5-1

Machine – a tool that helps us do

work

Machines help us by:

1
1. Ch gi g the
Changing th amountt off force
f on an object.
bj t

2.. Changing
C a g g tthee direction
d ect o ofo the
t e force.
o ce.

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 Simple Machines

Screw Wedge
Inclined Plane

Pulley Wheel and Axle

Lever

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 What is a Simple Machine?
y A simple machine has few
or no moving parts.
y Simple machines make
workk easier.
i
y Simple machine is a device
in which effort is applied
at one place and work is
done at some other place.
p
y Simple machines are run
manually, not by electric
power.

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 Simple Machines

y Simple machines are "simple" because most have only one

moving part.
part
y Remember, a machine is any device that makes work easier. In
science,
i "work"
" k" means making
ki something
hi move.
y It's important to know that when you use a simple machine, you're
actually doing the same amount of work — it just seems easier.
y A ssimple
p e machine
ac e reduces
e uces tthee aamount
ou t of
o effort
e o t needed
ee e to move
ove
something, but you wind up moving it a greater distance to
accomplish the same amount of work.
y So remember, there's a trade–off of energy when using simple
machines.
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 Technical terms Related to Simple Machines
y Mechanical advantage (MA) :
y The ratio of load lifted (W) and effort required (P) is called Mechanical
advantage.
Load Lifted W
MA = ∴ MA =
Effort required P
Where, W= Load and P= Effort

y Velocity ratio (VR) :

y The ratio of distance moved by effort and the distance moved by load is
called velocity ratio.
Distance
s a ce moved
oved by eeffort
o y
VR = ∴ VR =
Distance moved by load x

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 y Input
¾ Input = effort
ff x ddistance movedd bby effort
ff
¾ Input = p.y
y Output:
¾ Output = load x distance moved by load
¾ Output = W.x
Wx
• Efficiency ( η ) :
¾ The ratio of work done byy the machine and work done on the machine is called
efficiency of the machine.
output
Efficiency = × 100 %
input
Output = W . x & input = P . y
W.x
W W/P
∴η= × 100 = × 100
P.y y/x
MA
= × 100 %
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VR
 y Ideal machine :
¾ A machine ha
having
ing 100% efficienc
efficiency is called an ideal machine.
machine
¾ In an Ideal machine friction is zero.
¾ For Ideal machine,
machine
Output = input or MA=VR

y Effort lost in friction (Pf):

y In a simple
p machine,, effort required
q to overcome the friction between
various parts of a machine is called effort lost in friction.
y Let, P = effort
• effort lost in friction..
Po = effort
ff forf Ideal
d l machine
h
Pf=P - Po
Pf = effort lost in friction
y For Ideal machine,VR = MA
VR=W/Po
Po=W/VR
Pf = PP-Po
Po
Pf= P-(W/VR)
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 y Reversible machine :
¾ Iff a machine
h is capable
bl off ddoing some workk in the
h reverse direction,
d after
f theh
effort is removed is called reversible machine.
¾ For reversible machine,, η ≥ 50%

y Non-reversible machine or self-locking

g machine
¾ If a machine is not capable of doing some work in the reverse direction, after the
effort is removed, is called non-reversible machine or self-locking machine.
¾ For non-reversible
bl machine,
h η < 50%
¾ A car resting on a screw jack does not come down on the removal of the effort.
It is an example
p of non-reversible machine.

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 y Condition for reversibility of machine :
W = load lifted
P = effort required
x = distance moved by load
y = distance moved by effort
P.y = input
W.x = output
y Machine friction = P.y –W.x
y for
f a machine
hi tot reverse,
output > machine friction
∴ W.x > P.y – W.x
∴ 2 W.x > p.y
W. x 1
∴ ≥
P y
P. 2
Output
∴ ≥ 0 .5
Input
∴ η ≥ 50%
6 - 10 For a machine to reverse, η ≥ 50%
 Law of machine
y The law of machine is given by relation,
y P= mW+C
y Where,
P = effort applied
W= load lifted
m = constant
(coefficient of friction)
= slope of line AB
C= Constant
= Machine Friction= OA
y Following observations are made from the graph :
¾ On a machine, if W = 0, effort C is required to run the machine. Hence, effort C is required
to overcome machine friction.
¾ If line AB crosses x-x axis. without effort (P), some load call be lifted, which is impossible.
Hence, line AB never crosses x-x axis.
¾ If line
li AB passes through
h h origin,
i i no effort
ff is i required
i d to balance
bl f i i Such
friction. S h a graphh is
i for
f
Ideal machine.
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 Maximum mechanical advantage
W
MA =
P
from law of machine P = mW + C
W 1 C
∴ MA = = (Q neglecting )
mW + C C W
m+
W
1
Maxi. MA =
m

Maximum efficiency (η max )

W
MA =
P
from law of machine P = mW + C
MA
∴η =
VR

1
m 1
∴η = (MA = MA max = )
VR m
1
∴ η max =
6 - 12 m x VR
 Relation Between Load Lifted and the Mechanical Advantage

As the load increases, the effort also increases

and the M.. A.. increases
The maximum M. A. is equal to 1/m.

Relation Between Load Lifted and the Efficiency

As the load and effort increases, efficiency also

increases.
The maximum efficiency is equal to 1/(m x VR)

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 Simple Machine
• Following are the simple machines.
¾ Simple Wheel and Axle
¾ Differential wheel and axle
¾ Worm and Worm Wheel
¾ Single
Si l purchase
h C Crabb
¾ Double Purchase Crab
¾Inclined Plane
¾ Simple
p Screw JJack
¾ lever
¾Si l PPulley
¾Simple ll
6 - 14 ¾Wedge
6 - 15
 DIFFERENTIAL WHEEL AND AXLE

• In this machine load axle is made in two parts having two different diameters d1 and d2.
• When effort is applied to rotate the assembly at that time string is wound over larger
axle (d1) and unwound from the smaller axle (d2).
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 WORM AND WORM WHEEL

• In worm and worm wheel machine, effort wheel and worm are on the same shaft and rotates in
two bearings as shown.
• Similarly worm wheel and load drum are also on the same shaft and rotates in two bearings. Two
axes are at right angles.
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 SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH

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 DOUBLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH

• In this machine to increase the V.R. one more pair of gears is used in comparison to single
purchase
h crab. b
• Since there are totally two pairs of gears it is known as Double Purchase Crab Winch. Similarly in
Triple Purchase CrabWinch there will be three pairs of gears.
• Construction is similar in all the cases

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 Inclined Plane
A plane
l is i a flat
fl t surface.
f F example,
For l a smooth
th board
b d isi a plane.
l
Now, if the plane is lying flat on the ground, it isn't likely to help you do
work.
However,, when that pplane is inclined,, or slanted,, it can helpp yyou move
objects across distances. And, that's work!
A common inclined plane is a ramp.
Lifting a heavy box onto a loading dock is much easier if you slide the
box up a ramp a simple machine.
machine

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 Inclined Plane
y The Egyptians used simple machines to build the pyramids. One
method was to build a very long incline out of dirt that rose upward to
the top of the pyramid very gently. The blocks of stone were placed on
large logs (another type of simple machine - the wheel and axle) and
pushed
h d slowly
l l up theth long,
l gentle
tl inclined
i li d plane
l t the
to th top
t off the
th
pyramid.

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 Although it takes less force for car A to get to the top of the ramp,
ramp
all the cars do the same amount of work.

A B C
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 Inclined Plane

Let the angle of inclination of the

plane be θ and the length of the
inclined plane be L.

Then, if the roller is made to roll

Then
from bottom to top, applying an
effort P, the load is lifted through a In this process the effort P moves
through a distance L vertically
height of L sin θ.
downwards.

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 Screw
Now, take an inclined plane and wrap it
around a cylinder.
cylinder

Its sharpp edge

g becomes another simple p
tool: the screw. Put a metal screw beside
a ramp and it's kind of hard to see the
similarities, but the screw is actually just
another kind of inclined plane.

How does the screw help you do work?

Every turn of a metal screw helps you
move a piece of metal through a wooden
space.
p
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 SIMPLE SCREW JACK
y Screw Jack is a simple machine used for lifting heavy
loads, through short distances, with the help of small
effort applied at its handle.
y The most common application of screw jack is the
raising of the front or rear portion of a vehicle for
the purpose of changing the wheel or tyre.
y when one rotation is given to the handle.
y distance moved by effort = 2πR
y distance through which
hich load is lifted = p

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 Si l Pulley
Simple P ll
y PULLEY: A pulley is a simple machine
made with a rope, belt or chain wrapped
around a grooved wheel.
wheel

y A pulley works two ways.

ways It can change the
direction of a force or it can change the
amount of force.

y A fixed p
pulleyy changes
g the direction of the
applied force. ( Ex. Raising the flag ) .
y A movable pulley is attached to the object are
moving
moving.
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 Direction of Effort In Simple
p Pulleyy

y Pulley can change the direction of a Effort(force).

Effort(force)

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 TYPES OF PULLEYS
FIXED PULLEY
(like flagpole)

y Pulley stays in one position

y Moves LOAD up, down or

sideways
id

y Changes DIRECTION of force

y Does not reduce EFFORT

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 TYPES OF PULLEYS

MOVABLE PULLEY
(for lifting or lowering heavy objects)

y Moves along with LOAD

R d
y Reduces EFFORT

y Increases DISTANCE

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 System OF PULLEYS
y First system of pulleys

y Second system of pulleys

y Third system of pulleys

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 First system of pulleys

First system of pulley : VR = 2n

Where,
Where n = no.no of moving Pulley
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 Second system of pulleys

Second system of pulley: VR = 2n

Where, n =total
total no. of movable pullies.
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 Third system of pulleys

Third system of pulley : VR = 2n - 1

Where, n = total no. of Pullies.

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 Safety Device for Walking on Icy Pavements

When you slip on ice

ice, your foot kicks paddle (A),
(A) lowering
finger (B), snapping turtle (C) extends neck to bite finger,
opening ice tongs (D) and dropping pillow (E),
(E) thus
allowing you to fall on something soft.
 Summary
Wedge Pushes material apart
apart, cuts
Wheel Makes it easy to move things
and Axle by rolling them, and reducing friction
Helps lift heavy
y weights
g
Lever
using longer distances
Inclined Makes it easier to move objects
j upward;
p ;
Plane a longer path, but easier lifting

S
Screw T
Turns rotation
t ti into
i t lengthwise
l th i movementt
Pulleyy Makes lifting heavy weights easier
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by redirecting force
ORGANIZER
SIMPLE WHAT IT IS HOW IT HELPS EXAMPLES
MACHINES US WORK

LEVER A stiff bar that Lifts or moves Shovel,

rests on a support loads nutcracker,
called a fulcrum seesaw, crow
crow-bar,
bar,
elbow
INCLINED A slanting surface Things move up Slide, stairs,
PLANE connecting
ti a or down
d it ramp, escalator
l t
lower level to a
higher level
WHEEL AND A wheel with a Lifts or moves Doorknob, pencil
AXLE rod, called an loads sharpener, bike
axel, through its
center: both parts
move together
ORGANIZER
SIMPLE WHAT IT IS HOW IT HELPS EXAMPLES
MACHINES US WORK
PULLEY A grooved wheel Moves things up, Curtain rod, tow
with a rope or down, or across truck, mini-blind,
cable around it flag pole, crane
WEDGE A type of inclined Pushes things Axe blade
plane with a sharp apart
edge.
g The wedge g
moves, the
inclined plane
stays still.
SCREW An inclined plane Raises weights, Screws, nuts
wrapped around a presses or fastens
y
cylinder. Works objects
j
with a lever.
 Thank
h k You

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