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Section 1 - General Provisions: B D S - A 2000

The document provides bridge design specifications, with Section 1 outlining general provisions. It states that bridge designs should ensure structural integrity through continuity, redundancy, and protection from severe loads. Bridges should be located to suit the terrain and minimize costs. Waterway designs must consider flood risks, channel conditions, and scour protection. Drainage from the roadway and bridge deck should be safely directed without erosion. Railroad overpasses require clearance standards from the affected railroad.

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41 views3 pages

Section 1 - General Provisions: B D S - A 2000

The document provides bridge design specifications, with Section 1 outlining general provisions. It states that bridge designs should ensure structural integrity through continuity, redundancy, and protection from severe loads. Bridges should be located to suit the terrain and minimize costs. Waterway designs must consider flood risks, channel conditions, and scour protection. Drainage from the roadway and bridge deck should be safely directed without erosion. Railroad overpasses require clearance standards from the affected railroad.

Uploaded by

Anonymous I8dXeo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS • APRIL 2000

SECTION 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND GENERAL 1.3 WATERWAYS


STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR
1.3.1 General
BRIDGES
1.3.1.1 Selecting favorable stream crossings
The intent of these specifications is to produce integ- should be considered in the preliminary route determina-
rity of design in bridges. tion to minimize construction, maintenance, and replace-
ment costs. Natural stream meanders conditions should
1.1.1 Design Analysis be studied and, if necessary, channel changes, river
training works, and other construction that would reduce
When these Specifications provide for empirical for- erosion problems and prevent possible loss of the struc-
mulae, alternate rational analyses, based on theories or ture should be considered. The foundations of bridges
tests and accepted by the authority having jurisdiction, constructed across channels that have been realigned
will be considered as compliance with these Specifica- should be designed for possible deepening and widening
tions. of the relocated channel due to natural causes. On wide
flood plains, the lowering of approach embankments to
1.1.2 Structural Integrity provide overflow sections that would pass unusual floods
over the highway is a means of preventing loss of struc-
Designs and details for new bridges should address tures. Where relief bridges are needed to maintain the
structural integrity by considering the following: natural flow distribution and reduce backwater, caution
must be exercised in proportioning the size and in locat-
(a) The use of continuity and redundancy to provide ing such structures to avoid undue scour or changes in the
one or more alternative load paths. course of the main river channel.
(b) Structural members and bearing seat widths that
are resistant to damage or instability. 1.3.1.2 Usually, bridge waterways are sized to
(c) External protection systems to minimize the ef- pass a design flood of a magnitude and frequency consis-
fects of reasonably conceived severe loads. tent with the type of class of highway. In the selection of
the waterway opening, consideration should be given to
1.1 BRIDGE LOCATIONS the amount of upstream ponding, the passage of ice and
debris, and possible scour of the bridge foundatons.
The general location of a bridge is governed by the Where floods exceeding the design flood have occurred,
route of the highway it carries, which, in the case of a new or where superfloods would cause extensive damage to
highway, could be one of several routes under consider- adjoining property or the loss of a costly structure, a
ation. The bridge location should be selected to suit the larger waterway opening may be warranted. Due consid-
particular obstacle being crossed. Stream crossings eration should be given to any federal, state, and local
should be located with regard to initial capital cost of requirements.
bridgeworks and the minimization of total cost including
river channel training works and the maintenance mea- 1.3.1.3 Relief openings, spur-dikes, and chan-
sures necessary to reduce erosion. Highway and railroad nel training works should be used where needed to
crossings should provide for possible future works such minimize the effect of adverse flood flow conditions.
as road widening. Where scour is likely to occur, protection against damage
from scour should be provided in the design of bridge
piers and abutments. Embankment slopes adjacent to

SECTION 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1-1


BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS • MARCH 1999

structures subject to erosion should be adequately pro- 1.4 CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH,
tected by riprap, flexible mattresses, retards, spur dikes or AND WATERWAY OPENINGS
other appropriate construction. Clearing of brush and
trees along embankments in the vicinity of bridge open- Culvert location, length, and waterway openings
ings should be avoided to prevent high flow velocities should be in accordance with the AASHTO Guide on the
and possible scour. Borrow pits should not be located in Hydraulic Design of Culverts in Highway Drainage
areas which would increase velocities and the possibility Guidelines.
of scour at bridges.
1.5 ROADWAY DRAINAGE
1.3.2 Hydraulic Studies
The transverse drainage of the roadway should be
Hydraulic studies of bridge sites are a necessary part provided by a suitable crown in the roadway surface and
of the preliminary design of a bridge and reports of such longitudinal drainage by camber or gradient. Water
studies should include applicable parts of the following flowing downgrade in a gutter section should be inter-
outline: cepted and not permitted to run onto the bridge. Short,
continuous span bridges, particularly overpasses, may be
1.3.2.1 Site Data built without inlets and the water from the bridge road-
way carried downslope by open or closed chutes near the
(a) Maps, stream cross sections aerial photographs. end of the bridge structure. Longitudinal drainage on
(b) Complete data on existing bridges, including dates long bridges should be provided by scuppers or inlets
of construction and performance during past which should be of sufficient size and number to drain the
floods. gutters adequately. Downspouts, where required, should
(c) Available high water marks with dates of occur- be made of rigid corrosion-resistant material not less than
rence. 4 inches in least dimension and should be provided with
(d) Information on ice debris, and channel stability. cleanouts. The details of deck drains should be such as to
(e) Factors affecting water stages such as high water prevent the discharge of drainage water against any
from other streams, reservoirs, flood control portion of the structure or on moving traffic below, and
projects, and tides. to prevent erosion at the outlet of the downspout. Deck
(f) Geomorphic changes in channel flow. drains may be connected to conduits leading to storm
water outfalls at ground level. Overhanging portions of
1.3.2.2 Hydrologic Analysis concrete decks should be provided with a drop bead or
notch.
(a) Flood data applicable to estimating floods at site,
including both historical floods and maximum 1.6 RAILROAD OVERPASSES
floods of record.
(b) Flood-frequency curve for site. 1.6.1 Clearances
(c) Distribution of flow and velocities at site of flood
discharges to be considered in design of structure. Structures designed to overpass a railroad shall be in
(d) Stage-discharge curve for site. accordance with standards established and used by the
affected railroad in its normal practice. These overpass
1.3.2.3 Hydraulic Analysis structures shall comply with applicable Federal, State,
and local laws.
(a) Backwater and mean velocities at bridge opening Regulations, codes, and standards should, as a mini-
for various trial bridge lengths and selected dis- mum, meet the specifications and design standards of the
charges. American Railway Engineering Association, the Asso-
(b) Estimated scour depth at piers and abutments of ciation of American Railroads, and AASHTO.
proposed structures.
(c) Effect of natural geomorphic stream pattern
changes on the proposed structure.

1-2 SECTION 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS


BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS • MARCH 1999

1.6.2 Blast Protection

On bridges over railroads with steam locomotives,


metal likely to be damaged by locomotive gases, and all
concrete surfaces less than 20 feet above the tracks, shall
be protected by blast plates. The plates shall be placed to
take account of the direction of blast when the locomotive
is on level or superelevated tracks by centering them on
a line normal to the plane of the two rails at the centerline
of the tracks. The plates shall be not less than 4 feet wide
and shall be cast-iron, a corrosion and blast resisting
alloy, or asbestos-board shields, so supported that they
may be readily replaced. The thickness of plates and other
parts in direct contact with locomotive blast shall be not
less than 3/4 inch for cast iron, 3/8 inch for alloy, 1/2 inch
for plain asbestos-board and 7/16 inch for corrugated
asbestos-board. Bolts shall be not less than 5/8 inch in
diameter. Pocket which may hold locomotive gases shall
be avoided as far as practical. All fastenings shall be
galvanized or made of corrosion resistant material.

1.7 SUPERELEVATION

The superelevation of the floor surface of a bridge on


a horizontal curve shall be provided in accordance with
the standard practice of the commission for the highway
construction, except that the superelevation shall not
exceed 0.10 foot per foot width of roadway.

1.8 FLOOR SURFACES

All bridge floors shall have skid-resistant characteris-


tics.

1.9 UTILITIES

Where required, provisions shall be made for trolley


wire supports and poles lighting pillars, electric conduits,
telephone conduits, water pipes, gas pipes, sanitary sew-
ers, and other utility appurtenances.

SECTION 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1-3

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