HOUSING STANDARDS WITH UDPFI GUIDELINES

DEVELOPMENT CODE PERTAINING TO RESIDENTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTIAL PREMISES

The use, coverage, FAR set backs, open space, height, number of dwelling units, parking
standards for residential premises on plotted development, group housing, resettlement and
Jhuggi Jhonpri insitu upgradation and non-residential premises shall be as per the provisions
contained in Master Plan/Zonal Plan/Development Code or as per simplified Development
Promotion Regulations of the Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation
Guidelines and where these are silent on such issues or which require interpretation the norms
as decided by the Authority, shall apply.

The permission of uses/use activities in use premises shall permitted in accordance with
provisions of Master Plan/Zonal Plan/Layout Plan.

CONTROL FOR BUILDING /BUILDINGS WITHIN USE PREMISES

The object of these regulations is to provide control for building/buildings within use premises
excluding the internal arrangement, which is covered and controlled by Building Bye-Laws.

General Notes
The premises for which building regulations have not been given shall be examined by the
Authority on the basis of actual requirements and other relevant factors.

1. A landscape plan shall be prepared, wherever decided by the Authority.

2. The mezzanine floor, wherever provided, shall be considered as a part of the total
FAR.
3. Wherever the building regulations are given as per different categories of plots, the
permissible area covered and the floor area need in no case be less than the permissible
covered area and floor area, respectively, for the largest size of plot in the lower category.
4. Besides the normal drawings, which are submitted for the sanction of any building, a
proper landscape plan, a circulation plan indicating vehicular and pedestrian movement and
parking and an urban design scheme where necessary, shall be submitted for sanction by the
Authority.
5. Wherever there is a need for relaxation in height for achieving urban form, the same
may be permitted with the recommendation of the Authority.
6. The provision of minimum setbacks for different sizes of plots for all categories of the
plots shall be as per the Master Plan/Development Plan or as per simplified Development
Promotion Regulations of the Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation
(UDPFI) Guidelines.

SPECIFIC PREMISES

Residential Use Zone

The residential areas are developed either as (a) plotted development or (b) group
housing/flatted development. The density pattern i.e. (high density, high medium density, low
medium density or low density) are followed for working out the pattern of development with
respect to the size of the plot, number of dwelling units on each plot, setbacks, FAR and the
number of storeys/height of the building. The municipal and social infrastructure as per the
norms and standards specified in the master plan are provided. The various sites/plots required
for social and municipal infrastructure are indicated in the layout plans. The development
norms for different use/activities and on different sizes of plots are applied for sanctioning of the
plans. These are based on development control rules applicable to the city/town.

Buildings within the Residential Use Zone

Buildings for various uses/activities within the residential use zone forming part of the residential
layout plan are to be constructed with the norms of the coverage, FAR, height and others as
applicable to that size of a residential plot.

Plotted Development
The layout plans for residential scheme are formulated keeping in view (1) that there would be
sufficient light and air in the buildings when constructed (2) that there would be protection
against noise, dust and local hazards (3) that there would be sufficient open space for various
family needs (4) that the circulation and access is easy and is safe from accident point of view
(5) that, as far as possible, the plots are of regular shape and size and (6) these are logically
arranged in a systematic manner so as to give a regular pattern of development in the form of
row houses, detached and semi-detached houses and if necessary the regular bungalow type
plots.

Residential Premises – Plotted Housing

For low-income group, the minimum plot size should not be less than 30 sq.mt. However, the
plot size may vary depending upon the type of the housing, needed for a particular city based
on general affordability of the people. The size of the plot would also depend on the number
of dwelling units to be permitted on each plot. Normally, a plot should be built for two dwelling
units on each plot. However, on bigger size plots, more than one dwelling unit per plot can be
built. The following table is suggested for different size of the plots applicable, ground
coverage, FAR, height and number of dwelling units for a residential area:

Sl.No. Plot Area (sq.mt) Maximum FAR No.of DUs. Maximum

Ground Coverage % Height (mt.)
Low-Income Group Housing (mainly for large cities/towns)
1. 30 75 150 1 8
2. Above 30 upto 50 75 150 2 8
Normal Housing (mainly for large, medium and small towns)
3. Above 50 upto 100 65 180 3 12
4. Above 100 upto 250 65 180 3 12
5. Above 250 upto 500 55 165 6 15
6. Above 500 upto 1000 45 120 8 15
7. Above 1000 upto 1500 40 100 8 15
8. Above 1500 upto 2250 33 1/3 100 12 15
Note:
1. In the already developed plots the pattern of development should conform to the existing
regulations.
2. Basement, if constructed, may be used for incidental use such as parking, servicing
and household storage. It is not to be used as a dwelling unit.
3. The area of the basement should not be more than the ground coverage.
4. Parking as per the prescribed norms should be provided with the plot or provision
should be made in the layout plan without affecting the circulation pattern.
5. 50% of the open area of the plot should be used for proper landscaping and for
plantation.

Group Housing
The number of dwelling units are calculated on the basis of the density pattern given in the
development plan, taking into consideration a population of 4.5 persons per dwelling unit.

Minimum size of the plot 2250 sq m.

In hill towns 5000 sq m.
Maximum ground coverage 35%

125 (higher FAR may be given depending on the pattern of development and should not
exceed 150)
15 m. (for plot sixes upto 4000 sq m.) and 26 m. for plots above 4000 sq m.
15 m. for all size of plots.
To be calculated on the basis of the net plot area of a particular neighbourhood. This may vary
between 50 DUs. to 124 DUs. per ha.

1. Basement, if constructed, is to be used for parking, services and for essential

household storage and for providing facilities without counting in FAR.
2. The quantum of basement may vary between 33 1/3 % to 50% of the plot area.

Resettlement and Jhuggi Jhonpri (JJ) insitu upgradation

i) Maximum net density 250 tenements per hectare.
ii) Plot size- minimum 25 sq m. However it may be reduced to 18 sq m. with 100% coverage
provided an area @ 7 sq m. per plot/tenement is clubbed with the cluster open space.
iii) Path ways:
a) 2 m. upto 30 m. in length
b) 3 m. upto 50 m. in length

Low Income Housing

The norms of ISS–8888:1993 formulated by the BIS shall be applicable for Low Income Housing,
which provide a maximum net density upto 300 DUs./Ha.
Compatibility Of Other Land Uses With Housing:

Listing Compatibility with housing

Parks and playgrounds Desirable

Elementary school Desirable

Churches and temples Desirable

Local shopping Desirable

Medical facilities Desirable

Highway with buffer strips Acceptable

Industrial park Acceptable

High school Acceptable

Stores and shops Acceptable

Airports Not acceptable

Highway without buffer strips Not acceptable

Industrial uses not screened Not acceptable

Ware houses , railroad ,tracks Not acceptable

Detoriated housing Not acceptable

Residential Density:

1. Governing criteria for density:

Density should be limited to provide:

  Adequate daylight. Sunlight,air, and usable open spaces.
 Adequate spaces for all community facilities.
 General feeling of openness and privacy.

2.Types of density measurements:

Dwelling Density:

The number of dwelling units per acre of net residential land. (land devoted to residential
buildings and accessory uses on the same lots, such as informal open spaces, drives, service
areas, excluding land for streets, public parking, playgrounds and non residential buildings.

Neighbourhood density:

The number of dwelling units per acre of total neighborhood land (new residential
land plus streets and land used for schools recreation and other community purpose.)

3.Net dwelling density for one and two family dwelling units:

Dwelling type Lot size or equivalent ,ft Net residential area per
family ,Sq.ft
One -family detached 60 x 80 6000
One -family semidetached 80 x 100 for 2 families 4000
Two - family detached 80 x 100 for two families 4000
One - family attached 20 x 100 plus 40-ft side yard 2400
between each ten units

Two – family semi detached 48 x 100 for two families 2400

For multi dwelling units:

Height of building Assumed gross floor Area covered by

( stories) area – Sq.ft building – Sq.ft
2 870 per family 435 per family
3 870 per family 290 per family
6 870 per family 145 per family
9 945 per family 105 per family
13 945 per family 75 per family
Intensity Of Development ( Land Use Intensity):

Land area (LA):

Sum of site land area for residential use plus one – half of the area of any abutting walk . alley
or street.

Building area (BA):

Building area is the total land area covered by residential buildings , measured horizontally from
the faces of the exterior walls . ( entrance platforms , steps and terraces are not countable)

Open space(OS):
Open space is the sum of the uncovered open space and one half of the covered open
space.
Uncovered open space:
The horizontal area of the site not covered by building area
Is the uncovered open space.

Covered open space :

The usable open space that is closed to the sky , having two
clear unobstructed open or partially opened sides( minimum – 50%).

Open space ratio(OSR):

OSR = OS/LA

Livability space (LS):

Non vehicular open spaces including the lawns, planting space, walks , paved terraces, sitting
areas and the unpaved areas of streets.

Livability space ratio (LSR):

LSR = LS/LA

Recreational space(RS):
It is the private or public exterior area improved for recreation of all residents , having the least
dimension of 50 ft and a minimum area of 10,000 Sq.ft.

Recreational space ratio(RSR):

RSR = RS/LA

Occupant car space (OCS):

It is the garage , carport or other parking spaces available to the residents without time limits.
Occupant car ratio (OCR):
The occupant car ratio (OCR)times the number of living units (LU) equals the minimum number
of car parking spaces(CPS) for residents in the development of a property.

Total Car space (TCS):

Occupant car space plus other parking space that is available for unlimited time period.

Total car ratio(TCR)_:

The total car ratio(TCR) times the number of living units (LU) equals the minimum number of car
parking spaces(CPS).

STANDARD VALUES FOR THE ABOVE RATIOS FOR RESPECTIVE LAND USE INTENSITY:

Land use Floor Open Livability Recreation Occupant Total car

intensity area space Space Space Car ratio ratio
(LUI) Ratio ratio ratio ratio

3.0 0.100 0.8 0.65 0.025 2.0 2.2

3.1 0.107 0.80 0.62 0.026 1.9 2.1
3.2 0.115 0.79 0.60 0.026 1.9 2.2
3.7 0.162 0.77 0.53 0.032 1.6 1.8
3.8 0.174 0.77 0.52 0.033 1.5 1.7
3.9 0.187 0.77 0.52 0.036 1.5 1.7
4.0 0.200 0.76 0.52 0.036 1.4 1.6

LAND USE FLOOR AREA

INTENSITY RATIO
1.0 0.025
2.0 0.050
3.0 0.100
4.0 0.200
5.0 0.400
6.0 0.800
7.0 1.60
ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS:

Children’s Recreation
Minimum Distance of (5-13Years) Play 1300ft
Area From Dwelling
Minimum Walking Distance To ¼ - ½ mile
Playground

Adult Recreation
Minimum Walking Distance To Athletic 1-1/4mile
Play Field
Minimum Walking Distance To Park ¼-1/2mile

Infant Recreation
Preschool Children’s Play Area
From Dwelling. Adjacent
Play Areas (2-6Yrs) From face of Buildings.
300-400ft

Non Residential Built Space

Minimum Walking Distance To ½ mile
Community Centre
Minimum Walking Distance To ½ mile
Community Facilities For Old People
Minimum Distance To Schools ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Nursery Schools ¼ mile
Minimum Distance To Kindergarden ¼ - ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Elementary School ¼ - ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Schools ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Junior Schools ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Senior Schools 1mile
Minimum Distance To high schools 1-1 ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Shopping Centre ¼ - ½ mile
Minimum Distance To Health Centre 1/2mile
 Roads(Residential)
Minimum Distance To Setting Down Points 100ft
From One and Two Person Dwelling

Minimum Distance To Setting Down Points 150ft

From Three Or More Person Dwellings

Minimum Distance From Car To House 300ft

Minimum Distance To Vehicular Way 200ft

Minimum Distance To Dwelling From Street 100ft

Or Parking Area

COMMUNITY FACILITIES:

1.Educational facilities:

Nursery school:
Number of children – 3.25 / household

No. of classes Area No. of children

2 2000 Sq.ft 30
4 4000 Sq.ft 60
6 6000 Sq.ft 90

Additional facilities:

Play lot.
Accessible by footpaths from dwelling units without crossing streets.

Elementary school:

Number of children -125 -175 / 1000 person.

Radius of area to be served – ¼ - ½ mile.

Number of students Area of school required

250 7-8 acres
800 12-14 acres
1200 16-18 acres

Additional facilities:

Playground well equipped wide range of activities.

Play ground area completely away from street.

High school
Radius of area to be served: ½ mile – ¾ mile

Number of students Families served Area of school required

800 2750 - 3000 18 – 20 acres
1200 4500 - 5000 24 – 26 acres
1600 5800 - 6000 30 – 32 acres

2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES:-

Facility Location And Number Served

Distance
Church Central To Congregation, 500-2500
1mile Max

Branch Library Central, UPTO 5000

1mile Max

Recreation Centre ¼ - ½ mile Up To 5000

Social centre ¼ - ½ mile Up To 5000

Health centre Centre Up To 5000

¼ - ½ mile

Multiservice Centre Centre Up To 5000

¼ - ½ mile

3.RECREATIONAL FACILITIES:-

Service Population Acres Per 1000 Population

Facility Distance Served
(in thousands)
Neighbhourhood
Recreation
Complex
-(Playground-Play ¼ - ½ mile 8-12 1.0
area And Paved
Game Courts)
 -(Playfield-
Sportsfield And
Parking Area).
Community Recreation
Complex
-(Community Centre
Building,Playlot,Playarea, 1mile Varies 0.5-1.0
Paved
Game Courts,Sportsfield,
Swimming pool,Passive
Park And Parking)
CityWide Recreation And
Parks
-(Recreation Park, 5miles Varies 5.0
Amusement
Centre And Sports Centre

Infant Recreation
Preschool Children’s Play Area Per
100 Dwellings 2500sq.ft
Preschool Children’s Play Area Per
Bedroom 10sq.ft
Play Areas (2-6Years) Per Child 50sq.ft
Play Areas (2-6Years) Per Family 12-15sq.ft

Children’s Recreation
Minimum Size For Playground Areas 3.25acres
For 2000 Population
Minimum Size For Playground Areas 4.00acres
For 3000 Population
Minimum Size For Playground Areas 5.00acres
For 4000 Population
Minimum Size For Playground Areas 6.00acres
For 5000 Population
Minimum Play Area For 30 Children 1500sq.ft
Minimum Play Area For 100 Children 5000sq.ft

Adult Recreation
Maximum For Each Bedroom For School 2000sq.ft
age And Adult Recreation
For Projects Over 100 Bedrooms Add 50sq.ft
HOUSING CODES

A Housing is one of a series of ordinances created to protect health, safety,

and general welfare through the exercise of the police power.

It is primarily a regulatory device designed to effect the preservation of

acceptable dwellings and the rehabilitation of salvageable units.

A comprehensive housing code normally specifies the required living space

per person, minimum standards for lighting and ventilation, structural soundness and safety, fire
protection, basic equipment, and the provision of services, and spells out, preferably in
considerable detail, the maintenance responsibilities of owners and occupants.

The housing code generally defines the precise conditions for legal
occupancy of dwelling units and, in most but not all cases, prescribes the manner in which
compliance with locally adopted requirements is to be obtained.

DWELLING UNIT OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS

Similarly to building codes, four basic model housing codes have been
developed. They are:

 Recommended housing maintenance and occupancy ordinance, American public

health association. ( A P H A )

 The basic housing code, the building officials conference of America ( B O C A )

 The southern standard housing code, The southern standard housing code
conference ( S S B C C )

 Housing code, the international conference of building officials ( I C B O )

In general there is a reasonable uniformity among most of the codes relative to occupancy
requirements.

Dwelling unit occupancy requirements, four national model housing codes(floor area in sq.ft)

There is a great discrepancy in the current standards for the total floor area requirements.
 Minimum total floor area ( sq.ft )
For 1 person 400
For 2 persons 750
For 3 persons 1000
For 4 persons 1150
For 5 persons 1400
For 6 persons 1550

1 2 3 4 5
CODE PERSONS PERSONS PERSONS PERSONS PERSONS
APHA-PHS 150 250 350 450 550
BOCA 150 250 350 450 550
ICBO 200 200 290 330 380
SSBCC 150 250 350 450 525

DWELLING UNIT OCCUPANCY STANDARDS

The amount of floor space required in habitable rooms is 150 sq.ft for the first
person and 100 sq.ft more for each additional person.

If no of occupants five or more the additional space required for each occupant is
75 sq.ft.

The minimum amount of habitable space in the dwelling unit can be determined
that 200 sq.ft. for one or two person occupancy of a dwelling unit.

Two persons may occupy a two-room dwelling unit with 200 sq.ft of habitable
space distributed as follows:

Combination of living & bed room 150 sq.ft

Kitchen 50 sq.ft
200 sq.ft

Three persons may occupy a two-room dwelling unit with 290 sq.ft of habitable space
distributed as follows:

Kitchen & living 150 sq.ft

Bed room (triple occupancy) 140 sq.ft
290 sq.ft

Four persons may occupy a three-room dwelling unit with 330 sq.ft of habitable space
distributed as follows:
 Kitchen & living 150 sq.ft
Bed room (double occupancy) 90 sq.ft
Bed room (double occupancy) 90 sq.ft
330 sq.ft

Five persons may occupy a three-room dwelling unit with 380 sq.ft of habitable space
distributed as follows:

Kitchen & living 150 sq.ft

Bed room (triple occupancy) 140 sq.ft
Bed room (double occupancy) 90 sq.ft
380 sq.ft

SLEEPING ROOM OCCUPANCY STANDARDS

The APHA-PHS, BOCA, & SBCC Says Sleeping room requires 70 sq.ft of habitable
floor space to be occupied by one person.

The ICBO requires that a room used for sleeping should have not less than 90
sq.ft. of floor space and may be occupied by two persons.

The APHA-PHS housing code requires at least 120 sq.ft for two persons.

The BOCA & SBCC requires only 100 sq.ft. SBCC code allows two persons
under 12 years to occupy a sleeping room with but 70 sq.ft requiring only 35 sq.ft per child.

If the bed room is occupied by three persons the APHA-PHS Requires 170 sq.ft
of habitable floor space, the BOCA & SBCC codes 150sq.ft if occupants are older than 12.

The ICBO code permits three persons to occupy a sleeping room with 140
sq.ft of floor space.

BATHROOM FACILITIES

The substantive provision that shows the greatest uniformity in the codes is
the bathroom facilities requirement. All the housing codes require a private flush toilet, a
lavatory sink, and a bath tub or shower with hot and cold running water under pressure. These
facilities, located inside the dwelling unit, constitute minimum requirements for sanitary housing.
ELECTRICAL SERVICE AND FACILITIES

The requirement that dwelling units be provided with electrical service if the connection is
available within a reasonable or specified distance(usually 300ft) from the dwelling unit is
basic.
The APHA-PHS housing code requires an electrical service,outlets and or fixtures capable of
providing 3w of electrical power per square foor\t of the total area.
 Each dwelling unit must have atleast one 15-A and such circuit should not be shared
with another dwelling unit.
 Temporary wiring or extension cords should not be used as permanent wiring.
 Every habitable room including toilets and bathrooms should be provided with either
a ceiling or wall type electric light fixture.
 All electric lights and fixtures provided in the bathrooms should be controlled by
switches which are designed to minimize electric shock.
 Every habitable rooms must have atleast two wall type electric convenience duplex
outlets.

SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL

All housing codes has provision concerning the handling of liquid wastes (sewage).connection
to either a public sewer or an approved septic tank is required. Most housing codes require
storage and or disposal.

LIGHTING
Day lighting for habitable rooms is minimum requirements of code. most codes require need at
least one window per habitable room and stipulate the number of minimum area to be
provided .
Most housing codes require artificial lighting to all habitable rooms, and areas such as
bathrooms hallways etc.this specification is usually represented in the percent of floor areas of
the rooms to be day lighted. the minimum total widow or skylight area measured between the
stops for every habitable rooms should be atleast 10% of the total floor area.

VENTILATION
All housing codes require natural ventilation for all habitable rooms and bathrooms. But some
permit mechanical ventilation. The most common specification is that 45%of window area must
be openable.

ACCEPTABLE EXIT ARRANGEMENTS

 Exit should be remote from each other. The distance between two exits should not
be greater than 60m.
  Two interior staircase such as the scissors staircase can be used when arrangement of
the corridor system is similar to the design shown. since the Stair and wall construction separates
the two stairs, the construction should not allow the passage of smoke from one to other.

 Dead end corridors can be used when the length of the corridors is small.

LOCATION OF EXIT STAIRS

ESCAPE AND REFUGE- BUILDING ESCAPE STRATEGIES

Escape routes should be evaluated to see that alternate routes are available in case one route
is untenable due to fire or smoke.

CENTRAL STAIR

The central stair is an undesirable escape strategy because the corridors become smoke filled.

REMOTE STAIRS

Stairway located at the ends of corridor can offer alternate escape routes and shorter travel
distance to most occupants.

EXTERIOR ESCAPES

Protected outdoor stairway exit can provide smoke free escape routes.
There are alternate routes to remotely located stairs.

Maximum distance of travel to exits

Maximum distance of travel from the door of any dwelling unit to the door opening to any exit
in the same storey should be 50ft.

Distance between dwelling unit entrance door and stairway in

corridor affording exit in two directions should not be grater
than 100ft or 150ft in buildings with automatic sprinkler system.

FIRE SAFETY /APARTMENT ALARM SYSTEMS

An alarm system connecting each dwelling unit to the central

control point is needed in new constructions.
There should be two terminals located in a dwelling unit .well marked and illuminated so that
they can be seen at night.
Buttons or pull cords must be provided 600mm above the floor level.
An alternative is to use to employ a telephone switch board, using a telephone alarm system.

 The basic fire safety principles that has to be used in the design of an single family
home are

 Two ways out should be provided from all living and sleeping rooms, the second
means of escape may be the suitable window

 The spatial arrangement should minimize the spread of smoke, particularly from living
and other utility space to the sleeping room.

 The construction should minimize the the development for spread of fire.

 Automatic smoke detectors must be used to safeguard the means of escape from
bedrooms.

SITE SECURITY

Symbolic barriers define areas or relate them to particular building without physical preventing
intrusions. the success of symbolic versus real barriers in restricting entry rests on four conditions

 The capacity of the intruder to read the symbols

 The capacity of the inhabitants or their agents to maintain controls and reinforce the
space definition as symbolically expressed.

 The capacity of the defined space to require the intruder to make obvious his or her
intentions.

 The capacity of the inhabitants or their agents to challenge the presence of the
intruder and to take subsequent action.

 Teen play area should not be located in a isolated area of a development,

dissociated from the dwelling. Teen area should be bordered by dwellings of residence.

Children of age 1-5 years are comfortable playing in outdoor

areas immediately adjacent to their dwellings. play area of 12-
18 year olds should not be located immediately adjacent to
home. It must be large enough to house the activities of this
age group: basketball, football, handball, dancing, etc.
 PROTECTING THE INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNIT

Normally the first priority in the multi family housing is the protection of the individual dwelling
unit against burglary.

In any systems doors windows and other and other means of possible access should be
analyzed as total systems, comprised of their frames locks and other accessories.

EXTERIOR DOORS

All outdoor doors including the back door should be able to withstand the degree of attack
anticipated.
Where security problems are very serious doors with glass panels should not be used. All exterior
solid core construction with a minimum thickness of 1¾ inches.

If panel doors are desired the panel thickness should be minimum of ½ inch thickness.

Door hinges should be of heavy duty construction and located inner side of the doors so that
burglars cannot remove the entire door.
Door locks are the one element in the entire security picture about which a standard
recommendation can most validly be made for every multiple housing project. Every exterior
dwelling unit should be equipped with a dead bolt mortise lock with a throw of atleast 1inch.

Door frame is often overlooked as a component of the security of the complete door systems.
All frames shall be of heavy duty construction. Metal covered wooden frames provided
optimum cost effectiveness.

WINDOWS

 The dwelling unit windows are vulnerable to attack are those situated in the first floor
or accessible from the ground.

 Windows glass can be protected by the use of unbreakable glass made of

polycarbonate materials.

 The only reliable window locks are those key operated variety. However such locks
provide problems of fire safety.

 Gates locks and grilles afford reliable protection for vulnerable windows where
security problems are great. such fixtures should be of heavy duty construction should be
securely attached with machines are round headed bolts which cannot be easily removed.
ELECTRONIC ALARM SYSTEMS

The above said measures can be reinforced with electronic alarm systems.
Types of alarm systems
Alarm devices can be divided into two categories contact devices and motion devices. in
simple terms contact devices are mechanical switches which detect the movement of doors
or windows. Foil strips are related to a mechanism to detect breakage of door and window
glass.
Motion detecting systems include seismographic devices, photoelectric cells, and ultrasonic
detectors.

ALARM SUPPORTING TEAM

Either a contact or a motion detection system may be linked to a local alarm bell or a central
alarm .local alarms aim is driving off the burglar or aiding in his and alerting residents near by
that an burglary is being attempted.

SITE AND ACCESS CRITERIA

The fire department is severely hampered if it cannot gain rapid access to the building in which
fire is there. The follo0wing are guidelines for streets and access to buildings.

 The developed areas should be accessible from atleast two separate connecting
points or one connecting roadway of divided design.
 Streets should be paved and be capable of supporting heaviest load permitted.

 Total street width should provide a 22ft. clear excluding of the parking.
 Intersection should have minimum curb radius of 20ft.
 Grades should not exceed 10% grades of 15%are permitted for distance less than
600ft.
 Fences should have gates to provide access to the rear side buildings.
WATER SUPPLY CRITERIA
 An inadequate water supply for fire fighting may result in loss of life and property. The
following minimum fire flow should be available at a residual pressure of 20lb/insq.
 Piping should be lined as required to resist corrosion and tuberculation.
 Water mains should be less than 8in nominal inside diameter.
 dead end mains should not exceed 600ftin length.
 hydrant should be located at each street intersection.
 Hydrant should be located 5ft-10ft of street or driveway pavement.
 Hydrants shall not be provided 50ft close to the building to be protected.

QUANTITY OF WATER
With quality water supplies becoming more difficult to find and water demands increasing. This
limited source must be conserved.

Airports (per person) - 3-5 gallons /day

Apartments - 60
Bath house - 10
Luxury camps - 100-150
Boarding house - 50
Luxury - 100-150
Swimming pool - 10

Average house hold water use activities

Toilet (per flush) 1.5-5 25 37

Faucets 3 5 21
Bath 5 15 22
Daily laundry 25 10 15
Cooking 3 3 5

Total 100%

FLOOR AREA
Floor area is the sum of the gross area of the several floors of a building, measured from the
exterior face of the exterior walls .it generally includes

 Basement space
 Elevator shafts or stairwells at each floor
 Floor space in pent house
 Attic space providing structural headroom of 8ft or more
 Floor space in interior balconies or mezzanines
 Any floor space used for dwelling.
The floor area of a building should not include

 Cellar space except that cellar space used for retailing should be included for the
purpose of calculating requirements for accessory.
 Uncovered steps
 Accessory water tanks
 Floor space used for mechanical equipments
 Elevator or stair bulk heads

ASSESSMENT OF. REQUIREMENTS OF HOUSING

1. Based on projections of population and economic activities, town

planners major (pre-occupation is to determine the levels of demand for housing and
other facilities in a town
2. While dealing with housing, it is first necessary to clearly distinguish between
housing and demand.. Whereas, need refers to inadequacy of existing provisions when
compared with socially acceptable norms, demand is an economic concept wherein
standard and amount of housing demand is related to household's income and ability
to pay. Both housing and demand are affected by factors such as housing shortage and
rate of obsolescence, whereas demand would be additionally affected by affordability
and future housing needs.
3.The first step in estimating housing need is to subtract the number of
unsuitable dwellings from the existing housing stock. .If the number of houses so arrived at
is compared with the existing number of housing units, the housing need can be
established.
4. Future housing need can be estimated from the projected number of
additional Households there will be in the city at a given date in the future. A simple way
of doing this is to estimate the future population of the city and divide it by the expected
household size at the date.
5.Finally, for identifying demand component of housing need, planners have to
carefully analyze the affordability criterion. This can be done be simultaneously looking at
three factors, namely initial capital cost of the housing units, total annual household
income and annual economic rent:
The annual economic rent can be further analyzed based on the information
on amortization rates, interest rates, and cost of maintenance, repair and management.

6. As with all other projections, there always the danger that estimates of housing
need and demand can be quite off the ark particularity if the base data are unrealistic
or inadequate or 1f the rejections are made too far ahead in time. Yet the degree of
accuracy required in forecasting housing needs is not very-high.. An indication of the
order of the magnitude will suffice in most of the cases. ·-