Digital Integrated
Circuits
A Design Perspective
Jan M. Rabaey
Anantha Chandrakasan
Borivoje Nikolic
The Inverter
July 30, 2002
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter
The CMOS Inverter: A First Glance
V DD
V in V out
CL
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 2
CMOS Inverter
First-Order DC Analysis
V DD V DD
Rp
VOL = 0
VOH = VDD
V out VM = f(Rn, Rp)
V out
Rn
V in 5 V DD V in 5 0
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 3
CMOS Inverter: Transient Response
V DD V DD
Rp tpHL = f(Ron.CL)
= 0.69 RonCL
V out
V out
CL
CL
Rn
V in 5 0 V in 5 V DD
(a) Low-to-high (b) High-to-low
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 4
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 5
CMOS Switching Characteristics
CMOS Switching Characteristics
- in this expression we eliminate some of the capacitances:
Csb,n, Csb,p : There is no voltage change from Vsb,n or Vsb,p so there is no net capacitance
Cgs,n, Cgs,p : Since these are connected between Vin and VDD/VSS, the input drives these
capacitances. It is not part of the capacitance that the device output drives.
- this expression does include the interconnect and gate capacitance of the circuits that this
inverter is driving
Cload C gd ,n C gd , p Cdb ,n Cdb , p Cint C gate
Oxides of Junctions Interconnect Oxide of
Driver of Driver Receiver
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 6
Gate-drain Capacitance
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 7
Drain-Body Junction Capacitances
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 8
Voltage Transfer
Characteristic
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter
PMOS Load Lines
IDn
V in = V DD +VGSp
IDn = - IDp
V out = VDD +VDSp
V out
IDp IDn IDn
Vin=0 Vin=0
V in=1.5 Vin=1.5
V DSp V DSp Vout
VGSp=-1
VGSp=-2.5
Vin = V DD+VGSp Vout = V DD+VDSp
IDn = - IDp
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 10
CMOS Inverter Load Characteristics
ID n
Vin = 0 Vin = 2.5
PMOS Vin = 0.5 Vin = 2 NMOS
Vin = 1 Vin = 1.5
Vin = 1.5 Vin = 1
Vin = 1.5 Vin = 1
Vin = 2 Vin = 0.5
Vin = 2.5 Vin = 0
Vout
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 11
CMOS Inverter VTC
Vout
NMOS off
2.5 PMOS res
NMOS s at
PMOS res
2
NMOS sat
1.5
PMOS sat
1
NMOS res
PMOS sat NMOS res
0.5
PMOS off
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Vin
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 12
Determining VIH and VIL
Vout
V OH
VM
V in
V OL
V IL V IH
A simplified approach
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 13
Inverter Gain
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
gain
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
V (V)
in
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 14
Determining VM
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
V (V)
1.3
M
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8 0 1
10 10
W p /W n
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Inverter 15
