ADC

Lab report # 5

SSB
Generation
The Phasing Method

Group:

Masood Salik
Hira Majeed
Maryam Asad
Rabia Khalid
Ramesha Murtaza
Objective
The purpose of this lab was to generate Single Side band (SSB) signal through Phase shifter
method. And introduction to the QUADRATURE PHASE SPLITTER module.

Introduction
In Analog communication one of the main concerns is to reduce the signal bandwidth to render
it more immune to noise and consume less channel bandwidth. ​Single sided band (SSB) modulation is
used to transmit signal by transmitting only on side band (upper or lower) to save bandwidth, it has have
the bandwidth as compared to ​Double sided band with suppressed carrier ​(DSBSC).

It makes use of the fact that frequency response of all real function is an even function
of frequency , so in order to transfer complete information about signal we need to transmit only one
side band. Both side bands in ​DSBSC are redundant and represent same set of information. This thing is
demonstrated in following figure1. In ​Upper Side band ​(USB) modulation lower frequency band is
removed while in ​Lower Side Band ​(LSB) modulation higher frequency side is removed from signal.

Figure 1: SSB Signal

There are two methods to generate ​SSB​ signal:

1. Selective filtering.
2. Weaver`s method
3. Phase shifter method.

In first method, a band pass filter is used to allow only required frequencies. The second method
i.e. ​Phase Shifter ​is to make two DSBSC signals, identical in all respects except for their relative phasing.
If this is suitably arranged the two DSBSC can be added, whereupon the two upper sidebands cancel,
whilst the two lower add. An arrangement for achieving this is illustrated in Figure 2. The third method
i.e. ​Weaver​`s ​method ​like the phasing method, depends for its operation upon phase cancellation of
two DSBSC-like signals.

Figure 2: SSB generation using the phasing method

The equation demonstrating ​SSB​ signal modulation is given below.

Here is the message signal and is a ​SSB modulated signal. Sign implies ​LSB
modulation and sign implies ​USB modulation. In this lab report, functioning of this second method is
demonstrated.
Procedure
Following set of tasks was carried out for generation of ​SSB ​modulated signal through phase
shifter method:

Quadrature Phase Splitter (QPS) Module:

Task 1: ​The purpose of this task was to check the functioning of QPS module which maintains a
phase difference of 90​o between its two outputs if both input terminals are connected to same input.
Set up the ​QPS ​as shown in figure 2.

Figure 3: QPS module

Input was connected with a low frequency sinusoid (e.g. ) from ​Audio Oscillator module
and two outputs were connected to oscilloscope which is configured in X​ -Y ​mode (is this mode one
nd​
channel is plotted as x-axis and 2​ channel is plotted as y-axis).

Following output was obtained on the oscilloscope:

Figure 4: Approx 90 degree shifted waves of QPS

 This shows that two output sinusoids are equal in magnitude but have a phase difference of 90​o​.
This was what required so this implies ​QPS i​ s working properly.

Task 2: ​The input frequency was changed at the effect was observed at output. At different
frequency, the circle maintained its shape showing that QPS works fine on Audible frequency range.

Phase Shifter Module:

Task 3:​ ​Connected the modules as shown in figure 4 for the generation of SSB.

Figure 5: Circuit Diagram

Task 4:​ ​Tuned the frequency of Audio oscillator to 1 kHz which was input to ​QPS​ module.

Task 5: ​The oscillator sweep was set to auto mode and Ext. trigger was connector to the Audio
oscillator module output. This was done to obtain a stationary waveform.

Task 6: ​Oscilloscope was tuned to display only one or two cycles of audio oscillator output. This
waveform was used as reference.

Task 7: ​At the output of each multiplier there should be a DSBSC signal. This was verified by
separately connecting each output to oscilloscope and verifying the result. The output of both multiplier
DSBSCs were similar is shown figure 6.

Figure 6: Output waves of Multipliers

 Task 8: ​Turn off the gain ​‘G’ ​of one adder input by turning its knob counter-clockwise and
adjust the gain ​‘g’​ of other input till output become 0.6 V peak to peak.

Task 9: ​Now removed input from adder ​‘g’ and adjust the gain ​‘G’ of other input till output
becomes 0.6 V peak to peak.

Task 10:​ ​The inputs of adder ​‘g’​ were again inserted​.

Task 11:​ ​The output of adder was approximately an ​SSB​ signal. But to obtain a finer output the gain of
adders and phase shifter are adjusted so that ripples are removed from the output. The output obtained
is shown in figure 7.

Figure 7: SSB Signal

Task 12: When the best balance was achieved the quality of ​SSB ​modulated signal was
determined according to parameters shown in figure 8.

1.02V , 0.92

=​24.261 db
 Figure 8: Sideband suppression measurement

Task 13: ​Frequency counter was employed for the determination of ​USB or ​LSB modulated
signal and it was found that generated signal had a frequency of 101.040 kHz whereas message has a
frequency of 1.040 kHz and carrier having a frequency of 100 kHz. This shows that generated signal was
as ​USB​ signal.

Conclusion
From the above tasks we came to a conclusion that:

1. SSB​ signals can be obtained by phasing method.

2. SSB​ signals contains no envelope in time domain.
3. SSB ​signals consume half the bandwidth since they contain only one sideband, ​USB or ​LSB​. As
shown in figure 9.

Figure 9: USB (SSB signal) at 101.04kHz

4. We will not achieve a perfectly flat envelope. But its amplitude may be small or comparable with
respect to the noise floor of the TIMS system. The presence of a residual envelope can be due to
any one or more of:
➢ Leakage of a component at carrier frequency (a fault of one or other MULTIPLIER )
➢ Incomplete cancellation of the unwanted sideband due to imperfections of the QPS
➢ Distortion components generated by the MULTIPLIER modules.
Any of the above will give an envelope ripple period comparable with the period of the message, rather
than that of the carrier.
 5. If the envelope shape is sinusoidal, and the frequency is: twice that of the message, then 1) the
largest unwanted component is due to incomplete cancellation of the unwanted sideband. 2)
the same as the message, then the largest unwanted component is at carrier frequency (‘carrier
leak’).
6. When setting up an SSB transmitter, the message amplitude must be so adjusted that the rated
PEP ​(Peak Envelope Power)​ is not exceeded.

Question:
Can you detect any difference, in the time domain, between an SSB and a DSBSC,
each derived from (the same) speech? If so, could you decide which was which if
you could only see one of them?
If the audio signal has constant frequency and amplitude. We can easily differentiate SSB and DSBSC
signal in time domain as shown in figure. If the signal is speech then there is no reliable method of
positively identifying, in the time domain, a signal as either SSB or DSBSC when derived from speech.

Tutorial Questions
Question # 1: ​What simple modification(s) to your model would change the output from
the current to the opposite sideband?

Answer:
1. Reversing the connection of output of QPS while keeping remaining circuit intact.
2. put the PHASE SHIFTER in the path to the other MULTIPLIER.

Question # 2: ​With knowledge of the model configuration, and the individual module
properties, determine analytically which sideband (USB or LSB) the model should
generate.

Answer:
If we track the path of each module in the diagram or as connected practically and then compare the
multiplication and addition factors with the general equation of ​SSB​ signal i.e;
 we conclude that the output should be a ​USB​ signal.

Question # 3:​ What sort of phase error could the arrangement of QPS detect?

Answer:
The output of ​QPS should be out of phase by 90​o but in actual if it is not exactly 90​0 then output of
oscilloscope will rather be an ellipse instead of a circle i.e; there will be a certain difference in its major
& minor axes length instead of being zero. Thus it can be used to detect whether two signals are out of
phase by 90​o​ or not.

Question # 4:​ ​Is the QPS an approximation to the Hilbert transformer? Explain.

Answer:
No. The Hilbert transformer is a mathematical transform which conceptually is a single-input,
single-output device. It has an infinite bandwidth, extending down to DC. Practical realizations have a
finite bandwidth, which does not extend down to DC. The QPS is composed of two complementary
devices, each with a single-input and single-output. The phase shift through each device varies
(differently) with frequency, but at any one frequency these phase shifts sum to 90​0 ± a small equiripple
error. At lower frequencies the output of ​QPS are out of phase by 90​o but the range of QPS is only up to
10 kHz. After that the ​QPS​ will start deviating from 90​o​ ideal phase shifter behavior.

Question # 5:​ ​Suggest a simple test circuit for checking QPS modules on the production
line.

Answer:
The arrangement shown in the figure below would be a quick check for serious errors.The two inputs
are connected to one single sinusoid and output probes are connected permanently to oscilloscope
operating in ​X-Y​ mode. If output is a circle, then would be no error or a slight error of 1​0​ approx.

Correct Faulty
Question # 6: ​The phasing generator adds two DSBSC signals so phased that one
pair of sidebands adds and the other subtracts. Show that, if the only error is one
of phasing, due to the QPS, the worst-case ratio of wanted to unwanted sideband,
is given by:
SSR = 20 dB log​10​ [cot(α/2)]
where, α is the phase error of the QPS. Typically the phase error would vary over
the frequency range in an equi-ripple manner, so α would be the peak phase
error. Evaluate the SSR for the case α = 1 degree.

Question # 7:​ ​S​ketch the output of an SSB transmitter, as seen in the time domain, when
the message is two audio tones of equal amplitude. Discuss.

Answer:
When two tone of equal magnitude are transmitted in as ​SSB​ signal their output will look like a single
tone ​DSBSC​ signal. Because the frequency of 2 tones ​SSB​ signal will look like a single tone ​DSBSC​ signal.

Let and be the frequency of two tones transmitted as ​SSB​ then the resulting output SSB
modulated signal will look like a ​DSBSC ​modulated with frequency such that,
The envelope peaks will be separated by a time t​0​, where

Question # 8:​ ​Devise an application for the QPS not connected with SSB.

Answer:
Any application where two signals out of phase by 90​o​ are required ​QPS​ can be used. One such example

is ​Quadrature Amplitude Modulation​ (QAM) where two sinusoids (i.e. and are
required).