Sheet-1

1. Air flows through a long duct of constant area at o.15 kg/s. A short section of the duct is
cooled by Iliquid nitrogen. The absolute pressurc, temperature and velocity entering the cooled
section are 188 kPa,440 K and 210 m/s, respectively. At the outlet, absolute
pressure,temperature and flow Mach no. are 213 kPa , 351 K and 1.337, respectively.
Compute the duct eross sectional area and the changes in enthalpy, internal energy, entropy,
flow Mach no. at inlet and amount of heat loss for this system.
2. An airplane flies at a constant speed of 900 km/hr. at an altitude corresponding to -50°C.
Pressure survey shows that air at the nose of air plane is brought to rest. Calculate the
temperature at the nose of air plane.
3. Air is flowing at the following conditions: pressure= 1.6 * 1 0 'N/m ,temperature-500°Cand

velocity =160 m/s. Find the (a) Stagnation temperature and (b) Stagnation pressure.
4. Air flows at the rate of 10 kg/s in an adiabatic channel. At one section where area is 50 cm
the pressure is 2 * 10°N/m' and the temperature is 650°C. At downstream in other section

M-1.2. Find Az if flow is isentropic.

3. Air enters a machine at 373K with a speed of 200m/s and leaves it at a temperature of 288K.
Find the exit speed :
(i) When the machine delivers work oulput of 100kJ of air
(i) When the machine is idling.
6. A flow channel is supplied with a steady stream ofa perfect gas at a pressure of 7 * 10° N/m

and a temperature of318K. Density at the entry is 4.5 kg/m* and velocity is 120m/s. Assuming
the flow to be reversible and adiabatic,
Determine the temperature and velocity of the gas at the nozzle exit where
the pressure is 4 * 10 N/m2

(ii) If the mass flow rate is 1 kg/s determine the areas at entry and exit of the
channel.
7. Air at rate of 10 kg/s is flowing i n an adiabatic duct. At one section the pressure is 2 *

10N/m the temperature is 650°C and area is 50 cm. At a downstream section the Mach
number is 1.2. (a) Sketch the general shape of the duct. (b) Find Az if the flow is isentropic (c)
Find Az if there is an entropy change of 42J/kg.K.
8. An aeroplane is flying with a Mach number of M=1.5 at an altitude of 2000 m in a day when
temperature at that altitude is 25°c. What is speed of the plane and how long after passing
directly above the ground observer, is the sound of the aeroplane heard by the ground
observer?
9. A small source of sound moves with a velocity V to the left in a straight line from point l, in
air at temperature 293 K while generating sound waves as shown. The points 1, 2 and 3 are
the positions of the source at various times. The circles represent the sound waves generated
at the different times. Find the speed of the source, V.

0.8 m

L.7m_
 Sheet-2
45 psia. At a point
1. Air flows through an adiabatic system. M =
4.0 and Po=
downstream, M2 = 1.8 and p2= 7.0 psia.

As.
(a) Are there losses in this system? If so, compute
(b) Determine the ratio of Az/A.

information is common to each parts (a) and (b). Air flows through a of
2. The following
4.5 ft', You may assume steady,
one-
1.5 ft and A2
=

diverging section with A|

=

and no losses.
dimensional flow, Q= Ws 0, negligible potential changes,
=

(a)If M =0.7 and pi 70 psia, find M, and p2.

=

(b) If M =
Ti =95°F, find M2 and T2.
1.7 and
ms. At a downstream section A2=
converging section where Aj 0.50
=

3. Air enters a
Find the initial Mach
1.0, and As, 0. It is known thatp2 p1.
>
ms, M
=

0.25 =

number (M) and the temperature ratio (T:/ T).

and the cross-sectional
4. Air flows with T 250 K, pl 3 bar abs., Po!= 3.4 bar abs.,
=
=

Determine 0.30 ms.

isentropic to a point where A2
=

=0.40 ms. The flow is

area
A
the temperature at section 2.
adiabatic
steady flow of air through
an
5. The following information is known about the

system
At section 1, 7i = 51OK,P1.=3 Mpa

At section 2, Ta460K, T2
=
610K,pa=2 Mpa
(a) Find M2, V2, and p2
(b) Determine Mi, Vi, and po1.
42/A1.
(c) Compute the area ratio T-s diagram.
along with a
(d) Sketch a physical diagram of the system 4.0 and 45 psia. At a point
6. Air flows through an adiabatic system. M1
=
pPo =

downstream, M2 =1.8 and p2

=
7.0 psia.
If so, compute As
(a) Are there losses in this system?

(b) Determine the ratio of A2/A1.

Air flows in a constant-area, horizontal, insulated duct. Conditions at
7.
downstream section
section 1 are p =
50 MPa, Ti 600K, and V 867 m/s. At a
=

72 1048 K.
the temperature is
=

and Tol.
(a) Determine Mi
(b) Find V and p?. between the two sections?
What is the entropy change
(c) nozzle at 20 bar abs. and 40°C. At the end of the
a convergent-divergent
8. Air enters
frictionless adiabatic process. The throat
2.0 bar abs. Assume a
nozzle the pressure is
area is 20 cm.
at the nozzle exit?
(a) What is the
area

mass flow rate

in kg/s?
(b) What is the
 9. A
converging-diverging nozzle is designed to operate with an exit Mach number
of
M= 2.25. It is fed
by a large chamber of air at 15.0 MPa and 600K and exhausts
into the room at 14.7 MPa.
Assuming the losses to be negligible, compute the velocity
in the nozzle throat.
10. A
comverging-diverging nozzle discharges air into a receiver where the static
pressure is 15 MPa. A 1.5 m* duct feeds the nozzle with air at 100 MPa, 800K, and a
velocitysuch that the Mach number M1 0.3. The exit area is such that the pressure
=

at the nozzle exit exactly matches the receiver

pressure. Assume steady, one-
dimensional flow, perfect gas, and so on. The nozzle is adiabatic and there
are no
losses.
(a) Calculate the flow rate.
(b) Determine the throat area.
(c) Calculate the exit
11. Two venturi meters shown in Fig-1(a) are installed in a 30 cm diameter duct that is
as

insulated. The conditions are such that sonic flow exists at each throat
(i.e. Ma=Ms=1.0).
Although, each venturi is isentropic, the connecting duct has friction and hence losses exist
between sections 2 and 3. p= 3 bar (abs.), and pa= 2.5 bar (abs.). If the diameter at section-1
is 15 cm and the fluid is air, find the following:
(i) Compute the change in entropy, As23 for the connecting duct.

(ii) Find the diameter at section 4.

3 4

Fig-1/a)
12. Assuming the flow of a perfect gas in an adiabatic, no work system, show that sonic
velocity corresponding to the stagnation condition (a0) is related to sonic velocity

where the Mach number is unity by the following equation:

=
|
(a r+1
 prb. Sheet-4

100 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

P12 e-As/R for Q= W =0 (4.28)

P

PROBLEMS
4.1. Compute and compare sonic velocity in air, hydrogen, water, and mercury. A ssume
normal room temperature and pressure.
water vapor, and heliumn
4.2. At what temperature and pressure would carbon monoxide,
have the same speed of sound as standard air (288 K and I atm)?

Start with the relation for stagnation pressure that is valid for
a perfect gas:
4.3.
y/y-1)
P

binomial series and evaluate the result

for small (but not zer0)
Expand the right side in a
can be written as
Mach numbers. Show that your answer

Ptp+ pV +HOT
2ge
small Mach numbers.
Remember, the higher-order
terms are negligible only for very
(See Problem 4.4.)
stagnation pressures to be
30 and 32 psig,
shows the static and
4.4. Measurement of airflow Assume that Pamb= 14.7 psia
and
these gage pressures.)
respectively. (Note that
are

120°F.
the temperature is
(4.21).
(a) Find the flow velocity using equation
and calculate the velocity using equation
(b) Now a s s u m e that the air is incompressible
(3.39). of 30 and 80 psig,
and (b) for static and stagnation pressures
(c) Repeat parts (a)
respectively. treated as a constant-
conclusions concerning
when a gas may be
(d) Can you reach any
density fluid? a temperature
what Mach number will give
1.2 and the fluid is a perfect gas, this flow?
4.5. If y =

ratio of p/pe be for

0.909? What will the
ratio of T/T
=

x 10° N/m> is flowing

Kand a pressure of 1.4
4.6. Carbon dioxide a
with temperature of 335
of 200 m/s.
with a velocity and Mach number.
the sonic velocity
(a Determine
Determine the stagnation density. f/sec.
2264
(b the pressure
42 psia, and the velocity
of argon is 100°F,
4.7. The temperature stagnation pressure.
Mach number and
/Calculate the of 2.0 bar abs.,
anda

temperature
of 50°C, a pressure
with a
flows in a duct in the duct.
4/8. Helium of 5.3 bar abs. Determine the velocity
0°F and
total pressure the temperature is
altitude of 16,500 ft, where
expect on the
an nose
flies 600 mph at and pressure might you
4.9. An airplane temperature
1124 psfa. What
the pressure is
of the airplane?
 PROBLEMS
101

J/kg. The stagnation

stagnation enthalpy of 4.5 10
x

Air flows at M = 1.35 and has a

tenmperature,
and
A10. 10° N/ms. Determinc
the static conditions (pressure,
pressure is 3.8
x

velocity). The gas

and so on.

contains a perfect gas

under conditions p1, Ti, hi,
4.11. A large chamber
0). Show that the velocity cannot
chamber (with q w, = =

allowed to flow from the

is
2 6 7 3

N
rnlVuleup
be greater than

2 h 2

A max

N.
what is the Mach number?
If the velocity is the maximum,
section,
work is involved. At
one
shaft
4.12. steadily in an adiabatic duct where no
Air flows
67.3 psia. In which
direction is
at another section, it is
the total pressure is 50 psia, and seclions?
between these two
the fluid flowing, and what is the entropy change
in potential.
no-work system with negligible change
4.13. Methane gas flows in an adiabatic, 125 m/s. At a downstream
14 bar abs., Ti 500 K, and Vi =
=

At one section pi
section M2 = 0.8.

(a) Detemine T2 and V2.

friction losses.
(b) assuming that there are
Find p2 no

(c) What is the area ratio A2/A1?

insulated passage. Entering conditions are T1 =

4.14. Air flows through a constant-area,

Mach number is
50 psia, and Mi = 0.45. At a point downstream, the
520°R, pi1 =

found to be unity.
(a) Solve for T2 and p2
these two sections?
(b) What is the entropy change between
the duct is 1 ft in diameter
(c) Determine the wall frictional force if
no-work system. Pressure and temper
dioxide flows in a horizontal adiabatic,
4.15. Carbon 4 atm., T2 =

a downstream section, p2
=

ature at section 1 are atm and 600 K. At

number is M2 = 0.90.
550 K, and the Mach
location.
(a) Compute the velocity at the upstream
change?
(b) What is the entropy
area ratio A2/A1.
(c) Determine the
0.2 enters a device with a
100 psia, and Mi
=
=
with T = 1000°R, Pr1 or losses as
4.16. Oxygen transfer, work transfer,
cross-sectional area Aj = 1 ft. There is no heat
to 14.7 psia.
through the device and expands
the gas passes
and m.
(a) Compute pi, Vi,
and A2
(b) Compute M2. T2, V2, P2,
exert on the device?
(c) What force does the fluid
flow of a per
horizontal, isothermal
constant-area,
one-dimensional, area A and
4.17. Consider steady,
cross-sectional
P4.17). The duct has a
shaft work (Figure
fect gas with no
shear stress at the wall.
P. Let be the tw
perimeter
 o CommGn to eah

nfssmayin

K e fo llori
ng
ttvongh a kiuipin
(1).N, flrws a
ofphts(a) and A 4'5ft Ynu mayy
A,- an
140 c ien with }5
VARYING-AREA ADIABATIC FLOW

and no
0,nCgligible potcnlial changes,
stcady, onc- dimensional Now,
losses.
(a) If M-0.7 and p = 70 psia, find M, and p
(b) If M,1.7 and Ti=951. find M; and 7,.

downstream section A
0. 50 m'. At
converging section where A, =
a
S.2. Air enters a
Mach
0.25 m. M; 1.0, and As-2 0. It is known that
=
-

p >

Pi. Find the initial

number (M,) and the temperature ratio ( 7l/7).

flows into an insulated device with initial conditions as

follows: pi
=

0psia,
71=gen
S.3.O 750°R, and Vi =-639 f/sec. The area changes from A = 6f to A = 5 ft

(a) Compute Mi. P. and 7.

b) Is this device a nozzle or difuser?
(c)Detemine M2. p2, and 7, if there are no losses,

S.44 Air flows with 7i = 250 K. pi = 3 bar abs.. P i = 3.4 bar abs., and the cross-sectional

arca A 0.40 m*. The flow is isentropic to a point where Az = 0.30 m'. Determine

the temperature at section 2.

infonmation is known about the steady flow of air through adiahatic

5.5. The follow ing an

system:
At section 1, Ti = 556°R, pi, = 28.0 psia
At section 2. T2 = 70°F, T2 = 109°F P2, = 18 psia

(a) Find M2. V2, and p2. whun, M,,

a
(b) Determine Mi. Vi., and pil.
(c) Compute the area ratio Az/A.
d) Sketch a physical diagram of the system along with a T-s diagram.

5.6. Assuming the flow of a perfect gas in an adiabatic, no-work system, show that sonic 2+
velocity corresponding to the stagnation conditions (a,) is related to sonic velocity
where the Mach number is unity (a") by the following equation:

- (

5.7. Carbon monoxide fows through an adiabatic system. M1 =4.0 and pi = 45 psia. At
a point downstream, M2 = 1.8 and p2 =7.0 psia.

(a) Are there losses in this system? If so, compute As.

2
(b) Determine the ratio of Az/A1.
5.8. Two venturi meters are installed in a 30-cm-dianmeter duct that is insulated (Figure
P5.8). The conditions are such that sonic flow exists at each throat (i.e., Mi = M =
1.0). Although each venturi is isentropic, the connecting duct has fiction and hence
losses exist between sections 2 and 3. pI = 3 bar abs, and p4 = 2.5 bar abs. If the
diameter at section 1 is 15 cm and the fluid is air:
(a) Compute As for the connecting duct.
(b) Find the diameter at section 4.
To
Ma4
see-1, M-1, =0-s284 W

25
SAt A, M-l,
a 0'5L6
-a5IR IS 63 B,2

A W

A
 PROBLEMAS 141

O
Figure P5.8

5.9. Starting with the flow rate as from cquation (2.30), derive the following relation:

M(1+[( )/2]M?)Y*D72Ay-)(YR: P
A

5.10. A snmooth 3-in.-diameter hole is

punched into the side of a large chamber where oxygen
is stored at 500°R and 150 psia. Assume frictionless flow.
(a) Compute the initial mass flow rate from the chamber if the surrounding pressure is
15.0 psia.
(b) What is the flow rate if the pressure of the surroundings is lowered to zero?
(c) What is the flow rate if the chamber pressure is raised 300
to psia?
5.11. Nitrogen is stored in a large chamber under conditions of 450 K and 1.5 x 10° N/m.
The gas leaves the chamber
through a convergent-only nozzle whose outlet area is 30
cm. The ambient room pressure is1x 10° N/m* and there are no
losses.
(a) What is the velocity of the nitrogen at the n02zle exit?
(b) What is the mass flow rate?
(c) What is the maximum flow rate that could be obtained by lowering the ambient
pressure?

5.12. A converging-only nozzle has an efficiency of 96%. Air enters with negligible velocity
at a
pressure of 150 psia and a temperature of 750°R. The receiver
pressure is 100 psia.
What the actual
are
outlet temperature, Mach number, and velocity?

600-6 5.13. A large chamber contains air'at 80 psia and 600°R.

diverging nozzle which has an area ratio (exit to throat) of 3.0.
(a) What pressure must exist in the receiver for the nozzle to
point?
The air enters
converging-

operate at its first critical

a

(b) What should the receiver pressure be for third critical

40
(design point) operation?
(c) If operating at its third critical point, what are the density and
the nozzle exit plane?
velocity of the air at

5.14. Air enters a convergent--divergent nozzle at 20 bar abs. and 40°C. At the end of the
nozzle the pressure is 2.0 bar abs. Assume a fictionless adiabatic
process. The throat
area is 20 cm
333 (a) What is the area at the nozzle exit?
b ) What is the mass filow rate in kg/s?

/
 2s4XI
25y
m.

44

142 VARYING-AREA ADIABATIC FLOw 3o

f
5.15. A converging-diverging nozzle is designed to operate with an exit Mach number of
1I 930

M = 2.25. It is fed by a large chamber of oxygen at 15.0 psia and 600°R and exhausts
into the room at 14.7 psia. Assuming the losses to be negligible, compute the velocity
in the nozle throat.
where the
5.16. A converging-diverging nozzle (Figure P5.16) discharges air into a receiver
static pressure is 15 psia. A duct feeds the nozzle with air at 100 psia, 800°R, and a
1-ft
velocity such that the Mach number M 0.3. The exit area is such that the pressure at
=

the nozzle exit exactly matches the receiver pressure. Assume steady, one-dimensional
fiow, perfect gas, and so on. The nozzle is adiabatic and there are no losses.

(a) Calculate the flow rate

Is
i,525
(b) Determine the throat area.
(c) Calculate the exit area.

2x2 ' 4 ) 2

1 800-460 M -0.3
Prec 15 psia
340E A, 1.0ft2 S/
(7
XiS

a[
MA
T 800°R +71 2 445 R
P100psia100 psia Ppo 0-112

FigureP5.16 FMPa
15
5
5.17. Ten kilograms per second of air is flowing in an adiabatic system. At one section the
pressure is 2.0 x 10° N/m, the temperature is 650°C, and the area is 50 cm?. At a
K=
C 445K downstream section M2 = 1.2.
(a) Sketch the general shape of the system. S
(b) Find Az if the flow is frictionless.
(c) Find A2 if there is an entropy change between these two sections of 42 J/kg-K.
5.18.
Carbon monoxide is expanded adiabatically from 100 psia, 540°F and negligible ve
locity througha converging-diverging nozzle to a pressure of20 psia.
(a) What is the ideal exit Mach number?
(b) If the actual exit Mach number is found to be M = 1.6, what is the nozzle effi-
ciency?
(c) What is the entropy change for the flow?
(d) Draw a T-s diagram showing the ideal and actual processes. Indicate
pertinent
temperatures, pressures, etc.

5.19. Air enters converging-diverging nozzle with 7

a =
22°C, pi 10 bar abs., and Vi
=

0. The exit Mach number is 2.0, the exit area is 0.25 m and the nozzle
,
efficiency is
0.95.
(a) What are the actual exit values of T. p, and p,?
170
cRu 4
STANDING NORMAI SHOCKS

PROBLEMS
Unless otheimise indicalcd, vouI
may asSUme that there
low sstems, thus the 1s no ftion n any f the
tollowin
only losses are those generated by shocks

.1 A sandung nomal shock

in air that flowing at Mach
a
umber of 1
(aWhal are the presnre,.
temperatue, and density ratos acrss the shok
) Compute the cntopy change for the an as it passes through the shock
(C) Rejpeat part (h)for lows at M1 28and8

62. The ditterence between the total and static pressure betore ia shock is 75 psi What is
the maxium static pressure that can evist at th1s pont ahead of the shock The gas is
Ogen (hnt: Stat by finding the static and total pressures ahead of the shock for the
limiting case of M 1.0)

63. In an arbitrary perfect gas, the Mach number before a shock is infinite
(a) Determine a general expression for the Mach number afterthe shock What is the
value of this expression for y = 14?

(b) Determine general expressions for the ratios p2/p1. T2/Ti. p2/p1. and p2/p.1
Do these agree with the values shown in Appendix H for y = 14?

6.4. It is known that sonic velocity exists in each throat of the system shown in Figure P6.4
The entropy change for the air is 0.062 Btu/lbm-°R. Negligible friction exists in the
duct. Determine the area ratios A3/A1 and A2/A1.

M, = 1.0
M, 1 . 0

Figure P6.4

P6.5. It is known that the Mach number after

G.5. Air flows in the system shown in Figure
known that one of these
the shock is M3 0.52. Considering pi and p>, it is also
=

twice the other.

pressures
at section I.
(a) Compute the Mach number
(b) What is the area ratio A1/A2?
 Shock

M = 0.52

Figure P6.5

free-stream Mach
P6.6. The
shown in Figure 0.20 ms. Find
0.25 ms, and A3
system
the inlet to the
=

A shock stands at
is nitrogen, A2
=
.6.
number is Mi =2.90, the fluid
temperature
ratio 13/11
the outlet Mach number and the

M, = 2.90

Shock

Figure P6.6

6.7. A converging-diverging nozzle is designed to produce a Mach number of 2.5 with air.
(a) What operating pressure ratio (Prec/P inlet) will cause this nozzle to operate at the
first, second, and third critical points?
(b) If the inlet stagnation pressure is 150 psia, what receiver pressures represent oper-
ation at these critical points?
(c) Suppose that the receiver pressure were nxed at 15 psta. What inlet pressures are

necessary to cause operation at the critical points?

628. Air enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at 20 x 10' Nm and 40°C. The receiver
pressure is 2 x 10° N/m* and the nozzle throat area is I0cm.
(a) What should the exit area be for the design conditions above (i.e., to operate at third

critical?)
(b) With the nozzle area fixed at the value determined in part (a) and the inlet pressure

held at 20 x 10° N/m:, what receiver pressure would cause a shock to stand at the

exit?
shock at the throat?
(c) What receiver pressure would place the
 172 STANDING NORMAL SHOCKS

. In Figure P6.9, Mj
shock occurs at an area 3.0
=
and A
of 1.8
=
2.0 f. If the fluid is carbe
ft, what is the
carbon monoxide and the
minimum area possible for section
4

Figure P6.9

610. A converging-diverging nozzle has an area ratio of 7.8 but is not being operated at its
design pressure ratio. Consequently, a normal shock is found in the diverging section
at an area twice that
of the throat. The fluid is oxygen.
(a) Find the Mach number at the exit and the operating pressure ratio.
(b) What is the entropy change through the nozzle if there is negligible friction?

6.11. The diverging section of a supersonic nozzle is formed from the frustrum of a cone.
When operating at its third critical point with nitrogen, the exit Mach number is 2.6.
Compute the operating pressure ratio that will locate a normal shockas shown in Figure
P6.11.

(3/4)x

Figure P6.11

g.12. A converging-diverging nozzle receives air from a tank at 100 psia and 600°R. The
pressure is 28.0 psia immediately preceding a plane shock that is located in the di-
verging section. The Mach number at the exit is 0.5 and the flow rate is 10 lbm/sec.
Determine
(a) The throat area.

(b) The area at which the shock is located.

(c) The outlet pressure required to operate the n0zzle in the manner described above.

(d) The outlet area.

(e) The design Mach number.
 PROBLEMS

M2 0.25. The
2.0 and leaves with
=

device with a Mach number of M1 =

Air enters a
63. 3.0.
ratio of exit to inlet area is A2/A1 =

(a) Find the static pressure ratio p2/p1

ratio pi2/Pi
(b) Determine the stagnation pressure
outlet the
enters a diverging
section of area 3.0 ft2, At the
614. Oxygen, with pi= 95.5 psia, Determine
number is 0.43, and the static pressure is 75.3 psia.
area is 4.5 ft, the Mach
number that could exist at the inlet.
the possible values of Mach
at the
has an area ratio of 3.0. The stagnation pressure
6/15. A converging-diverging nozzle
bar. Assume that y = 1.4.
inlet is 8.0 bar and the receiver pressure is 3.5
shock
ratios for the nozzle and show that a
(a) Compute the critical operating pressure
is located within the diverging section.

(b) Compute the Mach number at the outlet.

(c) Compute the shock location (area) and the Mach number before the shock.
at Mach
flows through a converging-diverging nozzle designed to operate
a
6.16. Nitrogen
number of 3.0. If it is subjected to an operating pressure ratio of 0.5:
(a) Determine the Mach number at the exit.
(b) What is the entropy change in the nozzle?
(c) Compute the area ratio at the shock location.
(d) What value of the operating pressure ratio would be required to move the shock to

the exit?

6.17. Consider a converging-diverging nozzle feeding air from a reservoir at pi and T1. The
exit area is A, = 4A2, where Az is the area at the throat. The back pressure prec is
steadily recduced from an initial Prec P1
(a) Determine the receiver pressures (in terms of P) that would cause this nozzle to
operate at first, second, and third critical points.
(b) Explain how the nozzle would be operating at the following back pressures:
) Prec = pi: (i) Prec 0.990p1: ii) Prec = 0.53p1: (iv) prec 0.03pi.

6.18. Draw a detailed 7-s diagram corresponding to the supersonic tunnet startup condition
(Figure 6.7). Identify the various stations (i.e., 1, 2, 3, ete.) in your diagram. You may
assume no heat transfer and no frictional losses in the system.

6.19. Consider the wind tunnel shown in Figures 6.7 and 6.8. Atmospheric air enters the
system with a pressure and temperature of 14.7 psia and 80°F, respectively, and has
negligible velocity at section I. The test section has a cross-sectional area of I ft and
operates at a Mach number of 2.5. You may assume that the diffuser reduces the ve-
locity to approximately zero and that final exhaust is to the atmosphere with negligible
velocity. The system is fully insulated and there are negligible friction losses. Find:
(a) The throat area of the nozzle.
(b) The mass flow rate.
(c) The minimum possible throat area of the diffuser.
(d) The total pressure entering the exhauster at startup (Figure 6.7).
(e) The total pressure entering the exhauster when running (Figure 6.8).
( The hp value required for the exhauster (based on an isentropic compression).