0 3


Figure 8.24 2

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A Exploration B

EXAMPLE 7 An Improper Integral That Diverges

Evaluate 0
2
dx
x3
.

Solution Because the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x
0, you can write

 0
2
dx
x 3
b→0
1
lim  2
2x b

2

1

lim   2
b→0 8 2b
1
 

.
.
So, you can conclude that the improper integral diverges.

Try It Exploration A

EXAMPLE 8 An Improper Integral with an Interior Discontinuity


y 2
dx
Evaluate 3.
2 1 x
y = 13
x
Solution This integral is improper because the integrand has an infinite discontinuity
1
at the interior point x
0, as shown in Figure 8.25. So, you can write

−1 1 2
x
 1 x
2
dx
3
 1 x
0
dx
3  0
2
dx
x3
.

−1 From Example 7 you know that the second integral diverges. So, the original improper
.
integral also diverges.
−2

Try It Exploration A
The improper integral
.  2

1
1x 3 dx diverges.
NOTE Remember to check for infinite discontinuities at interior points as well as endpoints
Figure 8.25 when determining whether an integral is improper. For instance, if you had not recognized that
the integral in Example 8 was improper, you would have obtained the incorrect result


Editable Graph 2
dx 1

2 1 1 3
3

 
. Incorrect evaluation
1 x 2x 2 1 8 2 8
 SECTION 8.8 Improper Integrals 583

The integral in the next example is improper for two reasons. One limit of
integration is infinite, and the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at the outer limit
of integration.

EXAMPLE 9 A Doubly Improper Integral

y Evaluate 0

dx
x
x  1
.

2 Solution To evaluate this integral, split it at a convenient point (say, x
1) and

write

1
y= 1
x(x + 1)  

0
dx
x
x  1

 0
1
dx
x
x  1
 1

dx
x
x  1
c
1

b→0


lim 2 arctan x

b
 lim
c→
2 arctan x 1

  

2   0  2   2 
x
1 2
4 2 4

.
. The area of the unbounded region is  .
Figure 8.26 See Figure 8.26.

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A Exploration B Open Exploration

EXAMPLE 10 An Application Involving Arc Length

Use the formula for arc length to show that the circumference of the circle
x 2  y 2
1 is 2.

Solution To simplify the work, consider the quarter circle given by y
1  x 2,

where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. The function y is differentiable for any x in this interval except
x
1. Therefore, the arc length of the quarter circle is given by the improper integral

s
1
1 
y 2 dx


0
1

 1x x 
2

1 2
dx


0
1
dx

.
0 1  x 2
y
y= 1 − x 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 This integral is improper because it has an infinite discontinuity at x
1. So, you can
1 write

s
1

0
dx
1  x 2


b
x
lim arcsin x
−1 1 b→1 0



0
2

−1
.
2
The circumference of the circle is 2 .
Finally, multiplying by 4, you can conclude that the circumference of the circle is
. Figure 8.27
4s
2, as shown in Figure 8.27.

Editable Graph Try It Exploration A

584 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

This section concludes with a useful theorem describing the convergence or

divergence of a common type of improper integral. The proof of this theorem is left
as an exercise (see Exercise 49).

THEOREM 8.5 A Special Type of Improper Integral

 
 1
dx , if p > 1
p

p  1
1 x
diverges, if p ≤ 1

EXAMPLE 11 An Application Involving A Solid of Revolution

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION For The solid formed by revolving (about the x-axis) the unbounded region lying between
further investigation of solids that have the graph of f
x
1x and the x-axis
x ≥ 1 is called Gabriel’s Horn. (See Figure
finite volumes and infinite surface areas, 8.28.) Show that this solid has a finite volume and an infinite surface area.
see the article “Supersolids: Solids Having
Finite
. Volume and Infinite Surfaces” by Solution Using the disk method and Theorem 8.5, you can determine the volume
William P. Love in Mathematics Teacher.
to be

MathArticle V
 1

1x  dx
2
Theorem 8.5, p
2 > 1


2  1
1

.

The surface area is given by

S
2  

1
f
x 1   f 
x 2 dx
2 


1
1
x 1  x1 dx.
4

Because

1  x1 > 1 4

on the interval 1, , and the improper integral


1

1
x
dx

diverges, you can conclude that the improper integral


1

1
x 1  x1 dx 4

also diverges. (See Exercise 52.) So, the surface area is infinite.

f(x) = 1x , x ≥ 1
1

x
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION To learn −1 5 6 7 8 9 10
about another function that has a finite
−1
volume and an infinite surface area, see
the article “Gabriel’s Wedding Cake”
by. Julian F. Fleron in The College Gabriel’s Horn has a finite volume and an infinite surface area.
Mathematics Journal. Figure 8.28

.
MathArticle Rotatable Graph

Try It Exploration A
 SECTION 8.8 Improper Integrals 585

Exercises for Section 8.8

The symbol indicates an exercise in which you are instructed to use graphing technology or a symbolic computer algebra system.
Click on to view the complete solution of the exercise.
Click on to print an enlarged copy of the graph.

In Exercises 1–4, decide whether the integral is improper.

Explain your reasoning. 13. 
ex dx  0 14. 

sec x dx  0

 
0 0
1 3
dx dx
1. 2.
3x  2 x2 In Exercises 15–32, determine whether the improper integral

 
0 1
1
2x  5  diverges or converges. Evaluate the integral if it converges.
lnx2 dx
 
3. dx 4.
0 x2  5x  6 1 
1 5
15. dx 16. dx
x2 x3

 
1 1
In Exercises 5–10, explain why the integral is improper and  
3 4
determine whether it diverges or converges. Evaluate the 17. dx 18. dx

3
x 
4
x

 
1 1
integral if it converges. 0 

5. 
4
1
dx 6.  4
1
dx
19.

xe2x dx 20. xex2 dx

 
0
0 x 3 x  332  
y y 21. x 2ex dx 22. x  1ex dx

 
0 0
50  
4
23. ex cos x dx 24. eax sin bx dx, a > 0
40

 
0 0
3
 1  ln x
30
25. dx 26. dx
2
20 xln x3 x

 
4 1
1  
10 2 x3
27. dx 28. 2  12 dx
x  4  x2 x

 
x 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 4 5  
1 ex
29. dx 30. x dx

7. 
2

0
1
x  12
dx 8. 0
2
1
x  1 23
dx
31. 
0

ex  ex

cos  x dx 32.
0 1  e

 x
sin dx
y y 0 0 2

In Exercises 33–48, determine whether the improper integral

2 2
diverges or converges. Evaluate the integral if it converges, and
check your results with the results obtained by using the
1 integration capabilities of a graphing utility.

x x 33. 1
1
x2
dx 34. 
4
8
x
dx

 
0 0
2 2 8 6
1 4

 
35. dx 36. dx
 0 8  x
3 6  x

 
0 0
9. ex dx 10. e 2x dx 1 e
0 
37. x ln x dx 38. ln x 2 dx
y y

 
0 0
2 2
39. tan  d 40. sec  d

 
0 0
1 1 4 2
2 1
41. dx 42. dx
xx 2  4 4  x 2

 
2 0
4 2
1 1
43. dx 44. dx
x x  x 2  4 4  x2

 
2 0
1 −1 2 3
1 2
45. dx 46. dx
0 x  1
3 x  283

 
1
 4  1
Writing In Exercises 11–14, explain why the evaluation of the 47. dx 48. dx
integral is incorrect. Use the integration capabilities of a graph- 0 xx  6 1 x ln x
ing utility to attempt to evaluate the integral. Determine
whether the utility gives the correct answer.

11. 
1

1
1
x 2 dx  2
12. 2 
2

x
2
 13 dx 
8
9
586 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

In Exercises 49 and 50, determine all values of p for which the Area In Exercises 67–70, find the area of the unbounded
improper integral converges. shaded region.

49. 1
 1
xp
dx 50. 
1

0
1
xp
dx
67. y  e x,  < x ≤ 1
y
68. y  ln x
y

51. Use mathematical induction to verify that the following integral 3 3

converges for any positive integer n.


2 2

x nex dx 1 1
0
x x
52. Given continuous functions f and g such that 0 ≤ f x ≤ gx −3 −2 −1 1 1 2 3 4
on the interval a, , prove the following. −1
(a) If a gx dx converges, then a f x dx converges.
(b) If a f x dx diverges, then a gx dx diverges. 69. Witch of Agnesi: 70. Witch of Agnesi:
1 8
In Exercises 53–62, use the results of Exercises 49–52 to deter- y y
x2  1 x2  4
mine whether the improper integral converges or diverges. y y

53.  1
1
x3
dx 54. 
1


1
3 x
dx 3 6

 
0 0 2 4
 
1
55. dx 56. x 4ex dx
x3


1 0 x x
 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
1 −1 −2
57. dx
x2  5


1
−2 −4

1 −3 −6
58. dx
2 x  1

59.

 1
3 xx  1

dx Area and Volume In Exercises 71 and 72, consider the region


2
 satisfying the inequalities. (a) Find the area of the region. (b)
1 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
60. dx
1 x x  1 about the x-axis. (c) Find the volume of the solid generated by
61.  
ex dx
2 revolving the region about the y-axis.


0

1
1 71. y ≤ ex, y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0 72. y ≤ , y ≥ 0, x ≥ 1
62. dx x2
2 x ln x
73. Arc Length Sketch the graph of the hypocycloid of four
cusps
Writing About Concepts
x 23  y 23  4
63. Describe the different types of improper integrals.
64. Define the terms converges and diverges when working and find its perimeter.
with improper integrals. 74. Arc Length Find the arc length of the graph of

65. Explain why

1
1 x 3
dx  0. 1
y  16  x2

66. Consider the integral over the interval 0, 4.

 3 75. Surface Area The region bounded by

10
dx. x  2  1
0 x 2  2x 2 y2

To determine the convergence or divergence of the integral, is revolved about the y-axis to form a torus. Find the surface
how many improper integrals must be analyzed? What must area of the torus.
be true of each of these integrals if the given integral 76. Surface Area Find the area of the surface formed by revolving
converges? the graph of y  2ex on the interval 0,  about the x-axis.
 SECTION 8.8 Improper Integrals 587

Propulsion In Exercises 77 and 78, use the weight of the rocket 84. Gravitational Force A “semi-infinite” uniform rod occupies
to answer each question. (Use 4000 miles as the radius of Earth the nonnegative x-axis. The rod has a linear density
which
and do not consider the effect of air resistance.) means that a segment of length dx has a mass of
dx. A parti-
cle of mass m is located at the point a, 0. The gravitational
(a) How much work is required to propel the rocket an force F that the rod exerts on the mass is given by
unlimited distance away from Earth’s surface?

(b) How far has the rocket traveled when half the total work
has occurred?
F  

0
GM

a  x2
dx

77. 5-ton rocket 78. 10-ton rocket where G is the gravitational constant. Find F.

Probability A nonnegative function f is called a probability True or False? In Exercises 85–88, determine whether the
density function if statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
example that shows it is false.



f
t dt  1. 85. If f is continuous on 0,  and lim f x  0, then 0 f x dx
converges.
x→ 

The probability that x lies between a and b is given by 86. If f is continuous on 0,  and 0 f x dx diverges, then

P
a ≤ x ≤ b  a
b
f
t dt.
lim f x  0.
x→ 

87. If f is continuous on 0,  and lim f x  0, then

x→ 
The expected value of x is given by 0 f x dx  f 0.

E
x   


t f
t dt.
88. If the graph of f is symmetric with respect to the origin or the
y-axis, then 0 f x dx converges if and only if  f x dx
converges.
In Exercises 79 and 80, (a) show that the nonnegative function
89. Writing
is a probability density function, (b) find P
0 ≤ x ≤ 4, and
(c) find E
x. (a) The improper integrals

79. f t  0,
1 t7
7e , t ≥ 0
t < 0
 1

1
x
dx and 1

1
x2
dx

diverge and converge, respectively. Describe the essential

80. f t  
2 2t5
e5 , t ≥ 0
0, t < 0 differences between the integrands that cause one integral
to converge and the other to diverge.
Capitalized Cost In Exercises 81 and 82, find the capitalized (b) Sketch a graph of the function y  sin xx over the interval
cost C of an asset (a) for n  5 years, (b) for n  10 years, and 1, . Use your knowledge of the definite integral to
(c) forever. The capitalized cost is given by make an inference as to whether or not the integral

C  C0  n

0
c
tert dt  1

sin x
x
dx

where C0 is the original investment, t is the time in years, r is the converges. Give reasons for your answer.
annual interest rate compounded continuously, and c
t is the (c) Use one iteration of integration by parts on the integral in
annual cost of maintenance. part (b) to determine its divergence or convergence.
90. Exploration Consider the integral
81. C0  $650,000 82. C0  $650,000
ct  $25,000
r  0.06
ct  $25,0001  0.08t
r  0.06
0
2
4
1  tan xn
dx

where n is a positive integer.

83. Electromagnetic Theory The magnetic potential P at a point
on the axis of a circular coil is given by (a) Is the integral improper? Explain.


(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the integrand for n  2, 4,
2 NIr 1
P dx 8, and 12.
k r2  x232
c
(c) Use the graphs to approximate the integral as n → .
where N, I, r, k, and c are constants. Find P. (d) Use a computer algebra system to evaluate the integral for
the values of n in part (b). Make a conjecture about the
value of the integral for any positive integer n. Compare
your results with your answer in part (c).
588 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

91. The Gamma Function The Gamma Function n is 102. (a) Sketch the semicircle y  4  x2.
defined by (b) Explain why

n  

0
x n1ex dx, n > 0.
 2
2 dx
2 4  x
2
  2
2
4  x2 dx

(a) Find 1, 2, and 3. without evaluating either integral.
(b) Use integration by parts to show that n  1  nn. 103. For what value of c does the integral


(c) Write n using factorial notation where n is a 
positive integer. x 1 1  x c 1 dx
2
n1 0
92. Prove that In 
I , where
n  2 n1  converge? Evaluate the integral for this value of c.

In  
x 2n1
dx, n ≥ 1.
104. For what value of c does the integral
0 x 2  1n3
Then evaluate each integral.


1
x cx 2  3x1  dx
2

(a)  x

2
x
 14
dx
converge? Evaluate the integral for this value of c.
105. Volume Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving


0
 the region bounded by the graph of f about the x-axis.
x3
(b) dx
0 x  1
2 5

(c)

 x5
2  1 6 dx
f x  x0,ln x, 0 < x ≤ 2
x0
0 x
106. Volume Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
the unbounded region lying between y  ln x and the y-axis
Laplace Transforms Let f
t be a function defined for all
positive values of t. The Laplace Transform of f
t is defined by
 y ≥ 0 about the x-axis.

F
s   

0
est f
t dt u-Substitution In Exercises 107 and 108, rewrite the improper
integral as a proper integral using the given u-substitution.
Then use the Trapezoidal Rule with n  5 to approximate the
if the improper integral exists. Laplace Transforms are used to
integral.
solve differential equations. In Exercises 93 –100, find the
Laplace Transform of the function.

93. f t  1 94. f t  t

107.  1
sin x
x
dx, u  x


0
1
cos x
95. f t  t 2 96. f t  eat 108. dx, u  1  x
0 1  x
97. f t  cos at 98. f t  sin at
99. f t  cosh at 100. f t  sinh at 109. (a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function y  ex .
2

101. Normal Probability The mean height of American men (b) Show that  
ex dx 
2
 1
ln y dy.


0 0
between 18 and 24 years old is 70 inches, and the standard 
deviation is 3 inches. An 18- to 24-year-old man is chosen at 110. Let f x dx be convergent and let a and b be real numbers
random from the population. The probability that he is 6 feet 

tall or taller is where a  b. Show that

P72 ≤ x <   

72
1
32
ex70 18 dx.
2

a


f x dx  
a

f x dx  
b
f x dx  


b
f x dx.

(Source: National Center for Health Statistics)

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the integrand. Use the
graphing utility to convince yourself that the area between
the x-axis and the integrand is 1.
(b) Use a graphing utility to approximate P72 ≤ x < .
(c) Approximate 0.5 P70 ≤ x ≤ 72 using a graphing
utility. Use the graph in part (a) to explain why this result
is the same as the answer in part (b).
 REVIEW EXERCISES 589

Review Exercises for Chapter 8

The symbol indicates an exercise in which you are instructed to use graphing technology or a symbolic computer algebra system.
Click on to view the complete solution of the exercise.
Click on to print an enlarged copy of the graph.

In Exercises 1– 8, use the basic integration rules to find or

evaluate the integral. 29.  0
4  x 2 dx 30.  2
sin 
1  2 cos2 
d

 
2 0

xx 2  1 dx
2 1
1. 2. xe x dx
In Exercises 31 and 32, find the integral using each method.

3.  x
x2  1
dx 4.  x
1  x 2
dx 31.  x3
4  x 2
dx

5.  e
ln2x
x
dx 6. 2
2x2x  3 dx (a) Trigonometric substitution

 
1 32
(b) Substitution: u 2  4  x 2
16 x 4  2x 2  x  1
7. dx 8. dx (c) Integration by parts: dv  x4  x 2  dx
x 2  12

16  x 2
32. x4  x dx
In Exercises 9–16, use integration by parts to find the integral.

 
(a) Trigonometric substitution
9. e 2x sin 3x dx 10. x2  1 ex dx (b) Substitution: u 2  4  x

 
(c) Substitution: u  4  x
11. xx  5 dx 12. arctan 2x dx (d) Integration by parts: dv  4  x dx

13.  x 2 sin 2x dx 14.  lnx 2  1 dx In Exercises 33–38, use partial fractions to find the integral.

15.  x arcsin 2x dx 16.  ex arctan ex dx 33.  x  28

x2  x  6
dx 34.  2x 3  5x 2  4x  4
x2  x
dx

In Exercises 17–22, find the trigonometric integral.

35.  x3
x 2  2x
 x2  x  1
dx 36.  4x  2
3x  12
dx

17.  cos3 x  1 dx 18.  sin2

x
2
dx 37.  x2
x2
 2x  15
dx 38.  sec2 
tan  tan   1
d

19.  sec4
x
2
dx 20.  tan  sec4  d In Exercises 39–46, use integration tables to find or evaluate

 
the integral.

 
1
21. d 22. cos 2sin   cos 2 d
1  sin  39.
x
dx 40.
x
dx
2  3x2 2  3x
Area

23. y  sin4 x
In Exercises 23 and 24, find the area of the region.

24. y  cos3x cos x

41.  2
x
1  sin x 2
dx 42.  1
x
1  ex
2 dx


0 0

y x
y 43. dx
x 2  4x  8
3π
4
π
44.  3
2x9x 2  1
dx, x >
1
3
( π6 , 0)
2
π
4 −π π
x 45.  1
sin  x cos  x
dx


8 8
x 1
π π 3π π
46. dx
−1 1  tan x
−π 4 2 4
4
47. Verify the reduction formula

In Exercises 25–30, use trigonometric substitution to find or

evaluate the integral.
 
ln xn dx  xln xn  n ln xn1 dx.

25.  12
dx 26.  x 2  9
dx, x > 3
48. Verify the reduction formula

27. 
x 24  x 2
x3
dx 28. 9  4x dx
x
2
 tan n x dx 
1
n1
tan n1 x   tan n2 x dx.
4  x 2
590 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

In Exercises 49–56, find the integral using any method. In Exercises 73–80, use L’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate the limit.

49.   sin  cos  d 50.  csc2x

x
dx 73. lim
ln x2
x→1 x  1
74. lim
x→0
sin  x
sin 2  x

51.  x 14
1  x 12
dx 52.  1  x dx 75. lim 2
e2x
x→  x
76. lim xex
x→ 
2

53.  1  cos x dx 54.  3x 3  4x

x 2  1 2
dx
77. lim ln x2x
x→ 
78. lim x  1ln x
x→1

   ln2x  x 2 1
0.09 n
79. lim 1000 1  80. lim
55. cos x lnsin x dx 56. sin   cos  2 d n→  n x→1

In Exercises 81–86, determine whether the improper integral

In Exercises 57–60, solve the differential equation using any
diverges or converges. Evaluate the integral if it converges.
method.

57.
dy

9
dx x 2  9
58.
dy 4  x 2

81.  16


4
1
x
dx 82. 1
6
x1
dx

 
0 0
dx 2x   1x
e
59. y  lnx 2  x 60. y  1  cos  83. x 2 ln x dx 84. dx
x2

 
1 0
 ln x  1
In Exercises 61–66, evaluate the definite integral using any 85. 86. dx
method. Use a graphing utility to verify your result. 1 x2 1 
4 x

61. 5
xx 2  432 dx 62.  1
x
x  2x  4
dx
87. Present Value The board of directors of a corporation is cal-
culating the price to pay for a business that is forecast to yield

 
2 0
4
ln x
2 a continuous flow of profit of $500,000 per year. If money will
63. dx 64. xe3x dx earn a nominal rate of 5% per year compounded continuously,
1 x 0

 
 3
what is the present value of the business
x
65. x sin x dx 66. dx (a) for 20 years?
0 0 1  x
(b) forever (in perpetuity)?
t
Area In Exercises 67 and 68, find the area of the region. (Note: The present value for t0 years is 00 500,000e0.05t dt.)
88. Volume Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
1 the region bounded by the graphs of y  xex, y  0, and
67. y  x4  x 68. y 
25  x2 x  0 about the x-axis.
y y
89. Probability The average lengths (from beak to tail) of
4 different species of warblers in the eastern United States are
1 approximately normally distributed with a mean of 12.9
3 centimeters and a standard deviation of 0.95 centimeter (see
figure). The probability that a randomly selected warbler has a
2 0.5
length between a and b centimeters is
1

x 2 4
x Pa ≤ x ≤ b 
1
0.952

a
b
ex12.9
2
20.95 2 dx.

1 2 3 4
Use a graphing utility to approximate the probability that a
randomly selected warbler has a length of (a) 13 centimeters or
Centroid In Exercises 69 and 70, find the centroid of the region greater and (b) 15 centimeters or greater. (Source: Peterson’s
bounded by the graphs of the equations. Field Guide: Eastern Birds)
69. y  1  x 2, y0 P

70. x  1  2 y2  1, x  4  2 y2 4
0.50

Arc Length In Exercises 71 and 72, approximate to two decimal

0.25
places the arc length of the curve over the given interval.
Function Interval x
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
71. y  sin x
0, 
72. y  sin2 x
0, 
 P.S. Problem Solving 591

P.S. Problem Solving

The symbol indicates an exercise in which you are instructed to use graphing technology or a symbolic computer algebra system.
Click on to view the complete solution of the exercise.
Click on to print an enlarged copy of the graph.

1. (a) Evaluate the integrals 7. Consider the problem of finding the area of the region bounded
by the x-axis, the line x  4, and the curve
 1

1
1  x 2 dx and 1
1
1  x 22 dx.
y
x2
x 2  932
.
(b) Use Wallis’s Formulas to prove that


(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the region and approximate
22n1n! 2
1
1  x 2n dx  its area.
1 2n  1! (b) Use an appropriate trigonometric substitution to find the
for all positive integers n. exact area.

2. (a) Evaluate the integrals  0

1
ln x dx and  1

0
ln x2 dx.
(c) Use the substitution x  3 sinh u to find the exact area and
verify that you obtain the same answer as in part (b).
(b) Prove that x
8. Use the substitution u  tan
to find the area of the shaded

 1
2
1
ln xn dx  1n n! region under the graph of y  , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
0 2  cos x
(see figure).
for all positive integers n.
y
3. Find the value of the positive constant c such that

xx  cc
x
lim  9. 1
x→ 

4. Find the value of the positive constant c such that

xx  cc
x 1 x
lim  . π π 3π 2π
x→  4 2 2

5. In the figure, the line x  1 is tangent to the unit circle at A. The

length of segment QA equals the length of the circular arc PA.  9. Find the arc length of the graph of the function y  ln1  x 2
1
on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 (see figure).
Show that the length of segment OR approaches 2 as P
approaches A. y

y
x
Q 1
P 2

A(1, 0)
x
R O
− 12

10. Find the centroid of the region above the x-axis and bounded
above by the curve y  ec x , where c is a positive constant
2 2

6. In the figure, the segment BD is the height of OAB. Let R be (see figure).

Hint: Show that  

the ratio of the area of DAB to that of the shaded region formed  
by deleting OAB from the circular sector subtended by angle
. Find lim R. 0
ec
2x 2
dx 
1
c 0
ex dx.
2

 →0 y
y

B
2x 2
y = e−c
θ (1, 0)
x
O D A
x
592 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

11. Some elementary functions, such as f x  sinx 2, do not 15. Use a graphing utility to estimate each limit. Then calculate
have antiderivatives that are elementary functions. Joseph each limit using L’Hôpital’s Rule. What can you conclude
Liouville proved that about the indeterminate form 0
?

 ex
x
dx 
(a) lim cot x 
x→0 x
1
(b) lim cot x  
1
xx→0

lim
cot x  cot x  
does not have an elementary antiderivative. Use this fact to 1 1
(c)
prove that x→0 x x

 1
ln x
dx
16. Suppose the denominator of a rational function can be factored
into distinct linear factors
is not elementary. Dx  x  c1x  c2  . . . x  cn 
12. (a) Let y  x be the inverse function of f. Use integration
f 1 for a positive integer n and distinct real numbers c1, c2, . . . , cn.
by parts to derive the formula If N is a polynomial of degree less than n, show that

 f 1x dx  x f 1x   f  y dy. Nx


P1

P2
Dx x  c1 x  c2
. . .
Pn
x  cn
(b) Use the formula in part (a) to find the integral where Pk  Nck D ck  for k  1, 2, . . . , n. Note that this is

 arcsin x dx.
the partial fraction decomposition of NxDx.
17. Use the results of Exercise 16 to find the partial fraction
decomposition of
(c) Use the formula in part (a) to find the area under the graph
of y  ln x, 1 ≤ x ≤ e (see figure). x 3  3x 2  1 .
y x4  13x 2  12x

18. The velocity v (in feet per second) of a rocket whose initial
1 mass (including fuel) is m is given by
m m
v  gt  u ln , t <
m  rt r
x where u is the expulsion speed of the fuel, r is the rate at which
1 2 e 3
the fuel is consumed, and g  32 feet per second per second
is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the position equation for
13. Factor the polynomial px  x 4  1 and then find the area a rocket for which m  50,000 pounds, u  12,000 feet per
1 second, and r  400 pounds per second. What is the height of
under the graph of y  4 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (see figure). the rocket when t  100 seconds? (Assume that the rocket was
x 1
fired from ground level and is moving straight upward.)
y
19. Suppose that f a  f b  ga  gb  0 and the second
1 derivatives of f and g are continuous on the closed interval
a, b . Prove that

a
b
f xg x dx  
b

a
f  xgx dx.

x
20. Suppose that f a  f b  0 and the second derivatives of f
1 exist on the closed interval a, b . Prove that


14. (a) Use the substitution u   x to evaluate the integral
2
a
b
x  ax  bf  x dx  2 a
b
f x dx.

 2

0
sin x
cos x  sin x
dx.
21. Using the inequality
1

1

1
<
1
<
1

1

2
(b) Let n be a positive integer. Evaluate the integral x 5 x10 x15 x 5  1 x 5 x10 x15

 2

0
sinn x
cos x  sinn x
n dx. for x ≥ 2, approximate  2
 1
x5  1
dx.